Class Of Enterprises Research Articles

The Theoretical System of Government Regulation with Chinese Characteristics: Demand Analysis, Constructing Orientations and Overall Framework

Sovereign-owned enterprises (SOEs) are a class of enterprises that have been governed by the Party for more than 40 years. However, the political governance of SOEs remains largely unexplored. This study examines how the Party plays a leadership role in SOE governance through its ownership, cadre management, participation in decision-making, and intra-Party supervision. In this survey, we first review the evolution of China's SOE reforms during the past 40 years and the role of the Party during this period. Then, we present the overall structure of the SOE political governance, followed by detailed discussions of each pillar of the structure, with a focus on the most recent developments. The final part of this survey introduces both the status and the effect of incorporating Party-building work into corporate charters. Finally, conclusions are drawn and possible directions for future research are proposed.

Analyzing Performance in Wholesale Trade Romanian SMEs: Framing Circular Economy Business Scenarios

The study analyzes the performance levels achieved by Romanian wholesaler SMEs from Hunedoara County and to advance some practical courses of action designed to support local entrepreneurs in improving efficiency and in embracing circular economy (CE) practices. We employed cluster and discriminant analyses with a focus on providing an accurate classification of trade SMEs, according to their performance. Three distinct classifications of SMEs resulted in: (i) a class of enterprises displaying high levels of the rates of return, whose business owners exhibited an increased risk appetite and applied investment policies focusing on future development by means of incorporating digital instruments; (ii) a class of SMEs displaying average levels of rates of return, which manage to survive in situations of crisis through maintaining the position previously gained on the market; and (iii) a class of SMEs exhibiting a precarious financial position and employing defensive strategies, with managers who are reluctant to take risks in the innovation processes. Furthermore, we present a cloud computing solution which was tailored for one of the companies from our sample that appeared to be the most likely to carry out the transition from the average SME performance class to the higher class. The main advantages that are brought about by the IT solution in terms of environmental sustainability consist of: improvements in energy efficiency, the decrease in carbon footprints, the lowering of operational costs and the diminishing of the amount of e-waste.

Implications for enterprise to adopt cleaner technology: From the perspective of energy market and commodity market

Business-related decision making seems more difficulty than ever before. Diffusion signals from different market make it difficult for policy makers to adopt clear strategy, and the lack of clear coping strategies will hinder stakeholders in the market from making strong investment decisions as early as possible. To cope with this problem, we propose an innovative model that can analyze production decisions and technology adoption of enterprises been faced with two coupled markets. With the help of this quantitative method, we answer the basic question of the investment path and technology adoption time in a class of enterprises, and further analyze which factors in the related markets have a more obvious impact on the decision. A novel feature of this work is that we characterize the connection mechanism of the two markets so that we can investigate the interaction between enterprises’ decisions and the markets’ signals. Our stochastic model allows for quite general dependence on energy fuel price and investment choice. Turning to the special Monte-Carlo based method, we can determine the optimal time to invest as well as the switching time. We applied this framework to an empirical case of heating technology on a highway, and found that both consumer preferences and energy prices have a significant impact on enterprise's investment strategy, but consumer preferences have a greater impact on the transition time for cleaner technologies. Also, the results have potentially important policy implications and can provide a rationale for supporting cleaner technologies.

ЕКОЛОГО-ГІГІЄНІЧНІ АСПЕКТИ ФУНКЦІОНУВАННЯ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ-СУБ’ЄКТІВ ГОСПОДАРЮВАННЯ В СФЕРІ ПОВОДЖЕННЯ З ВІДХОДАМИ ІЗ ЗАСТОСУВАННЯМ ТЕРМІЧНИХ МЕТОДІВ

