Classical Control Research Articles

IMPROVING READING COMPREHENSION OF THE EIGHT GRADE STUDENTS OF SMP NEGERI 13 PALU THROUGH CHORAL READING STRATEGY

The objective of this research was to prove whether using Choral Reading strategy can improve reading comprehension of the eight grade students of SMP Negeri 13 Palu. This research limited the use of Choral Reading strategy in improving students’ reading comprehension, which focuses on literal meaning and descriptive text. This research used quasi-experimental research design involving an Experimental class and a control class. The sample of this research were students of VII B as the experimental class, which consisted of 31 students, and the students of VIII A as the control class, which consisted of 31 students. The data was collected through pre-test and post-test. The result confirmed that the mean score of the experimental class had increased from 44.87 to 73.83. On the other hand, in the control class, it has increased from 48.29 to 62.64. The result of the test was analyzed statistically by applying 0.05 level significance. The researcher found that the value of the t-counted was higher than the t-table (4.59 > 1.67). In the other words, the implementation of choral reading strategy can develop students’ reading comprehension of the eighth-grade students of SMP Negeri 13 Palu. This strategy has a significant impact on the English learning process, especially helping students in reading comprehension to find information about the text and understand the entire meaning of the text, so that students can practice choral reading as their independent reading comprehension strategy in the future.

The application of chunking technique combined with writing is thinking to improve the communication skills

The student's cognitive load is high, and the level of thinking and communication skills is low. So, the chunking technique combined with writing thinking is implemented. The purpose of this study was to determine the difference in communication skills of students of circulatory system material taught with chunking techniques combined with writing is thinking, chunking techniques, and lecture techniques in class XI students of SMA Negeri 20 Gowa in the 2024/2025 school year. This type of research includes experiments in the form of a pretest, posttest, and nonequivalent control group design. Sampling technique with purposive sampling with specific consideration in the form of almost the same initial ability of students from three treatment classes where class XI. 1 (experimental class), XI.2 (positive control class), and XI.3 (negative control class), each of which totaled 30 students. Data acquisition using non-test instruments to see students' communication skills and teaching module implementation sheet. Hypothesis testing uses the Anacova test because the data is normally distributed and homogeneous. The results of hypothesis testing showed that the significance value was <0.000. This shows the sig value < α (0.05), so it can be concluded that H0 is rejected and H1 is accepted. This means that there are differences in the communication skills of students who are taught with chunking techniques combined with writing thinking (experimental class), chunking techniques (positive control class), and lecture techniques (negative control class) on human circulatory system material.

Pengaruh Pembelajaran Berbasis Etnomatematika Pada Permainan Gobak Sodor Untuk Meningkatkan Pemahaman Matematis Siswa

This research aims to determine the effect of ethnomathematics-based learning on the game Gobak Sodor to improve students' mathematical understanding. Gobak Sodor is a traditional game that is a cultural heritage from our ancestors and needs to be preserved. Gobak Sodor is a very popular traditional Indonesian game that requires good strategy, dexterity, and cooperation in a rectangular arena lined with chalk lines. This game combines elements of dexterity, strategy, and teamwork. This type of research is quasi-experimental with a quantitative approach. Class VII-A is an experimental class that uses an ethnomathematics-based learning model with the gobak sodor game, and class VII-B is a control class that uses a direct learning model. Research data was obtained through a test in the form of five questions describing mathematical understanding. Based on the results of research using an independent sample test, a significance value of 0.001 was obtained, which is smaller than 0.05. Based on this decision, H0 was rejected, which shows that there is a difference in students' mathematical understanding between the experimental class, which applies ethnomathematics-based learning with the gobak sodor game, and the control class, which uses conventional learning. These results indicate that there is a positive influence of ethnomathematics-based learning with the gobak sodor game on improving students' mathematical understanding. Keywords: Ethnomathematics, Gobak Sodor, Mathematical Understanding

The Influence of E-Books Through a Differentiation Approach Assisted with Professional Pageflip 3-Dimensions on Student Learning Outcomes on Simple Machines Topic

This research aims to test the effect of e-books through a differentiated approach assisted by page flip professional 3-dimensions on student learning outcomes on simple machine topics. The research uses a pre-test and post-test control group design involving two classes as samples. Using e-books through a differentiated approach can reduce the problem of unequal distribution of printed books and make it possible to adapt them to each student's learning style because each student has their learning style. This is shown through the hypothesis criteria where the significance value of 0.030 is smaller than the significance level of 0.05, so H0 is rejected, and Ha is accepted. This is also supported by acquiring an N-gain Score value of 0.81 in the experimental class, which meets the high category, and in the control class, 0.51, which meets the medium category. For the N-gain percent interpretation category, the results obtained in the experimental class were 81 in the effective interpretation category, while for the control class, the results were 51 in the less effective interpretation category. This indicates that e-books, through a differentiated approach assisted by page flip professional 3-dimensions, can improve student learning outcomes, especially in simple machine topics. This research concludes that e-books, through a differentiated approach assisted by page flip professional 3-dimensions, can be an effective alternative for improving the quality of science learning in schools.

