Class In Korea Research Articles

A Writing Midwife: The Instructor’s Role in a Process-Oriented English Writing Class in Korea

A Writing Midwife: The Instructor’s Role in a Process-Oriented English Writing Class in Korea

Analysis of Factors Influencing the Level of E-Commerce Utilization and Digital Social Participation According to the Changes in the Digital Trade Environment: Focusing on the Low-Income Class in Korea

Purpose - As the intact environment spread with the emergent of COVID-19, the use of mobile, Internet, and O2O(Online to Offline) services increased, and since it is expected that the digital transformation will be accelerated as a result, this study intended to provide policy implications by identifying factors that can increase the level of e-commerce use and digital participation in society under the consideration of that the attitude toward digital technology, digital-related capabilities, and the intention of digital transformation of the low-income group as vulnerable classes of the Korean people are significantly lower than that of the general public. Design/Methodology - A survey was carried out by Kantar Public of 2,200 national basic livelihood act recipients from the low-income group of the whole Korean people (as of August 2022) under the supervision of the Ministry of Science and ICT to secure the response data from September 1 to December 31, 2022, and multiple regression analysis using SPSS as well as mediation effect analysis using Process Macro were conducted. Findings - First, it was found that the attitude toward digital technology, digital capabilities, and the intention of digital transformation had a significant effect on the level of e-commerce use. Second, it was found that the attitude toward digital technology did not have a significant effect on digital participation in society. Third, when the attitude toward digital technology, digital capabilities, and the intention of digital transformation affect the level of e-commerce use, and when these also affect digital participation in society, it was found that digital social capital has a mediating effect. Originality/value - This study has academic implications in that those concepts of the capability approach and the theory of planned behavior have been expanded to include digital characteristics, the level of e-commerce use levels, and digital participation in society. In addition, it contributed to broadening and deepening the range of understanding so that the level of e-commerce use and digital participation in society can increase through the verification of the mediating effect of digital participation in society.

초등학교 영어교과서 아동문학 비교 분석

Objectives The purpose of this paper is to compare and analyze all the children's literature books on primary English textbooks that are currently used in primary school English classes in Korea, and to discuss their current status, problems, and improvements.
 Methods Five types of primary English textbooks for each of 3rd, 4th, 5th, and 6th grades were collected. Children's literature included in each English textbook was compared and analyzed by dividing it into four criteria: type, subject matter, degree of original content modification, and teaching method by referring to previous re-search and related theories. The teaching method was subdivided into language function and learning time for comparative analysis.
 Results As for the types of children's literature, ‘traditional literature’ was the mainstream in the 3rd & 4th grades while there were many ‘realistic literature books’ in the 5th & 6th grades. For the subject matter, the 3rd & 6th graders introduced ‘personal life’, the 4th graders introduced ‘public morality’, and the 5th graders introduced ‘cultural differences’ the most. In terms of the degree of adaptation of the original content of children's literature, 3rd, 4th, and 5th graders partially adapted the original children's literature work in the form of a script to review the learning goals and communication functions of the learned unit. Most of the 6th children's literature was newly created by the textbook writers so that students can review the lesson of the learned unit. The method of teaching children's literature focuses on speaking, listening, and some simple writing activities in the 3rd grade, and at-tempts were made to integrate speaking, listening, writing, and reading in the 4th, 5th, and 6th grades. Children's literature was organized so that most of the grades were simply taught as a single lesson.
 Conclusions Since the types of children's literature are limited to a few types in primary English textbooks, it is necessary to introduce more diverse types of children's literature. In addition, children's original literature was adapted so much to review the communication functions of learned lesson, depriving of students’ interest on the literature, so more careful consideration is needed when modifying children's literature. It is also needed to in-crease the lesson time of teaching children’s literature and to provide children's literature guidance with more di-verse and interesting activities.

