Class In Korea Research Articles

Analysis of factors contributing to occupational health inequality in Korea: a cross-sectional study using nationally representative survey data

BackgroundDespite the consensus that higher occupational classes tend to have better health and lower mortality rates, one study has reported reversed occupational gradients in mortality rates among Korean men after the economic crisis in the late 2000s. To examine these patterns of health inequality in more detail, we investigated the tendency of occupational gradients in socioeconomic position and multiple pathway indicators known to affect mortality in Korea.MethodsWe used data from 4176 men aged 35–64 in Korea derived from the 2007–2009 and 2013–2015 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. We compared the age-standardized prevalence and age-adjusted mean values of each contributing factor to health inequality among occupational groups, which are divided into upper non-manual workers, lower non-manual workers, manual workers, and others. Contributing factors included childhood and adulthood socioeconomic position indicators, biological risk factors, health behaviors, psychosocial factors, and work environment.ResultsUpper non-manual workers had prominently higher levels of education, income, parental education, and economic activity than lower non-manual and manual workers. The rates of smoking and high-risk alcohol consumption were lower, and the rate of weight control activities was higher, in the non-manual classes. Further, the rates of depression and suicidal ideation were lower, and perceptions of the work environment were more favorable, among non-manual workers than among their manual counterparts.ConclusionsWe detected occupational inequality in a wide range of socioeconomic positions and pathway indicators in Korea with consistently favorable patterns for upper non-manual workers. These occupational gradients do not support the previously reported reversed pattern of higher mortality rates in non-manual groups versus in the manual job class in Korea.

초등학교 영어교실에서 발생한 구두 유머의 유형

초등학교 영어교실에서 발생한 구두 유머의 유형

Does Diversification of Share Classes Increase Firm Value?

Firms can issue stocks classified in many ways, including in terms of voting rights, dividend rights, redemption rights, and conversion rights. This study investigates the desirability of giving firms greater freedom to choose their share classes. Making use of the setting created by the 2011 Commercial Act amendment that significantly relaxed regulation over share classes in Korea, we study the motivation behind and the effect of adopting two newly emergent classes: preferred stocks convertible to voting stocks at the discretion of management and preferred stocks redeemable at the discretion of investors. We find that firms adopt the former for managerial entrenchment purposes and destroy firm value, while firms adopt the latter in times of financial constraint but fail to arrest the decline in firm value.

Deriving the Determinants of Hotel Service Quality According to Hotel Class in Korea by Using LDA Topic Modeling

Purpose - This study aims to derive hotel service quality’s determinant factors according to hotel class by using OTA (online travel agency) reviews. Design/Methodology/Approach - This study used OTA (Online Travel Agency) reviews as big data and grouped online reviews according to the hotel’s star rating: low-class hotel (1-3 stars) and high-class hotel (4-5 stars). A total of 378,339 online reviews were extracted from 4,695 hotels on the OTA site (Hotels.com), and the factors of service quality based on hotel class were categorized by LDA (Latent Dirichlet Allocation) topic modeling technique. Findings - There were remarkable differences in factors of service quality between low-class and high-class hotels. Service quality factor (topics) of low-class hotels (1-3 stars) categorized as human service, cleanliness, accessibility to hotel, accessibility to surrounding resources, room noise, breakfast availability, and cost-effectiveness. The determinants of high-class hotels (4-5 stars) were grouped in family-friendliness, amenities, cleanliness, room service, human service, excellence in room view, and room convenience. Research Implications - Theoretically, this study suggested a differentiated approach to derive hotel service quality’s determinant factors by using LDA topic modeling. Concerning practical implication, as this study showed different service quality factors according to hotel class, it is expected for hotels to develop differential strategies to attract customers.

제 6차 교육과정기의 한국 영어교육: 신문기사 분석을 중심으로

The purpose of this study is to investigate sociocultural factors accountable to English education in South Korea during the Sixth National Curriculum. By analyzing newspaper articles from two major newspapers, Donga Ilbo and Chosun Ilbo, we classified a total of 538 English education-related articles into five main categories: 1) General English education (or Non-school English education); 2) English learning medium; 3) Public English education; 4) Private English education, and 5) Korean and native English teachers. The Sixth National Curriculum period laid the foundation for the transformation of English education, such as the invitation of native English foreign teachers to enhance students’ communicative competence, the introduction of listening tests for the College Scholastic Ability Test, and the implementation of elementary English education. However, these top-down educational measures also provoked negative effects nationwide, including widening “English-divide” between social classes in Korea. Educational suggestions are also provided.