The Effect of Implementing the Team Games Tournament Learning Model Assisted by PowerPoint Media on the Learning Outcomes of PPKn Class VII at SMPN 11 Mataram

The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not there was an effect of the application of the Team Games Tournament learning model assisted by PowerPoint media on the learning outcomes of class VII students in PPKn lessons. The research method used was a quantitative approach in the form of Nonequivalent Control Group Design. While the sampling used was Purposive Sampling and data collection used observation techniques and multiple choice tests. Based on the results of the data analysis, the average value of the pre-test results in the experimental class was 54.33 and in the control class it was 50.58. While the average value data for the post-test results in the experimental class was 82.66 and the control class was 76.16. So that the calculation of the t-test with the polled variance formula shows the results𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑛𝑔= 15,520 and𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑒𝑙= 2.0738. Thus𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑛𝑔>𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑒𝑙then Ha is accepted and Ho is rejected, which means that there is an influence of the Team Games Tournament learning model assisted by PowerPoint media on the learning outcomes of class VII students in PPKn lessons at SMPN 11 Mataram.

Efektivitas Model Pembelajaran Problem Posing Setting Think Pair Share pada Materi Bangun Ruang Sisi Datar terhadap Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis dan Kepercayaan Diri

This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the problem-posing learning model with the Think Pair Share (TPS) setting on flat-sided solid geometry material in relation to students' critical thinking skills and self-confidence. The study employs a pretest-posttest control group experimental design. The sample was randomly selected, followed by a pretest to measure initial abilities and a posttest to evaluate learning outcomes. The research instruments include lesson plans (RPP), student worksheets, pretest and posttest critical thinking tests, as well as a self-confidence questionnaire. Data were analyzed using a t-test for critical thinking skills and the Mann-Whitney test for self-confidence. The results show that the TPS learning model is more effective than conventional teaching methods in improving students' critical thinking skills and self-confidence in the flat-sided solid geometry material at SMP 23 Sinjai. Based on pretest data for critical thinking skills and self-confidence between the experimental and control classes, no significant average differences were observed. However, posttest analysis results indicate significant values of 0.021 for critical thinking and 0.002 for self-confidence, both of which are less than 0.05. This indicates that the problem-posing learning model with the TPS setting is more effective than conventional methods in enhancing students' critical thinking skills and self-confidence

Status of Hiptage benghalensis (L.) Kurz (Malpighiaceae). A review

ABSTRACT Hiptage benghalensis (L.) Kurz (Malpighiaceae) is a perennial woody vine originating from the Indochinese rainforest. The vine is invasive in the majority of areas where it has been introduced and is a major biological concern, recognized by the IUCN as one of the 100 most invasive species in the world. Invasions of H. benghalensis cause severe negative impacts on the biodiversity of the areas it colonizes, particularly the Mascarene Islands, which are among the world’s top biodiversity hotspots. Current management strategies, which include herbicides and mechanical control, are not sustainable and alternatives are urgently needed. This review aims to summarize the existing knowledge on H. benghalensis, covering aspects such as taxonomy, description, origin and geographical distribution, biology, ecology, associated habitats and biocenosis, economic importance and management. This essential information will help inform the development of a classical biological control program to assist in the management of the plant.

Quantum-Inspired Sliding-Mode Control to Enhance the Precision and Energy Efficiency of an Articulated Industrial Robotic Arm

Maintaining precise and robust control in robotic systems, particularly those with nonlinear dynamics and external disturbances, is a significant challenge in robotics. Sliding-mode control (SMC) is a widely used technique to tackle these issues; however, it is plagued by chattering and computational complexity, which limit its effectiveness in high-precision environments. This study aims to develop and assess a quantum-inspired sliding-mode control (QSMC) strategy to enhance the SMC’s robustness, precision, and computational efficiency, specifically in controlling a six-jointed articulated robotic arm. The methodology involves creating a comprehensive kinematic and dynamic model of the robot, followed by implementing both classic SMC and the proposed Q-SMC in a comparative way. The simulation results confirm that the Q-SMC method outperforms the classic SMC, particularly in reducing chattering, improving tracking accuracy, and decreasing energy consumption by approximately 3.79%. These findings suggest that the Q-SMC technique provides a promising alternative to classical control methods, with potential applications in tasks requiring high precision and efficient robotic manipulations.

