Classical Control Research Articles

Development of Innovative Technology Electronic Modules Based on Orchid Potential in Nglanggeran Forest through Project-Based Learning on Biotechnology Material to Enhance Science Literacy and Learning Interest of High School Students

This development research aims to determine the effectiveness of an electronic module on technological innovation based on the potential of orchids in the Nglanggeran forest using the Project-Based Learning (PjBL) model for biotechnology materials, to enhance high school students' scientific literacy and learning interest. This study employs the Research and Development (R&D) approach using the 4D model (define, design, develop, and disseminate). The data were analyzed using N-Gain tests and Manova. The feasibility test results indicate that the electronic module is highly suitable for use. This is evidenced by the feasibility test scores, namely 96.2% from material experts, 89.5% from teaching material experts, and 86.1% from practitioners. Additionally, the electronic module is considered practical based on student responses, with a score of 86.7%. The effectiveness test results show a significance value of 0.000 < 0.05, indicating a significant difference in scientific literacy and learning interest between the experimental and control classes. Furthermore, the Test of Between-Subjects Effects revealed a significance value of 0.000 < 0.005, suggesting differences in scientific literacy and learning interest between the experimental and control classes. Thus, the Project-Based Learning (PjBL)-based electronic module positively impacts students' scientific literacy and learning interest.

The Effects of Video-Based Teaching Materials on Students’ Listening Ability

Finding appropriate teaching materials for listening subjects is not an easy task for lecturers. Therefore, creating video-based teaching materials is one of the solutions. However, the effectiveness of this product is still unknown. This quasi-experimental research aims to determine the effects of using video-based teaching materials on the listening ability of first-semester English students. Samples were taken using the cluster sampling technique, two classes out of 3 existing classes. The control class was treated using only audio media, while the experimental class was treated with audio-visual (video) media. The treatment was conducted for 14 meetings for each class, starting with giving the pre-test and ending with giving the post-test. The results of independent sample t-test calculations revealed that there was no significant difference in the learning outcomes between the control and experimental classes. This is evidenced by the sig. (2-tailed) value, namely 0.855>0.05. However, the range of the pre-test and post-test results between the control and experimental classes is different. The score range for the control class was 17.22, while the score range for the experimental class was 33.05. This shows that the use of video in the experimental class had a higher effect on improving students' listening skills than in the control class, which was only taught with audio materials.

Development of a method for detecting and classifying hydrocarbon-contaminated soils via laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy and machine learning algorithms.

In recent years, there has been a significant increase in oil exploration and exploitation activities, resulting in spills that pose a severe threat to the environment and public health. The present work aims to develop a method to detect and classify hydrocarbon-contaminated soils that is useful for analyzing contaminated sites. The method combines machine learning algorithms with data obtained via the laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) technique. The first stage involved optimizing the experimental parameters of the LIBS technique from eleven soil samples contaminated with different hydrocarbons and one sample used for control purposes. To classify the samples effectively, a robust and interpretable method was required. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) was chosen for its ability to identify the linear combination of features that best separates classes while maintaining simplicity and interpretability. To address overfitting risks and reduce dimensionality, principal component analysis (PCA) was applied before LDA. This preprocessing step optimized the classification of samples contaminated with eleven different hydrocarbon sources and distinguished them from the control class. The results revealed accuracies greater than 90%. The model was also used to discriminate subsets of classes that shared similarities, which could be revealed from the analysis of the entire class set. The approach also successfully classified related classes, such as gasoline and different oils, achieving 100% accuracy in all cases. This enhanced capacity to identify and differentiate hydrocarbons with LIBS and machine learning marks a significant advancement in environmental monitoring.

KEEFEKTIFAN METODE FOUR SQUARE WRITING BERBANTUAN INFOGRAFIS DALAM PEMBELAJARAN MENULIS TEKS BIOGRAFI

This study aims to describe the effectiveness of Four Square Writing method assisted by infographics in learning to write biography text. This type of research is a quasi-experiment. The sample was 64 students of class X SMAN 1 Klari. Data collection techniques were conducted through observation and biography text writing test. The research data were analysed using descriptive and infersential statistics. The results showed that there was a significant increase in the ability to write biography text on the posttest of the experimental class. Meanwhile, the ability to write biography text on the control class posttest has not shown a significant improvement. Based on the hypothesis test, the result of Sig. (2-tailed) of 0.001 <0.05. This shows that the application of Four Square Writing method assisted by infographic image media is effective in learning to write biographical texts for class X students of SMAN 1 Klari.