How Foreign Students Perceive English-mediated Classes in Korea

How Foreign Students Perceive English-mediated Classes in Korea

Gender Variables in Strategy Use for Korean EFL Learners

This study investigates correlations between gender and strategy use and, more specifically, the prioritization for metacognitive strategy use in Korean EFL learners using the Strategy Inventory for Language Learning (SILL, Oxford, 1990). An entry SILL survey was given at the beginning of a semester for an EFL discussion class in Korea and an exit SILL survey was given at the end of the semester to determine if there were any significant changes in strategy use in either gender group. The study found that significant shifts in the use of metacognitive and affective strategies were demonstrated by females, while only minor metacognitive strategy shifts were found in the male groups. Implications are made towards the development of language learning classrooms which are designed for specific types of language learners based on their preferences in strategy usage.

Mobile Flashcard Application for Vocabulary Learning: Effects on Development of Vocabulary Knowledge

Responding to the need of empirical research on the use of mobile phone applications (apps) for language learning in the current literature, the present study conducted a comparative study using a smartphone flashcard app and a traditional vocabulary learning tool, a paper-based flashcard, in order to determine if the new learning tool, flashcard app, presented effectiveness on learner development of vocabulary knowledge. Two college EFL classes in Korea were participated in this study. One EFL class of the experiment group (n=43) studied their target vocabulary using the smartphone flashcard app while the other EFL class of control group (n=40) studied the same vocabulary words on paper-based flashcards. The mixed research methods that combined both quantitative (e.g., a pre- and post-test, and a questionnaire) and qualitative approaches (e.g., a semi-structured interview) were employed. The results showed that the learners who used the flashcard app outperformed the learners who studied the paper-based flashcard in vocabulary growth. In addition, the learners showed an overall positive attitude and perception toward the use of the flashcard app for their learning. This study suggests that the flashcard app is useful to develop learners’ vocabulary knowledge and can be a new effective vocabulary learning tool in the classroom.

Analysis on the Relationship between Income and Consumption by Income Class in Korea: Using Spillover Index

Analysis on the Relationship between Income and Consumption by Income Class in Korea: Using Spillover Index

한․일 초등학교 수학 교사의 지도법에 대한 비교연구

The purpose of this study is to obtain measures to improve the Korean elementary school math classes. In order to improve the quality of the math class, it is necessary to check which part of the actual math class need to change. By comparing elementary school math classes focused on teacher's talk and mathematical norms in Korea and Japan, it is expected that we will be able to find solutions to improve math class in Korea. The conclusions of this study are as follows. Firstly, there was a difference between Korean and Japanese teachers in setting up assignments and making leaners understand ideas, which got from learner's talk. Secondly, the mathematical norms analysis introduced and considered some episodes in which the implications of class improvement could be obtained.

국내 취약계층 평생교육 연구 동향 분석

국내 취약계층 평생교육 연구 동향 분석

From Miracle to Mirage: The Making and Unmaking of the Korean Middle Class, 1960–2015 by Myungji Yang

Book Review From Miracle to Mirage: The Making and Unmaking of the Korean Middle Class, 1960–2015, by Myungji Yang. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2018. 204 pages. ISBN-10: 1501710737. $45.00 hardcover. The early 2000s ushered in an academic discussion surrounding South Korea’s social woes and concerns for the collapse of its middle class. It is, as the author epitomized, because of the importance of the middle class as a “carrier of economic and political modernization or as a coalitional actor for political transformations” (p. 8). The aftermath of the Asian financial crisis in the late 1990s has delineated someone who can be still categorized as the middle class from another who does not belong to the middle class anymore. That is to say, chicken restaurants owners who invest their lump sum retirement pay would be straddling on the boundary between the two categories. A more pertinent observation is that of socioeconomically vulnerable people who struggle to survive by enduring longer working hours and severe working conditions—most of whom have probably been thrown from the race for upward mobility. Likewise, the un-making of the middle class has signaled turbulent circumstances across different classes. The collective anger for the collapse of the “middle class myth” followed by exacerbating inequality and economic polarization is expressed in the Korean Studies © 2019 by University of Hawai‘i Press. All rights reserved. 1 term “Hell Chosun,” which Yang Myungji discussed at the beginning of the concluding chapter. In From Miracle to Mirage: The Making and Unmaking of the Korean Middle Class, 1960–2015, Yang explains the political, social, and economic circumstances surrounding the emergence and development of the middle class in Korea, as well as the articulation by the middle class against transient circumstances threatening their social status. Chapters in this book are simple and each chapter carries a clear theme. Excluding the introduction and conclusion chapters, there are three chapters which are periodically aligned: the birth of the middle class as the ideal national goal during the 1960s and 1970s; the heydays, focusing on those who settled down in the Gangnam area during the 1980s and 1990s; and the unmaking process of the middle class myths from the 1990s to the present. As Yang mentioned, the notion of “class,” and by extension “middle class,” is a contestable term that is not neatly defined. Rather than delving into an elaborate definition of class in Korea, this book focuses more on the process and dynamics underlying the making and unmaking, via the educational system and investments on real-estate, particularly high-rise apartments in the Gangnam area. This book is additionally centered on the urban middle class in Korea, including three distinct groups: professionals and technical elites; salaried employees; as well as old middle class or petty bourgeoisie including self-employed small business owners, merchants, and shopkeepers. By complementing the definition of urban middle class based on the elaboration of socioeconomically positioned subjects, the book accords attention to the middle class as a contested notion and structural category, one that is not fixed but dependent on historical dynamics and structural forces. Addressing the dynamics of the middle class in the third chapter, their contradictory position in terms of “dubious” characteristics is described well: when their interests are well-represented by the society, they are a main group supporting the system; however, they can be the most threatening element of the society when their social and economic values are in conflict with the system. When the stable, mundane lifestyle of middle class is threatened, their frustration and collective actions can be articulated into social conflict followed by civil movement. Likewise, the strongest and most stable allies of current political regime can turn into their strongest opponents. In this sense, the most interesting chapter is the concluding chapter that highlights the issue of the dwindling middle class. 2 Korean Studies 2019 It briefly provides parallel situations in other countries that share similar issues regarding the crisis of the middle class, which have resulted in political chaos or economically unstable situations. By positioning Korea’s middle class issue into contemporaneity in the globalized world, the concluding chapter...