Objective. Sanitary and hygienic assessment of the conditions of safe operation of enterprises using equipment for thermal disposal / waste disposal. Materials and methods. The objects of research were enterprises where waste is subjected to thermal disposal/utilization (location of production facilities – Odessa and Dnipropetrovsk regions). To conduct a sanitary and hygienic assessment of the levels of impact created at the border of the sanitary protection zone (SPZ) of production, the results of instrumental studies of air samples, acoustic measurements, and the results of calculating the scattering of gross pollutant emissions from their emission sources were analyzed. form the total gross emission at the industrial site (research protocols were provided by certified laboratories), as well as regulatory and technical documentation, according to which the company operates. Results. The main processes that determine the hazard class of enterprises are thermal, namely: disposal of hazardous waste at the installation for thermal disposal (utilizer) type UT3000D and processing (utilization) of rubber products by pyrolysis at the unit UE GTV MTD-5/24. The utilizer includes a combustion chamber of exhaust gases at a temperature up to 1300˚C and is equipped with a two-stage system for their purification. Shredded rubber-containing waste is pyrolyzed at a temperature of 450°C without access of oxygen with the formation of secondary waste (carbon residue, metal cord residues, gas fraction, which is burned in the main chamber, furnace fuel), which are transferred to consumers on contractual terms. As in the classification of productions [2] such enterprises are absent, SPZ for the enterprise with the utilizer UT3000D is defined in the size of 500 m by analogy with garbage incineration, for the enterprise where pyrolysis is applied - SPZ is established at the size of 110 m (on the border of the nearest inhabited building). According to the results of field research, no exceedances of the normative indicators were detected for any pollutant at the border of the SPZ. Conclusions. The conditions for the operation of enterprises are not exceeding the hygienic regulations of the permissible content of chemicals in the air of settlements [3] and ensuring the regulatory level of acoustic impact at the SPZ in accordance with the requirements [2,4], compliance with technological regulations on waste management, safety rules and use of overalls, footwear and personal protective equipment when working with hazardous waste, as well as determining the hazard class of secondary waste generated in the process of thermal disposal / utilization.

Study of factors affecting the reliability and efficiency of the heat supply system

The paper describes the history of creating the concept of a sanitary protection zone (SPZ) designed for population protection from the negative impact of industrial enterprises. It proposes a classification SPZs by their size and develops an approach to calculating a hazard class of industrial enterprises over time. It also describes the procedure of establishing a SPZ in accordance with current legislation applicable to all production facilities, including water supply community facilities. The research considers problems of establishing SPZs for wastewater disposal organizations (WDO) located in historical building developments, as well as for water supply and sanitation facilities where reconstruction is planned. The paper reveals the shortage of a regulatory and procedural framework for calculating emissions from WDO facilities, using the example of a specific structure.

Network Centrality and Homophily in Stakeholder Relationship Management: The Effects on a Social Enterprise’s Decision-Making Process

Managing relationships with all the stakeholders is a central issue in Social Enterprises' management; these enterprises, operating across the faded boundary between for profit and not for profit sectors, overcome having limit scarce resources dotation trough relationships with other organizations in order to reach success in the society.
 
 In our paper, we have studied the capability of this class of enterprises to create and sustain relationships on the basis of the concepts and principles of Stakeholder Theory, that according enterprises' survival capacity is linked to their manage ability those actors that affects or are affected by enterprise actions in their decision-making. Our empirical studies have focused on the social network, defined trough a snowballing process (degree = 3), insisting on a Social Cooperative in Naples with two world shops and one wholesale warehouse. 
 
 Each node in the Social Cooperative's egonetwork has been tested for two classical measures of Social Network Analysis (Wasserman & Faust, 1994; Scott, 1991): centrality and proximity. These tests have been later used to compare actors and to analyze if more central or more homophilous actors, those who share similar interests, are better able to influence the social cooperative.
 
 Our paper highlights that homophily can better explain stakeholders' effects on the outcomes of strategic decision-making processes.