The Effect of the Missouri Mathematics Project Learning Model on Students' Mathematical Communication Ability

Mathematical communication is one of the most important mathematical abilities that students must learn. Students' ability to communicate mathematical concepts orally or in writing is known as mathematical communication ability. Therefore, this research aims to determine how the Missouri Mathematics Project (MMP) model affects students' mathematical communication ability. With the Nonequivalent Control Group Design, The quantitative research method and type used in this research is experimental. Purposive sampling is a technique used for sampling which is an experimental class of the control class The research instrument used was a test. The data analysis in this study used parametric tests. The results of this research show that the class. is an experimental class that has a higher value when juxtaposed with the class analysed with descriptive analysis. The results of the hypothesis were obtained based on the t-test that it was significant. Thus, it is rejected and accepted, it is proven that the influence of the Missouri Mathematics Project (MMP) model on students' mathematical communication ability is obtained.

E-LKPD Based on Socio-Scientific Issues: A Means of Developing Science Literacy and Critical Thinking In The Era Of The Independent Curriculum

Against the background of the limitations of learning media in facilitating the learning needs of students, as well as the importance of critical thinking skills and science literacy in facing global challenges. The independent curriculum is an approach designed to meet the learning needs of students flexibly, but still requires the active role of teachers in conveying essential concepts, so the development of SSI-based e-LKPD is expected to be an effective learning innovation to develop students' critical thinking skills and science literacy. The purpose of the study is to measure the effectiveness of SSI-based e-LKPD on environmental pollution materials on students' science literacy and critical thinking. The use of the liveworksheet application is used for interactive learning media. This type of research is quasi-experimental design with the one group pretest-posttest design method. The research was conducted in grade VIII of junior high school in Tanggamus district with a total of 128 students. Data analysis uses n-gain test and t-test. The results of the analysis obtained an n-gain of 33 in the control class and 53 in the experimental class. This value is in the range of 40-55 with the category of less effective. Furthermore, the results of the t-test showed a significant difference between the control and experimental classes (p<0.05); reject H0, thus that SSI-based e-LKPD is effective in improving critical thinking skills and science literacy of junior high school students.

The utilization of biological control against regulated pests in the EPPO region: challenges and opportunities

AbstractBiological control is a pest control method that can offer an environmentally safer alternative to chemical pesticides. The proven safety record of both augmentative and classical biological control technologies allows its utilization against indigenous and non‐indigenous but well‐established pests, whether under protected conditions (e.g., glasshouses) or in open field cropping systems. This manuscript has been developed by the Joint European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO) and the International Organization for Biological and Integrated Control (IOBC) Panel on Biological Control Agents and presents an assessment on the current use of classical and augmentative biological control for the control of regulated plant pests. The paper discusses challenges for the uptake of biological control for regulated pests and provides recommendations to increase the safe use of biological control agents in the EPPO region.

Penerapan Model Guided Inquiry Berbantuan LKPD pada Materi Virus Terhadap Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis Siswa Kelas X SMA Islam Bawari Pontianak

This study aims to determine the significant difference in critical thinking skills of students taught with Guided inquiry learning model with students taught conventional learning model on virus material in class X SMA Islam Bawari Pontianak. The method used is quantitative with a pretest – posttest only group design experimental design. This research was conducted in class X SMA Islam Bawari Pontianak using simple random sampling technique with 2 class samples, namely class XA as the control class and XB as the experimental class. Data were obtained through pretest and posttest tests of students' critical thinking skills with essay questions. The data obtained was analyzed quantitatively by statistical tests. The results of the study showed critical thinking skills in the experimental class with the previous average score of 40.97 and afterwards 84.44. The critical thinking ability of conventional model students with an average score of 38.75 before and 60.13 afterwards. There is a significant difference in the Guided inquiry learning model on the critical thinking ability of grade X students of SMA Islam Bawari Pontianak.