Creative Diplomacy in Action

Creative Diplomacy in Action An interview with Jena Woodbury by Jillian Harris When Joan Woodbury and Shirley Ririe founded the Ririe-Woodbury Dance Company in 1964, they were two University of Utah dance professors driven by the mission that "dance is for everybody." Now fifty-five years old and thriving, this contemporary dance company recently was selected for the seventh season of DanceMotion USA, a joint program between the US Department of State and Brooklyn Academy of Music. Between May first and thirtieth, 2018, the Company performed and taught throughout South Korea and Mongolia, focusing its activities on connecting with underserved communities, such as at-risk youth. Their work expanded upon over five decades of using dance as a means of bridging physical, psychological, and cultural divides between people, generating forms of understanding so desperately needed in our current political climate. Dance has historically played a role in federal government funded programs with both national and international scopes. In 1972, the National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) selected the Ririe-Woodbury Dance Company for the Dance Touring Program and the Artist in the Schools Program, allowing many communities throughout the country to experience modern dance for the first time. As a dancer with the Company in the late 1990s, I had an opportunity to tour as part of one NEA-funded projects, teaching in a range of places from juvenile detention centers to Native American reservation areas. This work impressed upon me dance's ability to create dialogues amongst populations that may not normally intersect. On an international level, connections made through dance have served the United State's diplomatic efforts, and here too, the Ririe-Woodbury Dance Company has played a role. Touring engagements have included South Africa during the Apartheid period as well as the former Soviet Union and East Germany during the Cold War. Click for larger view View full resolution In late July 2018, I conducted a phone interview with Jena Woodbury, Ririe-Woodbury's Executive Director, to discuss the Company's experience as part of the DanceMotion USA tour [End Page 6] that had concluded two months prior. When the Company received notification of their selection, the United States of America was at a dramatic political turning point, shifting from the Obama to the Trump administration. Later, while the company traveled throughout Mongolia and South Korea, President Trump and North Korean president Kim Jong-un engaged in heated negotiations leading up to a summit in June 2018. Despite occurring within a volatile political time, my conversation with Jena provoked hope that dance may continue to receive support as part of diplomatic efforts. A DanceMotion USA announcement notes that the program has "engaged with more than 114,000 participants in 55 countries and has reached more than 40 million people online." These impressive figures, however, do not speak to the depth of the program's impact upon both the dance company and the communities with which they have connected. Excerpts of my conversation with Jena Woodbury offer concrete examples of their work's impact and possible directions for the future: Jillian Harris: Did you feel that there were any unexpected surprises during the tour or were you adequately prepared? Jena Woodbury: I feel that we were adequately prepared, but there were certainly some classes that were more challenging than others simply because of the nature of groups themselves. For example, we had a class in Korea that was for juvenile delinquent boys. The dancers did a beautiful job teaching that class, but that's a hard population to teach even under the best circumstances when you speak the same language. We also taught classes to North Korean children living in a North Korea defectors facility. The Company dancers split into teams of two, each working with a different age group. After the classes, the resident dance teacher commented that she had a really difficult time getting these kids to interact with each other. Our dancers taught the classes in such a way that the kids didn't even know that they were starting to interact with one another. They were thinking about the movement sequence, which naturally developed into a community effort. For example, with a...