Method of determination and classification Kiev hotels of high comfort in the second half of the XIX – early XX centuries

Hotels of high comfort in the nineteenth century. formed a separate class among the entrepreneurs of the hotel business in Kiev and served the most prosperous strata of the population and foreign tourists. The conducted research revealed a lot of contradictions and inaccurate information in available sources, therefore, it prompted the creation of a more advanced algorithm for determining the comfort level of Kyiv hotels, taking into account as many components as possible. The analysis included not only the information from the literature published before 1917, but also the natural survey of preserved buildings, the study of the existing stock of archival materials, and also take into account the specific architectural and planning features that are characteristic for institutions of the appropriate level of comfort. The structure of the definition of Kyiv hotels of high comfort was formed from the following components: the analysis of available sources of information, the analysis of administrative and regulatory requirements and architectural and planning indicators. Due to the classification analysis, the object of study - hotels of high comfort, as a separate class of enterprises of the hotel business of the city - was clearly defined. The presented classification differentiations helped to find additional signs that allowed to distinguish this class of hotels from other establishments more qualitatively and prove that Kyiv hotels of high comfort on many of its indicators inferior not only to similar Western European hotels, but even to some Kharkiv and Odessa hotels. Hotels were organized according to the four categories of comfort, which for the sake of ease of perception were identified by the modern international system, as well as hotels were determined that compensated their disadvantages in servicing and general comfort by other structural components.

МЕТОДИКА ФОРМАЛИЗАЦИИ ЗАДАЧ СИСТЕМЫ АУДИТА ПЕРВОГО УРОВНЯ

Urgency of the research. At present, the actual scientific and technical problem of information technology in the financial and economic sphere is the automation of data analysis of financial and economic information of enterprises. The solution of audit tasks based on automated data analysis is one of the actual problems. Therefore, there is a need to create a methodology for designing DSS auditing. Target setting. When designing an IT audit, it is necessary to ensure that they can be applied to the financial and economic data of enterprises in various industries, types of production, various organizational structures and IT accounting. Actual scientific researches and issues analysis. The latest open source publications were reviewed, including Audit 4.0 technology. Uninvestigated parts of general matters defining. The automatization of the tasks of the audit of the prerequisite of accounting is invariant with respect to the features of the enterprise. The research objective. The automatization tasks of the audit of the prerequisite of accounting is invariant with respect to the features of the enterprise. The statement of basic materials. The proposed methodology for formalizing tasks is based on the rules for constructing a one-to-one mapping of data from a subordinate to the checked premise and formalizing the interrelationships of primary accounting variables that characterize the rules of the premise. Conclusions. The proposed methodology for formalizing audit tasks allows them to be used to automate the solution of audit tasks for a wide class of enterprises.

CORPORATE INCOME TAX OF SMALL MEDIUM ENTERPRISE (SME)

Tax is recently getting the most important income source for the country. In the case of Indonesia, every year the government has increased the annual target of tax income, but it has not been easily and successfully to achieve. In 2013 the government wishes to target the sources of income tax deriving from that small and medium business scale. The research which focuses on the medium scale of corporate tax payer business, would like to see and evaluate implementation of Government Regulation number 46, year 2013 (PP 46/2013), by doing simulation and regression analysis. Those corporate tax payers with the annual sales of around Rp. 7,000,000,000,- seems to be facing a dilemma situation to whether or not to comply with. Particularly since this government regulation does not take into consideration the impact to the tax payers cash flow when financial trouble is being faced and even at the time the companies run in loss situation. It seems it has been the time for the government to review the effectiveness of this regulation, how is being implemented across the country, especially by those corporate tax payers who are preparing book keeping and submitting tax report. The issue of accuracy, accountability and financial engineering follows the implementation of creativity accounting and tax accounting treatment, should have been the concern of the tax office. The idea and advices of mandatory audited financial report is prominent in this research, in order to reach the more targeted collecting tax fund from this class of enterprises in Indonesia.

KEPUTUSAN SUMBER PEMBELANJAAN PADA USAHA MIKRO KECIL MENENGAH (UMKM) SWALAYAN DI DESA MULYOAGUNG KECAMATAN DAU MALANG

The purpose of this study was to determine the source of funds used in the micro and small businesses in the village supermarket Mulyoagung District of DAU. The method used is the method of survey, data analysis is qualitative descriptive analysis based on primary and secondary data. Based on the results of a survey conducted by the researchers of the 10 self-service according to the class of micro enterprises in the village Mulyoagung DAU Malang, there is a 100% initial planning. the source of funds used for micro and small businesses in the supermarket, the source of funds used approximately 75.5% use their own capital due, which was developed in the supermarket business is already quite big and cost quite a lot. Supermarkets that require considerable cost using capital loans at the bank around 24.5% to run a business in this way could make more developed self.