Pengaruh Problem Based Learning terhadap Hasil Belajar Siswa Kelas X pada Mata Pelajaran Dasar-dasar Teknik Mesin di SMK Negeri 1 Padang

The subject of Basic Mechanical Engineering serves as a fundamental foundation for understanding various basic concepts that will be utilized in the practice and further development of mechanical engineering skills. However, based on observations, many students have unsatisfactory learning outcomes. This study aims to examine the influence of the Problem Based Learning (PBL) model on the learning outcomes of Grade X students in the Basic Mechanical Engineering subject at SMK Negeri 1 Padang. The research was conducted from October 7 to November 7, 2024, focusing on the elements of Occupational Health and Safety and Industrial Work Culture. The method used was an experimental study with two classes, namely the experimental class using PBL and the control class using conventional methods. Data were collected through a post-test consisting of 20 objective questions and 5 essay questions, as well as observations of students' learning activities. The results showed that the average score of the experimental class (83.22) was higher than that of the control class (75.86). In addition, the percentage of students who achieved passing scores in the experimental class was higher (29 students) compared to the control class (23 students). The use of the PBL model also increased students' interest and participation in the learning process, as evidenced by the increasing percentage of students' activities during the learning sessions. Based on the t-test, the t-value obtained was 2.457, which is greater than the t-table value 2.001 at a significance level of 0.05, indicating a significant influence of the PBL model on students' learning outcomes.

Some New Geometric State-Space Properties of the Classical Linear Time-Optimal Control Problem with One Input and Real Non-Positive Eigenvalues of the System Following from Pontryagin’s Maximum Principle

This purely theoretical study considers two new geometric state-space properties of the classical linear time-optimal control problem with one input and real non-positive eigenvalues of the system, with constraints only on the control input and without constraints on the state-space variables, following from Pontryagin’s maximum principle. These properties complement the well-known facts from the maximum principle about the number of switchings of the control function and the character of the optimal phase trajectories of the system leading it to the state-space origin. They lay the foundation of a new method for synthesizing the time-optimal control without the need to describe the switching hyper-surfaces. The new technique is demonstrated on two examples. The so-called “axes initialization” and the synthesis technique are illustrated on the double integrator system in its entirety. The second one is on a hypothetical seventh-order system.

Efektivitas Penggunaan Media Big Book terhadap Keterampilan Membaca Nyaring Siswa Sekolah Dasar

Big book media is a media that has unique characteristics in terms of size, text, color and images to make it easier for students to understand reading. This research aims to determine the effectiveness of using Big Book media on students' reading aloud skills in elementary schools. This type of research is pre-experimental research involving one class as an experimental class without a control class with the One Group Pretest-posttest research design. The results of this research indicate that the Big Book media is quite effective for reading aloud skills for low class students as indicated by the mean value of the n gain score being 0.6335, which is in between so that the n gain score category is medium, which means that the effectiveness is medium as well if seen from the mean value. in ngain_persen, namely 63.35%, you can see the estimated effectiveness of the ngain score in percentage, namely the estimate is quite effective. So that the use of Big Book media is effective for elementary school students' reading aloud skills.

The Effect of Implementing a Project to Strengthen the Profile of Pancasila Students by using a Problem-Based Learning Model in Improving Student Learning Outcomes at the National Junior High School in Malang

This study aims to determine the improvement of students' academic performance through the implementation of Pancasila Student Profile Development Programme using problem-based learning models with the concept of local knowledge. Class VII of SMP Nasional Malang in Sukun, Bandungrejosari, Malang for the year 2024. An experimental approach was adopted in this study using a quasi-experimental design. An unbalanced group pretest-post-test design was used as the quasi-experimental design. The sample of the study was Grade VII students of SMP Nasional School in Malang. The school has two classes; Class VII D is the experimental class with 33 students while Class VII A is the control class with 33 students. Descriptive statistical and inferential analysis are used in the data analysis. The findings show that the implementation of the Pancasila Student Profile Development Program using the problem-based learning model is highly effective in improving students' learning outcomes in terms of local intelligence