The Impact of Synectics Learning Model Implementation with Mind Mapping Assignments on Reducing Misconceptions and Enhancing Students' Cognitive Learning Outcomes

Innovative learning models are essential to enhance students' cognitive abilities and address misconceptions in physics learning. This study aims to provide an overview of the influence of implementing the Synectics learning model with mind mapping assignments on the quantity of misconceptions and the cognitive learning outcomes of senior high school students. The research employed a quasi-experimental method using a randomized control group pretest-posttest design. The study was conducted on 11th-grade students at a senior high school in Palu, Central Sulawesi, during the 2023/2024 academic year. A cluster random sampling technique was used to select the sample. Data collection was carried out using pretests and posttests to measure the improvement in cognitive learning outcomes, while posttests were used to assess misconceptions experienced by students during learning with the Synectics model with and without mind mapping assignments. Observation sheets were also used to monitor the implementation of the learning process. The results showed an improvement in cognitive abilities for the experimental class, with an average normalized gain (N-Gain) of 0.63 (high), compared to 0.50 (moderate) for the control class. Based on a significance test at the 0.05 level, the findings revealed that the Synectics learning model with mind mapping assignments significantly outperformed the Synectics model without such assignments. Additionally, descriptive analysis of the misconceptions indicated that the Synectics model with mind mapping assignments resulted in fewer misconceptions compared to the model without mind mapping assignments.

Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Discovery Learning terhadap Hasil Belajar Seni Rupa Kelas VIII di SMPN 3 Lengayang

The purpose of this study is to find out how the learning outcomes of fine arts students in grade VIII at SMPN 3 Lengayang are influenced by the discovey learning model. Researchers conducted "experimental" research with a quantitative approach. The research design is a posttest-Only Group Design. This study involved all grade VIII students, with class VIII 1 group as the control class and class VIII group 4 as the experimental class, each with 31 students. The results of the study showed that the posttest score of art learning outcomes in the experimental class and the control class was different, with an experimental score of 70.00 and a control score of 58.03. The results of the hypothesis test showed that there was a difference in student learning outcomes both in the experimental class and the control class with a significant level = 0.05. Based on these results, it can be concluded that students in the experimental class are better at learning using the Discovery Learning learning model than students in the convetional.

The cost of the production and release of male Aedes aegypti mosquitoes sterilised by irradiation.

Classic vector control tools do not sustainably reduce Aedes populations or prevent the surge of arboviruses. The sterile insect technique (SIT) by irradiation relies on mass-rearing and release of male insects that will not produce viable offspring. It has been successfully integrated into controlling agricultural and livestock pests. Experiments are conducted to determine the effectiveness of the approach for suppressing Aedes aegypti and curbing dengue transmission. Detailed implementation cycle costs have not been reported yet. To detail the costs of producing and releasing male A. aegypti mosquitoes sterilised by irradiation. We carried out a cost analysis during a SIT pilot trial in Havana. We took a provider perspective and used microcosting. From the cost function, we subsequently calculated costs for base case variations in production volume and mosquito release rate per hectare. The setup expenses to establish the capacity to produce and release 450,000 mosquitoes weekly amounted to 155,452.00 and 2456.40 USD in capital means and training, respectively. The average number of sterile mosquitoes released per hectare per week during the trial was 1500, utilising 17% of the installed capacity. Including capital depreciation, the average cost per 10,000 sterile male mosquitoes released was 110.12 USD. When producing at 85% capacity, this reduces nearly threefold, to 41.06 USD. At that production level, releasing 500 or 4500 sterile male mosquitoes per hectare costs on average 2.70 or 16.54 USD per hectare covered. In densely populated areas with 500 inhabitants per hectare, this corresponds to 0.28 or 1.72 USD per inhabitant per year. Our cost estimates for SIT by irradiation are within the range of estimates reported for alternative mass-rearing and release methods to control Aedes populations, and the approach appears competitive with insecticide-based interventions. The cost-effectiveness in different contexts remains to be investigated.

Optimal turning of a 2-DOF proportional-integral-derivative controller based on a chess algorithm for load frequency control

Load frequency control is necessary for power system management. The power system must maintain a frequency range to ensure power supply stability. System faults and demand fluctuations may cause frequencies to change quickly. System stability and integrity suffer. We are optimizing the two-degree-of-freedom (2-DOF) proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controllers chess algorithm. This article addresses electrical load frequency regulation. We employ classical control theory and current adjustment. It aims for electrical system efficiency and dependability. It checks for errors using integral absolute error (IAE), integral squared error (ISE), integral of time multiply absolute error (ITAE), and integral time squared error (ITSE). Particle swarm algorithm (PSO) compares performance. The IAE of 0.03364, nearly identical to it, shows that chess trumps other algorithms in many scenarios. The chess algorithm's ISE was 0.00035, like PSO's 0.03363. The ISE was 0.00036, indicating PSO's error-reduction capabilities. For the chess algorithm, PSO is 0.07929, and ITAE is 0.07647. This indicates the PSO responds faster to system breakdowns and load changes. Finally, the chess algorithm's ITSE is 0.00072, below the PSO 0.00076. The chess algorithm is better at managing long-term load frequency.