고든의 R.S.T.P. 초등학교 음악수업 적용 방안 - 동요, 기악곡, 감상곡, 전래동요 제재곡 예시 중심 -

The purpose of this study is to reveal the differences between Gordon's R.S.T.P. 8-step singing instruction method and other rote song teaching methods through comparison and to develop a method to apply Gordon's R.S.T.P. 8-step teaching process in elementary school music classes in Korea.
 The subjects of the study are each stage and corresponding contents of Gordon's R.S.T.P. singing instruction and selected songs from the current music textbook to which it will be applied. As a result of the study, it was discovered that Gordon's R.S.T.P. singing instruction unlike other singing instruction methods was designed to systematically practice recognizing Macrobeats and Microbeats, recognizing Resting Tone and practicing singing the tone, and practicing Audiation, which can be represented by the ability to inner listening.
 In addition, it was revealed that Gordon's R.S.T.P. can be easily applied to elementary school music education in Korea, and six ways to apply it to actual music classes were proposed.

고든의 R.S.T.P. 초등학교 음악수업 적용 방안 - 동요, 기악곡, 감상곡, 전래동요 제재곡 예시 중심 -

The purpose of this study is to reveal the differences between Gordon's R.S.T.P. 8-step singing instruction method and other rote song teaching methods through comparison and to develop a method to apply Gordon's R.S.T.P. 8-step teaching process in elementary school music classes in Korea.
 The subjects of the study are each stage and corresponding contents of Gordon's R.S.T.P. singing instruction and selected songs from the current music textbook to which it will be applied. As a result of the study, it was discovered that Gordon's R.S.T.P. singing instruction unlike other singing instruction methods was designed to systematically practice recognizing Macrobeats and Microbeats, recognizing Resting Tone and practicing singing the tone, and practicing Audiation, which can be represented by the ability to inner listening.
 In addition, it was revealed that Gordon's R.S.T.P. can be easily applied to elementary school music education in Korea, and six ways to apply it to actual music classes were proposed.

Information amount, accuracy, and relevance of generative artificial intelligence platforms’ answers regarding learning objectives of medical arthropodology evaluated in English and Korean queries in December 2023: a descriptive study

This study assessed the performance of 6 generative artificial intelligence (AI) platforms on the learning objectives of medical arthropodology in a parasitology class in Korea. We examined the AI platforms’ performance by querying in Korean and English to determine their information amount, accuracy, and relevance in prompts in both languages. From December 15 to 17, 2023, 6 generative AI platforms—Bard, Bing, Claude, Clova X, GPT-4, and Wrtn—were tested on 7 medical arthropodology learning objectives in English and Korean. Clova X and Wrtn are platforms from Korean companies. Responses were evaluated using specific criteria for the English and Korean queries. Bard had abundant information but was fourth in accuracy and relevance. GPT-4, with high information content, ranked first in accuracy and relevance. Clova X was 4th in amount but 2nd in accuracy and relevance. Bing provided less information, with moderate accuracy and relevance. Wrtn’s answers were short, with average accuracy and relevance. Claude AI had reasonable information, but lower accuracy and relevance. The responses in English were superior in all aspects. Clova X was notably optimized for Korean, leading in relevance. In a study of 6 generative AI platforms applied to medical arthropodology, GPT-4 excelled overall, while Clova X, a Korea-based AI product, achieved 100% relevance in Korean queries, the highest among its peers. Utilizing these AI platforms in classrooms improved the authors’ self-efficacy and interest in the subject, offering a positive experience of interacting with generative AI platforms to question and receive information.