高校旅游专业校企合作定制班现状研究—以S定制班为例

校企合作的定制班是目前产学合作的重要实践。本文针对旅游企业的定制班面临的学生与企业方面的问题：择业心态落差、资源投入不足、校企合作深度不够等，进行了深入分析和相应建议。结合实际案例和学生心理诉求对现有矛盾进行描述并给出建议。弥补现有研究案例分析不足的缺陷，也对其他院校的合作模式提供参考。 School-Enterprise cooperation is an important practice of industry-specific cooperation. This paper, based on the customized class of tourism enterprises, aims at the problems of students and enterprises: the lack of job mentality drop, lack of resources, lack of cooperation between schools and enterprises, and so on, and make in-depth analysis and corresponding suggestions. Combined with practical cases and students’ psychological demands to describe the existing contradictions and give suggestions. To make up for the shortcomings of the existing research case analysis, and provide a cooperation model for other institutions.

THE CONCEPT OF TRANSFORMATION OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTIONAL ENVIRONMENT OF SMALL AND MEDIUM-SIZED ENTERPRISES

The aim of the article is an attempt to ground the concept of transformation of national institutional environment as the prerequisites for forming of prosperous class of small and medium-sized enterprises. Institutional analysis considers the interaction on the level of individuals and divides a market transaction into transactions (institutional agreements), estimating their value with the help of transaction costs. We conducted a systematization of the notion that brings the institutional environment to the aggregate of norms, regulations, agreements, rules of the game. For the quality assessment of institutional environment on the macrolevel, direct indicators of its assessment were used – quality indexes in international ratings and activities of specialized institutional researches. Practical significance. In the result the quality of the institutional environment of the assessment of The Global Competitiveness Index is extremely low and needs a systematic increase. Values of indicators of a pillar “Institutions” of The Global Competitiveness Index should be a guiding line for development and introduction of state economic policy. An important line of investigations of development mechanism’s improvement and regulatory policy’s conducting is the institutional environment conception that combines the notions of institute, institutional agreements and transaction costs. A model of institutional environment allows determining of the regulatory policy as a policy that changes elements of institutional environment – institutions, displays in changes of transaction costs. It is grounded that a state apparatus consciously sets as an object the increase of socio-economic role of the entrepreneurship through the creating of favourable conditions of its functioning; a way of this object’s achievement is the regulatory policy, efficiency criterion of which is the improving of national institutional environment’s quality that is measured by reducing of transaction costs of entrepreneurship subjects. All stated above allows describing the mechanism of regulatory policy in the field of entrepreneurship as a logical order. Measures of regulatory policy influence the quality of institutional environment that leads to the change in transaction costs’ value related to its use. A schematic model of modern institutional environment is developed. In accordance with the rules of methodological individualization, subjects of institutional economic relations are separate entities, individuals. Subjects implement among themselves standard institutional agreements, which are presented by lines (“tracks”). These “tracks” necessarily go through formal and informal institutions. Conclusion of institutional agreements is the choice among the institutional alternatives, discrete choice and transaction performance. Some institutions (both formal and informal) can be not involved into conclusion of institutional agreements, thus it is the question of institutions market – subjects’ possibility to choose institutions for interaction. Subjects can conclude institutional agreements within the framework of company or state (hierarchies of institutions with certain cruelty) or within the framework of market (relatively soft institution). An important socio-economic role of small and medium-sized enterprises must be confirmed by effective public policy with its support and development. Institutional economic analysis provides the possibilities of qualitative research of problems of small and medium-sized enterprises, developments and introduction of regulatory police, determining of the criteria of its efficiency. The use of system model of institutional environment and principle of methodological individualism allows considering the economic interaction between representatives of small and medium-sized enterprises and state. An increase of institutional environment quality is the main task of regulatory policy. The quality of Ukrainian institutional environment by the criteria of international rating Doing Business in comparison with the leading countries during 2007-2013 not exceeded 27%. A criterion of regulatory policy effectiveness in the model of institutional environment is a cheapening of institutional agreements, i.e. transaction costs decrease that leads to increase of socio-economic effectiveness of small and medium-sized enterprises.