The Effect of The Implementation of Project Based Learning (PjBL) Model on Science Learning Outcomes of The 8th Grader

This study aims to determine the effect of the application of the Project Based Learning model on the learning outcomes of the 8th grader at SMP Negeri 32 Padang on the digestive system and respiratory system. This type of research is a Quasi Experiment with a research design that is Nonequivalent Control Group Design. The population of the study covers all of the 8th grader at SMP Negeri 32 Padang which consists of 7 classes. The samples in this study were class VIII.6 as the control class and VIII.7 as the experimental class. The sampling technique used is Purposive Sampling. The instrument of this research is a Pre test – Post test question in the form of objective questions as many as 20 questions. The data that has been obtained is then analyzed using prerequisite tests, namely normality test and homogeneity test, then hypothesis testing is carried out. Based on the hypothesis test that has been carried out, the results of hypothesis testing calculations were obtained with the help of Microsoft excel using the t test technique with a significant level of 5%. The tcount ≥ ttable value is 2.56 ≥ 2.00, meaning that H0 is rejected and H1 is accepted. So, it can be concluded that the implementation of the Project Based Learning learning model has a significant effect on student learning outcomes at SMP Negeri 32 Padang

A Class of Anti-Windup Controllers for Precise Positioning of an X-Y Platform with Input Saturations

The windup phenomenon occurs and results in performance degradation while the designed positioning controller output makes actuators saturated. This study presents significant and effective anti-windup controllers for performance improvement and comparison of the position tracking. To address real-world industrial scenarios, the trajectory with a T-curve velocity profile is planned to regulate hardware limitations and maintain efficiency throughout the control process. At first, the dynamic model of an inertia load for a servo control system is established using Newton’s law of motion. Then, anti-windup controllers are designed and implemented based on basic PID controllers. The conducted simulations validate its effectiveness and feasibility. Finally, experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithms achieve smaller overshoot and faster settling time under input saturations when executing specific paths on the X-Y platform, even though the given control commands change. It is verified that the proposed approaches can, indeed, effectively mitigate the windup phenomenon, leading to improved positioning accuracy in industrial applications.

Soft Robot Kinematic Control via Manipulability-Aware Redundancy Resolution

Abstract This paper addresses the kinematic control of a redundant soft robotic arm. Kinematic full pose control for soft robots is challenging because direct application of the classical controllers developed based on rigid robots to soft robots could lead to unreliable or infeasible motions. In this study, we explore the manipulability property of soft robotic arm and develop an advanced resolved-rate controller which prioritize position over orientation control and switches its modes and gains based on position and orientation manipulabilities, enabling stable motion even when the robot is close to singular and near-singular configurations. The simulation and experimental results indicate that our proposed method outperforms previous methods in terms of both accuracy and smoothness during operations.

The Effect of Project-Based Learning Model with Hybrid Mode on Higher Order Thinking Skills and Social Attitudes of Prospective Physics Teacher Students

The project-based learning (PjBL) model with hybrid mode supports higher order thinking skills (HOTS) preparing students to become adaptive, creative, and competent educators in the 21st century. This study aims to analyze the effect of PjBL model with a hybrid mode on HOTS and social attitudes of prospective physics teacher students. This study was conducted on 5th semester students of the physics education study program, University of Mataram, who took the physics curriculum review course. The research design used was a quasi-experiment with a posttest only control group design. The study population included 75 students from class 5A, class 5B, and class 5C in the 2024/2025 academic year. The research subjects were divided into two groups, namely the experimental class (5A) and the control class (5C). The instruments used included a HOTS test and a social attitude questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using one-way Manova statistics. The results showed a significant difference in students' HOTS between the experimental class and the control class with an average HOTS of students in the experimental class of 81, higher than the control class which obtained an average score of 72. However, there was no significant difference in students' social attitudes between the two classes with an average score of social attitudes in the experimental class of 83 and in the control class of 82. This finding indicates that the PjBL model with a hybrid mode is effective in improving students' HOTS, but has little effect on the development of students' social attitudes.