PENGARUH MODEL PEMBELAJARAN CONTEXTUAL TEACHING LEARNING (CTL) DENGAN STRATEGI INKUIRI TERHADAP HASIL BELAJAR SISTEM GERAK MANUSIA

This study aimst determine the effect of the CTL learning model with inquiry strategies on student learning outcomes at SMPN 4 Kutacane. This research uses experimental methods. The population in this study was class VIII students, totaling 85 students. The sample consisted of 44 students consisting of two classes, namely class VIII-2 with 22 students as the experimental class and class VIII/3 as the control class. Data codellection was carried out through pretest and posttest. Data on improving learning outcomes is in the form of normalized gain (N-Gain). The difference in the average N_Gain of the experimental class and the control class was analyzed using an independent sample t-test. The average value of the experimental class is higher than the control class. The results of the t test show that the t value = 2.68 and the t table value = 2.02 (t count > t table) at a significance level of 0.05 which shows that Ho is rejected and Ha is accepted. That there is an influence of the CTL learning model with inquiry strategies on student learning outcomes in human movement systems material.

PENGEMBANGAN MEDIA MANIPULATIF UNTUK MENINGKATKAN PENCAPAIAN PEMBELAJARAN DAN KEMAMPUAN BERPIKIR KRITIS PADA MATERI SISTEM TATA SURYA SISWA KELAS VI

The aim of this research is to produce solar system manipulative media that meets the requirements and is effective in learning the solar system. This research uses the development method with the PLOMP model, with research subjects consisting of 22 students in the experimental class and 27 students in the control class. The results of the paired sample t-test were carried out to determine whether there were differences between the pretest and posttest results of students in the experimental class and the control class. The results showed that there was a significant influence before (pretest) and after the use of solar system manipulative media (posttest) on increasing student learning outcomes in science subjects with the material "Solar System." Based on the N-gain test calculation, the average N-gain value for the experimental class is 0.730, which shows that the increase in students' critical thinking abilities in the experimental class is at a high level. Meanwhile, the average N-gain for the control class is 0.480, which shows that the critical thinking abilities of students in the control class are at a medium level. Thus, it can be concluded that the critical thinking abilities of students who are taught using the manipulative media of the solar system are higher than those of students who are taught using image media

Pengaruh Model Problem Based Learning (PBL) Berbasis Etnomatematika terhadap Kemampuan Numerasi Siswa SMP

This study aims to determine the effect of the Ethnomathematics-Based Problem-Based Learning (PBL) model on the numeracy skills of 8th-grade students at SMP Negeri 15 Pekanbaru. The research employs a quasi-experimental design with a pretest-posttest control group. The sample consists of two classes selected through random sampling: an experimental class taught using the ethnomathematics-based PBL model and a control class taught using conventional learning methods. After conducting the normality test, the post-test significance value for the control class was found to be 0.004, which is smaller than the significance level of 0.05 (0.004 < 0.05). Thus, the data are not normally distributed. Since one of the datasets is not normally distributed, a non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test was performed. The test results show an Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) value of 0.000, which is smaller than the significance level of 0.05 (0.000 < 0.05). Therefore, H1 is accepted, and H0 is rejected. This indicates a difference in the average numeracy skills between the experimental class and the control class. In other words, the average numeracy skills of students using the Ethnomathematics-Based Problem-Based Learning (PBL) model are better than those of students using the conventional learning model. Hence, the ethnomathematics-based Problem-Based Learning (PBL) model positively impacts the numeracy skills of 8th-grade students at SMP Negeri 15 Pekanbaru. Keywords: Problem Based Learning, Ethnomathematics, Numeracy Skills