Energy conservation in China’s energy-intensive enterprises: An empirical study of the Ten-Thousand Enterprises Program

The Ten-Thousand Enterprises Program is China’s keystone energy conservation and climate change program. The program has effectively created a class of energy-intensive enterprises that are regulated by the government for energy conservation purposes. Through an empirical study conducted in Changchun, this paper shows that the adoption of energy efficiency technologies and practices has been highly uneven in this class of enterprises because of two reasons. First, a de facto two-tier regulatory system has emerged within the framework of the Ten-Thousand Enterprises Program. Central state-owned enterprises are closely regulated by the State-Owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission (SASAC) which is a central government apparatus, whereas local state-owned enterprises and privately owned enterprises are regulated by the local government, which has fewer resources and incentives to implement the program rigorously. Second, the Ten-Thousand Enterprises Program bundles together different types of enterprises. This approach places smaller enterprises at a disadvantage and limits their ability to conserve energy.

Developing SMEs through University Support Centers: a Comparative Analysis

Micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) play a central role in the European economy. They are a major source of entrepreneurial skills, innovation and employment. (European Commission, 2005) In the enlarged European union of 27 countries, SMEs account for 99.8% of enterprises and provide an estimated 67.4% of jobs in 2012. (Wymenga, 2012) In Serbia, SMEs make up 99.8% of all enterprises; provide 65.3% of jobs and make 65.5% of total turnover. (MFE, 2012) In other words, many countries (both developed and developing) now see SMEs as an instrument for fighting poverty and underdevelopment and are redirecting their economic policies towards the development of this class of enterprises. (Hassan & Olaniran, 2011)

Relationships, cooperation and development in a Brazilian industrial cluster

PurposeThe objective of this study is to analyse and propose alternatives to the lack of integration and cooperation of industrial firms in a Brazilian cluster of the jewelry sector. The relationships between the functional factors and the surrounding factors of the cluster are examined.Design/methodology/approachThis research is based on a face‐to‐face survey that established relationships between the internal factor/variables of the companies, the cluster and the external environment's factor/variables.FindingsIt was found that integration and cooperation are essential for the development of a cluster since it stimulates the use of local resources. High levels of clusters' inter‐firm integration may represent high levels of operational efficiency.Research limitations/implicationsThis study has some limitations related to generalizations, but it can be said that the statistical tools applied to characterize the companies' subgroups in a cluster proved valid. In view of this, further research on other local productive systems is suggested in order to strengthen the propositions making use of the same tools described in this study.Practical implicationsThe findings indicate the need for strategic actions by the companies in order to seize opportunities to promote local innovation.Originality/valueThe paper indicates an enterprise's classification according to the characteristics of the company's competitive strategy.

Stakeholder Relationships Management: Effects on Strategy Definition in Social Enterprises - Some Evidences from a Fair Trade Organization in Naples

Managing relationships with all the stakeholders is a central issues in Social Enterprises' management; these enterprises, operating across the faded boundary between for profit and not for profit sectors, overcome having scarce resources trough relationships with other organizations in order to reach success in the society.In our paper we have studied the capability of this class of enterprises to create and sustain relationships under the Stakeholder Theory's concepts and principles of linking enterprise's survival to its management ability of considering those actors that affects or are affected by enterprise actions in their decision making processes. Our empirical studies has focused on the social network, defined trough a snowballing process (degree = 3), insisting on a Social Cooperative in Naples with two world shops and one wholesale warehouse. Each node in the Social Cooperative's egonetwork has been tested for two classical measures of Social Network Analysis (Wasserman and Faust, 1994; Scott, 1991): centrality and proximity. These tests have been later used to compare actors and to analyze if more central or more homophilous actors, those who share similar interests, are better able to influence the social cooperative.Our paper highlights that homophily can better explain stakeholders' effects on the outcomes of strategic decision making processes.