지방자치단체장의 복지권한과 책임 -「국민기초생활보장법」 상 자활센터 운영에 관한 쟁점을 중심으로-

There is a controversy over the authority to designate and cancel a self-sufficiency centers, which is the Minister of Health and Welfare have under the 「National Basic Living Security Act」. This is because the essential authority belongs to the central government even though basic local governments carry out most of the main tasks of centers installed in metropolitan and basic local governments. It is a problem arising from the confusion of the ideology, principles, and standards of the distribution of authority surrounding welfare affairs.
 In details, for the case of self-sufficiency centers, it is appropriate that the head of a local government who have control over area get a core authority to it installed in a metropolitan area or local government. However, in reality, the authority is concentrated in the Minister of Health and Welfare. This situation have a gap with the legislative purpose of the 「Local Autonomy Act」 and 「Special Act On Local Autonomy And Decentralization, And Restructuring Of Local Administrative Systems」.
 Since a self-sufficiency business supports self-reliance of the low income class in the local community, it is a task that should fully consider various regional characteristics. As a similar case, most of the designation and declaration systems stipulated in the 「Welfare Of Senior Citizens Act」, 「Act On Activity Assistant Services For Persons With Disabilities」, and 「Social Welfare Services Act」 are established under the authority of local governments. Therefore, the 「National Basic Living Security Act」 also needs to be improved to give the authority to designate and cancel a self-sufficiency centers to heads of metropolitan and basic local governments.
 On the other hand, 「National Basic Living Security Act」, which is currently the basis for operating a self-sufficiency centers, have insufficient legislative grounds in regulating entry, operation, and exit of the centers. For this reason, a case suspected unconstitutionality were found due to violation of the jurisprudence of the delegated legislation. It is an issue that requires urgent improvement because it can neutralize the self-sufficiency support business for the low-income class in Korea.

성서 히브리어 발음 교육을 위한 제언 — 자음 명칭을 중심으로 —

Students of Biblical Hebrew often complain about how difficult it is to learn the language. Of course, the first and foundational problem lies in mastering the Hebrew alphabet (or aleph-bet), particularly the pronunciation of each letter. The problem of the Masoretic reading system’s notorious difficulty is only next. Overcoming the barrier of properly pronouncing consonants is no doubt the primary matter.BR Beginners of the language have to confront unexpected obstacles when learning Biblical Hebrew consonants. Unlike most other languages, Biblical Hebrew’s original sounds are lost, and its modern pronunciations are diversified because of the complex history of the Jewish diaspora. Moreover, there is no unified method to transliterate Biblical Hebrew into the Korean writing system, which is essential for beginners to understand the pronunciation of Biblical Hebrew. Such circumstances eventually led Hebrew Bible scholars in Korea to produce introductory grammar books that render the sound of each letter differently in many cases. This eventually made learning the consonants of Biblical Hebrew, which is supposed to be the simplest and clearest subject in learning foreign languages, quite complex and unclear. As many students cannot take the first step, they cannot go any further but give up on learning Biblical Hebrew.BR Instructors’ understanding of the current situation regarding Biblical Hebrew consonant teaching is pivotal. In this paper, I endeavored to provide instructors with key features to consider in teaching Biblical Hebrew consonants. For example, I introduce a comparison of the three main traditions of Hebrew pronunciation, that is, Sephardic, Ashkenazi, and Yemenite. Then I offer an analysis of seventeen different introductory grammar books that are used in Biblical Hebrew grammar classes in Korea, focusing on consonants in general; their ways of dealing with the name and pronunciation of each letter in particular. Finally, I add my evaluation on the current situation of Biblical Hebrew consonant education based on the textbooks I analyzed, hoping to foster better Biblical Hebrew education.

Nurturing Group Creativity in Mathematical Modeling through Role Playing

ABSTRACTPedagogical strategies for nurturing group creativity in school mathematics have remained largely unexplored despite their significance. In this study, we explored the use of role playing in mathematical modeling activities for nurturing group creativity in a 9th‐grade mathematics class in Korea. We described the theoretical bases and types of roles that nurture group creativity while examining the effects of role playing and the factors that seem to promote it. The data of this study included lesson observations, samples of student work, and interviews with 20 participating students and their teachers. The interactions of the five groups of students were compared and analyzed. The results suggest that role playing contributes to nurturing group creativity by inducing interactions and improving creative synergies. The factors that seem to promote role playing are students' understanding of role playing, a comfortable environment, the thought evaluator's role‐playing effectiveness, and the need to make a mathematical decision. Based on these findings, we recommend that creativity researchers build on these findings to further explore how group creativity can be enhanced in mathematical modeling through role playing.

Effects of Physical Education Playfulness on Academic Grit and Attitude toward Physical Education in Middle School Students in The Republic of Korea.