THE EFFECT OF CROSSWORD PUZZLE LEARNING MEDIA ON STUDENTS' SCIENCE LEARNING OUTCOMES IN FIFTH-GRADE SDN 28 SINGKAWANG

The purpose of this study was to describe whether there is a difference in learning outcomes between students who are taught using crossword puzzle media and those who do not use crossword puzzle media in the science subject of grade V students of SDN 28 Singkawang and to describe how much influence the crossword puzzle learning media has on students' learning outcomes in the science subject of grade V SDN 28 Singkawang . The data in this study are the learning outcomes of the control class and the learning outcomes of the experimental class. The data source is grade V students of SDN 28 Singkawang. The sampling technique used in this study is non-probability . The data collection technique used is an essay test technique . Based on the results of the study, 26 students from class A were obtained as the control class and 26 students from class B as the experimental class. The control class obtained the highest score in the pre-test, which was 90, and the post -test class was 95. The lowest score in the pre-test was 43 and the post-test was 43. The experimental class obtained the highest score in the pre-test, which was 90, and the post-test was 95. The lowest score in the pre-test was 43 and the post-test was 60. The results of this study can be assumed in the 2013 curriculum in learning Natural Sciences.

Cascade Sliding Mode Control for Linear Displacement Positioning of a Quadrotor

This paper contains an example of a simulation implementation of sliding mode control algorithms for the problem of adjusting the linear position of a quadrotor. A mathematical model of the drone was proposed, which was then implemented in a simulation environment. The method of designing sliding mode controllers using the Lyapunov method in order to improve stability was presented. A cascade system based entirely on sliding mode control algorithms is introduced. The article ends with a comparative analysis of simulation test results of classical control systems and controllers based on sliding mode control.

GAMIFIED ENGLISH INSTRUCTION MEDIATED BY KAHOOT! AT SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL: EVIDENCE FOR VOCABULARY GAINS

Learning vocabulary in a second or foreign language is necessary for effective communication. Because the process of memorizing vocabulary is boring and stressful for some high school students, they have poor vocabulary knowledge. This study is focused on investigating whether or not there is an effect of using Kahoot! on senior high school students' vocabulary achievement. This research was conducted in two classes, one of which was used as an experimental class, and the other was a control class. The duration of the treatment is two weeks, and the third week is to do a post-test. This research was carried out in one of the high schools in Jember City. To measure participants' achievement in vocabulary learning after the experiment, a vocabulary achievement test was developed by the researchers. To check the validity of the hypothesis, an independent sample t-test was run to determine the significant difference between the mean post-test score and the SPSS. The results of the study indicate that Kahoot is effective in improving the vocabulary learning of the experimental group.

PENERAPAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN PROJECT BASED LEARNING UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KREATIVITAS SISWA DI SMAN 1 SINGKIL UTARA PADA MATERI BIOTEKNOLOGI

This research aims to determine the increase in creativity of students at SMA Negeri 1 Singkil Utara through the application of the project based learning model on biotechnology material. This research was conducted at SMA Negeri 1 Singkil Utara in february 2024, and the population in this study was class X, totaling 104 students. The sampling technique in this study used a saturated sampling technique where all members of the population were sampled. Of the 4 existing classes, 2 classes were determined as samples where 1 class was taught using the project based learning model and video as the control class and 1 class was taught using project based learning models, videos and practicums as experimental classes. This research is a non-equivalent control group design type of quasi-experimental research (non-equivalent group pretest-posttest design). Data were analyzed using t-test. The results of the research show that based on statistical tests the project based learning model cannot increase the creativity of SMAN 1 Singkil Utara students in biotechnology material (t-count = 0.89 < t-table = 1.68), whereas based on the data the project based learning model increases SMAN 1 Singkil Utara students’ creativity in biotechnology material was only 5.94%.

How project-based collaborative learning affect on numeracy ability of elementary school teacher education students

Based on project-based collaborative learning, this study attempts to evaluate the numeracy skills of prospective elementary education teachers. The study design is pretest-posttest control group, and the research methodology is experimental and quantitative. Purposive sampling strategies are used to create experimental and control classes.While project assignments are completed individually in the control class, they are administered in groups to the experimental class. Ten multiple-choice and yes-or-no (objective) questions are used in the pre-test and post-test results to gather information on students' numeracy proficiency. Project-based collaborative learning research findings are applied to enhance the numeracy skills of prospective elementary education teachers. The score's outcomes after acquiring the experimental class were 0.001 and The experimental class used group projects, while the control class used individual projects. The control class's pre-test and post-test collaborative learning results differed by less than 0.001.