Ontologies to Support Process Integration in Enterprise Engineering

Enterprise design knowledge is currently descriptive, ad hoc, or pre-scientific. One reason for this state of affairs in enterprise design is that existing approaches lack an adequate specification of the terminology of the enterprise models, which leads to inconsistent interpretation and uses of knowledge. We use the formal enterprise models being developed as part of the Toronto Virtual Enterprise (TOVE) project to provide a precise specification of enterprise structure, and use this structure to characterize process integration within the enterprise. We then use the constraints within the enterprise model to define a special class of enterprises, and discuss the concepts necessary to characterize process integration within this class. The results of this paper arose out of the successful application of these ontologies to the analysis of the IBM Opportunity Management Process in a joint project with IBM Canada.

Training and the small enterprises of Latin America

The allocation of expenditure on training for the small enterprises of Latin America is a matter which requires clear guidelines. Increasing resources for this purpose is a necessary but not of itself sufficient strategy. The shortage of resources, their faulty allocation and the inefficiency in the use of those currently assigned to this class of enterprises are factors which make it necessary above all to take measures to ensure better use of the available resources, especially those of public origin. Likewise, it is necessary to find new sources of financing for training and upgrading the labour force, making use of suitable incentives. At the same time, it will be necessary to develop training techniques in keeping with the conditions of the countries of the region, to reform the existing institutions, and to establish new forms of relations among the actors concerned.

Mobile Enterprises and Markets in Central Province, Kenya

HIS paper focuses on patterns of mobile enterprise activity and rural markets Tin the Kikuyu heartland of Central Province, an agricultural region of the Kenya highlands (Fig. 1). The objectives of the study are first to describe patterns of mobile enterprise activity in order to highlight differences between East and West African examples; second, to show that theoretical models of trader mobility and periodic market structure, based mostly on West African and non-African empirical analyses, do not satisfactorily account for all spatial aspects of enterprise mobility in Central Province; and third, to offer an alternative economic explanation that fills gaps in the existing theories based on either central place concepts or industrial location principles. The alternative explanation is based on different assumptions of economic behavior of market participants. The data for this study were collected as part of a survey of rural, nonfarm activities in Central Province. The survey, conducted in June to August, 1977, involved detailed interviews with 852 owners or managers of nonfarm enterprises in fifty-two small, rural market centers (Fig. 2).1 Centers classified as urban by the Kenyan Ministry of Lands and Settlement were excluded. To qualify for inclusion in this study, an enterprise must have functioned for one month or longer in the year prior to the survey. Only enterprises that usually operated from rural market centers were considered, because the relationship of enterprise activities to market patterns is a primary focus of this study. A potentially large class of nonfarm enterprises that operate from dispersed farmsteads was thus excluded. Markets were selected as interview sites by use of an area-sampling method that took into account the density of rural population.2 Slightly fewer than half of the sampled market centers are periodic in the sense that there are scheduled special market days, while almost all markets have a nucleus of permanent stores or dukas that operate each workday. In the periodic centers, two special market days per week are common, and one or three special market days also occur. On these days there is an influx of part-time or mobile enterprises that set up temporary stalls or occupy open space. Most of the market centers were developed during the British colonial era, as appears to have been the

A Conditional Theory of Banking Enterprise

Applied economics consists of the application of the genera.l principles of economics to a, particular situa.tion in order to provide an explanation of the behavior of economic agents in that situation. However, the degree of specificity of a,ny explanation depends upon the particular uses to which the explanation is to be put. Thus, in applied economics one may wish to explain the behavior of the agents who operate a, particular enterprise. Or, one may wish to provide a. broader frame of reference to explain the beha.vior of agents who operate a, type or class of enterprises. By utilizing the analysis of the general economic theory of the firm one may introduce the additional constraints under which, for example, a public utility operates, and thereby derive a, theory of public utilities. Or, in the same way, one may wish to construct a, theory of transport firms, or a. theory of reta.il firms, or a. theory of manufacturing firms. It is the author's purpose in this paper to utilize some of the genera.l concepts of the theory of the firm, and amend them in a. fashion appropriate to explain at least a, part of the typica,l behavior of those who opera.te banking enterprises. The complexities raised by deba.tes over the regula.tion of banking enterprise, the character of the market structure within which banklers operate, a.nd the existence of returns to