The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of playability in secondary physical education classes in Korea on academic grit and attitudes toward physical education. A total of 296 middle school students located in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do, Korea were surveyed via simple random sampling. Data were analyzed via descriptive statistical analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, reliability analysis, correlation analysis, and standard multiple regression analysis. Three primary results were obtained. First, playfulness was found to have a significant positive effect on academic grit. Specifically, mental spontaneity positively and significantly affected academic passion (β = 0.400), academic perseverance (β = 0.298), and consistency of academic interest (β = 0.297). Additionally, among the sub-variables of playfulness, humorous perspective was found to have a positive significant effect on maintaining consistency of academic interest (β = 0.255). The second primary finding was that playfulness had a significant positive effect on classroom attitudes to physical education. Specifically, physical animation and emotional fluidity were found to positively and significantly affect basic attitudes (β = 0.290 and 0.330, respectively) and social attitudes (β = 0.398 and 0.297, respectively). Third, academic grit was found to have a significant positive effect on PE classroom attitudes. Specifically, academic passion was found to have a positive and significant effect on basic attitudes (β = 0.427) and social attitude (β = 0.358). The results imply that attitude toward school life can be improved through physical activity in secondary physical education classes.

Exploring Creativity and Improvisation Class Activities in Elementary School Music Classes

이 연구는 ‘한·미 초등 음악교과서 창작·즉흥연주 관련 교수학습 내용 비교’의 후속 연구로서, 한국의 초등학교 음악 수업에서의 즉흥연주 활동에 대한 새로운 방안을 모색하는데 일차적인 목적이 있고, 2022 음악과 개정 교육과정의 교과서와 지도서 개발에 시사점을 주는데 이차적 목적이 있다. 연구대상은 I, V 화음을 음악적 재료로 한 창작・즉흥연주 활동 방법과 이를 적용하게 될 국내 초등학교 3~4학년 음악 교과서에 수록된 제재곡들이다. 본 연구에서는 I, V 화음을 중심으로 한 즉흥연주 활동 예시와 방안 13 가지를 개발하여 국내 교과서 제재곡 네 곡에 적용하였고, 이를 토대로 초등학교 음악 수업 내 창작・즉흥 활동의 교수학습 방법으로 제안하였다.The This study is a follow-up study to the study of ‘Comparison of teaching and learning contents related to creation and improvisation of music textbooks in Korea and the United States’. The primary purpose of this study is to find methods for improvisation activities in elementary school music classes in Korea. In addition, the secondary purpose is to explore the applicability of approaches to creativity/improvisation activities within the music class from a different perspective and to find a possibility to apply music textbooks and teacher tutorial books based on the 2022 revised curriculum. The subjects of this study are the creative and improvisational activity methods using the I and V chords as musical materials, and the songs contained in the music textbooks for the 3rd and 4th grades of elementary schools in Korea. In this study, thirteen examples and methods of improvisation activities centered on I and V chords were developed and applied to the excerpts from the textbooks. Based on this, new methods of creative and improvisational activities in elementary school music classes were proposed.

코로나19 시대의 초등영어교육 관련 정부 자료집 및 연구 동향의 체계적 고찰

The main purpose of this paper is to draw implications for online English classes by systematically reviewing government casebooks and research studies dealing with online elementary school English classes in Korea during the COVID-19 epidemic. In-depth analyses of Korean government casebooks and 16 primary studies published during the years 2020 and 2021 showed that the Ministry of Education tried to support elementary schools by providing examples of restructuring standards for achievement, examples of instructional plans, and examples of evaluation and feedback. Some other findings are as follows. The ratio of content utilization-centered classes using the ‘E-learning platform’ for elementary English was high. Of the entire studies, 74% was conducted in the metropolitan area. Learners valued interaction with teachers the most. Teachers were concerned about copyright infringement and the learning gap between learners. It is necessary to further explore various types of online English classes, taking into account the characteristics of elementary learners.

Gender Disparity and the Association Between Socioeconomic Status, Mental Health, and the Need for Long-Term Services and Support Among the Older Koreans.