Pengaruh Penggunaan Media Nyata Berupa Peta Timbul pada Materi Peta Kelas X terhadap Hasil Belajar Siswa di SMA 1 Pertiwi Kota Padang

The objectives of this study are 1) To determine the influence of the use of real media in the form of embossed maps in class x map material on the learning outcomes of students at SMA 1 Pertiwi Padang 2) To find out the learning outcomes of students who use embossed map media and those who do not use embossed map media. This study uses a quantitative method with an experimental type of research. The pretest was carried out in two groups to find out the basic abilities of each control and experiment class. The population in this study is all students of class X of SMA 1 Pertiwi Kota Padang which totals 264 students with 2 class samples with purposive sampling techniques. The variables in this study are divided into 2 namely independent variables and bound variables. The data sources in this study are primary and secondary data. The collection techniques in this study are test, questionnaire and documentation techniques. The research procedure in this study was carried out in 2 classes, namely the experimental and control classes. The test of this research instrument is a test of validity, reliability, and differentiation. The data analysis tests in this study were the normality test, homogeneity, hypothesis test (T), and N-Gain test. The results of this study show that 1) The use of real media in the form of embossed maps on map material has an effect on student learning outcomes at SMA 1 Pertiwi Padang which is seen through the results of hypothesis testing (T) which is also supported by the improvement of student learning outcomes after using embossed map media in the experimental class and then an N-Gain test with a score of 82.50% for the embossed map media group and 60.00% for the conventional media group (lecture). 2) To find out the learning outcomes of students who use pop-up map media and those who do not use pop-up map media have been fulfilled with the scores of students who use pop-up map media higher than students who do not use pop-up map media as seen from the N-Gain Test. One of the advantages of using Embossed Map Media is the high level of interactivity through the practice of making embossed maps. Pop-up Map Media provides a non-boring learning experience for students.

Pemanfaatan Model Pembelajaran Project Based Learning Berbantu Geospatial Technology Terhadap Berpikir Kreatif Siswa Kelas XI Fase F di SMA Negeri 1 Batang Kapas

This study aims to determine the effect of the project based learning model assisted by geospatial technology on the creative thinking skills of class XI Phase F students at SMA Negeri 1 Batang Kapas. This study is a quasi-experimental design study with a pretest posttest control group design. The population of the subjects of this study were 64 students of class XI Phase F who were divided into two classes. Class XI F/8 as the experimental group and class XI F/10 as the control group with the number of students in each class. The data collection technique in this study used a test in the form of 20 multiple-choice questions and 5 essay questions that had been tested for validity and reliability. Hypothesis testing in this study used the Independent T-Test analysis to test the difference in scores obtained by students in the control class and the experimental class after learning (post-test). The results showed that there was an effect of the project based learning model assisted by geospatial technology on the creative thinking skills of class XI Phase F students at SMA Negeri 1 Batang Kapas

The Impact of Critical Thinking and Teaching Methods on Students' Writing Ability

Abstract – In today's global culture, writing—once thought to be the domain of the educated—has evolved into a critical ability for people from all walks of life. One of the most challenging language production tasks is writing, and both professional and amateur writers routinely lament the process' complexity and difficulty. Students need to be able to think critically to generate an idea. The aim of this study was to ascertain how instructional methods and critical thinking interact to affect students' writing abilities. An experimental research design was adopted. There were 80 pupils in the sample, 40 from MAN 1 Kabupaten Tangerang's experiment class and 40 from MAN 2 Tangerang's control class. The sampling method that was employed. The findings of the validity and reliability tests of the writing ability and critical thinking (30 items) were tested using research instruments. Two-way ANOVA analysis was the test utilized, and the outcome revealed: (1) At State Islamic High School 1 Tangerang Regency, educational methods have a major impact on pupils' writing abilities. It is demonstrated by the values of Fo = 77,449 and sig 0,000 < 0,05. (2) At State Islamic High School 2 Tangerang, pupils' writing abilities are significantly impacted by critical thinking. The values of sig 0,000 < 0,05 and Fo = 51,791 demonstrate this. (3) Do teaching methods and critical thinking have any discernible interacting effects on students' writing abilities at State Islamic High School in Tangerang?

Mindmeister’s Influence on 4C Skills in Indonesian Subject Grade 6 Elementary School in Surabaya

This study aims to determine the influence of MindMeister on 4C skills in the Indonesian language subject in grade 6 elementary school in Surabaya. A combined research method was used, involving data collection carried out through in-depth interviews with students, observation, taking pre-test and post-test scores 3 times each in the control class and experimental class. Quantitative results showed no significant effect of using MindMeister on 4C skills (significance values of 0,100 > 0,05). However, the qualitative result based on the student's perspective gained through interviews and observations is that most students can apply 4C skills while using MindMeister. In conclusion, it is proposed that MindMeister may influence 4C skill levels in the Indonesian subject in this particular context. It is hoped that these findings contribute to the use of MindMeister in other subjects in any grade of elementary school in Indonesia.