BackgroundPopulation aging—the inevitable increase in the percentage of older adults—is occurring all around the world as the fertility rate declines and life expectancy rises. This study examined the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES), mental health, and the need for long-term services and support (LTSS) among Korean older adults. It also aimed to provide evidence-based information for South Korea's long-term support services and programs.MethodsThis study used the data on older adults aged over 60 years from the 2018 Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA). Ultimately, 5,527 older adults were included in the database (42.6% men, 57.4% women). To clarify the association between SES, mental health, and the need for LTSS among older Korean men and women, chi-squared test, t-test, and structural equation modeling (SEM) were performed.ResultsThe SEM analysis showed that a significant, negative association was observed between SES and the need for LTSS among these older adults—the higher SES groups would generally have less need for LTSS. Mental health had a strong, negative impact on the need for LTSS—better mental health status of the older individuals would indicate a lower need for LTSS, and the effect was stronger among older men. Meanwhile, the positive relationship between SES and mental health was verified—the higher the SES of these older adults the better their mental health.ConclusionsGender- and social class-sensitive impacts of mental health on the need for LTSS were observed in this study. These findings could provide an evidence-based reference for interventions targeting different genders and social classes in Korea's long-term care system, such as the enhancement of social welfare and mental health status of the older adults.

Implementation of an AI chatbot as an English conversation partner in EFL speaking classes

AbstractWith the growth of chatbots, concerns about implementing artificial intelligence (AI) chatbots in educational settings have consistently arisen, especially for the purpose of language learning. This study introduced a task-based voice chatbot called “Ellie”, newly developed by the researchers, and examined the appropriateness of its task design and performance as an English conversation partner and students’ perceptions on using it in EFL class. Korean EFL learners (N = 314) aged 10–15 years performed three speaking tasks with Ellie in their school classroom. The participants took 9.63 turns per session on average using the first 1,000-word band, indicating that the chatbot highly encouraged students to engage in conversation, which rarely occurs in general EFL classes in Korea. The high task success rates (88.3%) showed the design appropriateness of both L2 tasks and operational intents in terms of users’ successful understanding and completeness of the given chatbot tasks. The participants’ responses to the survey not only supported the positive potential of the chatbot in EFL settings but also revealed limitations to be resolved. Future suggestions for advancing and implementing AI chatbots in EFL classrooms are discussed.

Occupational inequalities in mortality in Korea: an analysis using nationally representative mortality follow-up data from the late 2000s and after.

Many Korean and international studies have found higher mortality rates and poorer health conditions among manual workers than among non-manual workers. However, a recent study using unlinked data argued that since the economic crisis in Korea in the late 2000s, the mortality estimates of male Korean non-manual workers have been higher than those of manual workers. Our work using individually linked data from the late 2000s and after aimed to examine mortality inequality by occupational class. We analyzed Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data that were individually linked to cause-of-death data. Cox regression analysis was used to identify the hazard ratios for mortality by occupational class. Of 11,766 males aged between 35 and 64, 397 died between 2007 and 2018: 142 died from cancer, 68 from cardiovascular disease, 88 from external causes, and 99 from other causes. After controlling for age, the mortality estimates for manual workers were 1.85 times higher than those for upper non-manual workers (p<0.05). We observed no evidence of reversed mortality inequality among occupational classes in Korea since the 2000s; this previously reported finding might have been due to numerator-denominator bias arising from the use of unlinked data.

Case Study for Hybrid Physical Education Class in Korea

Case Study for Hybrid Physical Education Class in Korea

College Students’ Preferences on Principles for the Effective Instructional Video Design for Online General English Classes in Korea

The present study investigates the preferences of students regarding the principles for the effective design of instructional videos to identify factors that influence engagement. A questionnaire was distributed to 232 students enrolled in online liberal arts classes at a private university in South Korea. Frequency analysis was conducted to determine preferences, whereas an independent sample t-test and one-way analysis of variance were administered to verify any differences in preferences according to gender and grade. The findings are as follows. First, out of the 12 principles that should be considered in the design of instructional videos, the students most preferred the review quiz principle. Moreover, this factor was found to exert the greatest influence on engagement. Second, incorporating real-life situation principles into instructional videos also had a significant impact on engagement. Third, female students expressed higher levels of preference than did male students in terms of the preview, course content on screen, and review quiz principles. Fourth, sophomores preferred the review quiz principle more than the freshmen did. The results of the present study are in line with those of previous research in that the effective instructional design of multimedia lessons requires reducing extraneous processing, managing essential processing, and fostering generative processing. Particularly, the study found that Korean students value video lectures with generative activities for meaningful learning. Based on the findings of the study, pedagogical considerations of the design of recorded lectures and its structure for active engagement, and suggestions for future studies are provided.

Factors Influencing Students' Willingness to Communicate in Korean Elementary School EFL Classrooms

In this teacher-research study I examine factors influencing willingness to communicate (WTC) on 39 students, grades 1-6, enrolled in after-school EFL classes in Korea. Quantitative data from student surveys, was analyzed to identify student perceptions of their comfort when engaged in various types of communicative classroom activities and to identify trends occurring across gender and grade levels. Qualitative data gathered from journals recorded after each day’s lessons was coded to identify themes related to classroom WTC. Findings from these data sources were compared with observation records and self-reflection. Factors identified that influence student WTC included: familiarity with speaking tasks, class size and environment, and instruction appropriate for each student’s proficiency level. I recommend that EFL teachers hoping to increase student engagement become familiar with their students’ educational backgrounds, social interactions within their classroom, and actively take part in the assessment and placement of students.

Retroalimentación Positiva de los Profesores Nativos de ELE

A teacher’s talk does not make a simple delivery of information. It reflects the role of the teacher, since the language used by a teacher intervenes in a crucial way in the complex mechanisms that underlie teaching and learning of foreign languages. In this sense, the ways in which teachers give feedback have an impact on the process, not only of learning, but also of teaching. The important role of emotional factors in learning has resonated strongly in the intuition of many second and foreign language teachers. As a result, over the past three decades, research on foreign language acquisition has confirmed the hypothesis that language learning is enhanced by rapport between teacher and student. This study analyses the positive feedback given by native Spanish teachers in the context of university classes in Korea. The positive words from a language teacher are related to forming emotional factors such as motivation, attitude, interest, self-confidence, self-esteem, anxiety, and empathy, which directly influence in the acquisition of Spanish. 35 hours of oral practical classes taught by three native teachers of Colombian, Spanish and Mexican nationality were examined. According to the result, almost all the correct answers from students were corresponded with some type of positive feedback. The most frequent strategies are making a compliment, an approval, a repetition, and laughter or non-verbal cues. It is interesting to observe that teachers don

Application of Bloom's taxonomy to formative assessment in real-time online classes in Korea.

PurposeThis study aims to design that using formative assessment as an instructional strategy in real-time online classes, and to explore the application of Bloom’s taxonomy in the development of formative assessment items.MethodsWe designed the instruction using formative assessment in real-time online classes, developed the items of formative assessment, analyzed the items statistically, and investigated students' perceptions of formative assessment through a survey.ResultsIt is designed to consist of 2–3 learning outcomes per hour of class and to conduct the formative assessment with 1–2 items after the lecture for each learning outcome. Formative assessment was 31 times in the physiology classes (total 48 hours) of three basic medicine integrated. There were nine “knowledge” items, 40 “comprehension” items, and 55 “application” items. There were 33 items (31.7%) with a correct rate of 80% or higher, which the instructor thought was appropriate. As a result of the survey on students’ perceptions of formative assessment, they answered that it was able to concentrate on the class and that it was helpful in achieving learning outcomes.ConclusionThe students focused during class because they had to take formative assessment immediately after the learning outcome lecture. “Integration of lesson and assessments” was maximized by solving the assessment items as well as through the instructor’s immediate explanation of answers. Through formative assessment, the students were able to utilize metacognition by learning what content they understood or did not understand. Items that consider Bloom’s taxonomy allow students to remember, understand, and apply to clinical contexts.