Translation as a Focus-on-Form Approach in University English Classes in Korea

Translation as a Focus-on-Form Approach in University English Classes in Korea

Pedagogical Suggestions: A Better Way of Encoding L1 Translation on the L1-L2 Mapping to Effectively Prime the Target L2 Sentence in Production

현재 영어교육 현장에서 모국어 사용이 빈번하고, 영어몰입교육의 정책적, 현실적 한계를 인식함에 따라 본 연구는 실제 영어교육 현장에서 적용할 수 있는 현실적인 대안을 제안하고자한다. 따라서 기존연구가 모국어 사용의 찬반에 중점을 두어왔다면, 본 연구는 영어교육현장에서 모국어 사용이 불가피할 때 모국어사용을 어떻게 해야 영어학습자들의 영어생산에 효과적인가에 초점을 두었다. 이를 위해 54명의 영어전공 자가 연구에 참여하였다. 본 연구 실험에서는 두 가지 번역 유형에 따른 영어문장 생성효과를 비교하였다. 즉, 단어 하나하나를 그대로 번역한 ‘WfW L1 translation’과 학생들이 실제 상황에서 떠올릴만한 모국어형태의 ‘CTIM L1 translation’의 효과를 비교하였다. 본 연구는 실험을 통하여 ‘CTIM L1 translation’ 유형의 효과를 입증하였다. 이 효과는 실험에 쓰인 테스트가 실제 영어상황을 반영한 유형일 때 극대화 되었다는 점에서 더욱 큰 의미가 있다고 할 수 있다. 모국어 번역이 영어 학습에 불가피한 상황 이라는 가정 하에, 본 연구는 교육현장에서 도움이 될 세 가지를 제안하고자 한다. 첫째, 모국어-영어의 단어 매칭보다는 문장단위의 접근법이 영어문장생성 능력을 함양 하는 데 도움이 될 것이다. 둘째, 모국어-영어의 매칭에 사용되는 모국어번역은 실제 학생들이 그 상황에서 떠올릴만한 것이어야 그 해당 목표문장을 기억저장소에서 추출 하기에 용이할 것이다. 셋째, 교육현장에서 영어시험 질문을 모국어로 할 경우에는 그모국어가 실제 학생들이 해당 상황에서 떠올릴만한 형태로 되어야 추후 학생들의 실제 영어생산에 도움이 될 것이다.Considering the entrenchment of current L1 use in many classrooms and the limitations of learning contexts in Korea, the present study aims to make practical pedagogical suggestions focusing on ‘how’ L1 translation should be used to effectively promote L2 production rather than its pros and cons of using L1 translation. A total of 54 English majors participated in the study and their L2 production with different types of L1 translation was compared. From the comparison of L2 sentence production between the learning group with the ‘WfW L1 translation’ (the contrived word-for-word translation) and the group with the ‘CTIM L1 translation’ (the translation close to the intended meaning in actual communication), the present study confirms the dramatic effect of L2 learning with the ‘CTIM L1 translation’ on L2 sentence production. This finding is promising since the effect was more beneficial in the test reflecting real English communication. If the use of the L1 translation in L2 learning is unavoidable in English classes in Korea, faute de mieux, the study suggests that 1) a sentence level approach rather than the L1-L2 word list may be more constructive for L2 production; 2) L1 translation on the L1-L2 mapping should be close to the intended meaning in real communication; and 3) if a test in class must be conducted in L1, the test should be designed in a way to maximize the priming of the target L2.

Effects of Empathy-based Learning in Elementary Social Studies

Schools in South Korea are experiencing problems such as bullying and school violence, so solutions are needed. Developing students’ empathy could reduce or prevent these problems. Thus, the purpose of this study was to apply an empathy-based learning model to elementary social studies classes and document its effects on students’ empathy at school and academic engagement. The participants were 54 fifth-grade students from two classes in Korea (27 in the experimental group and 27 in the control group). The experimental group was placed in a social studies class using the empathy-based learning model, while the control group was placed in a different class taught in a traditional way. Quantitative data measuring students’ empathy at school and academic engagement were analyzed using independent sample t tests and covariance analysis. A teacher and students from the experimental group also participated in written interviews to provide more in-depth perspectives about the model. Qualitative data were analyzed by referring to Creswell’s (A concise introduction to mixed methods research, Sage Publications, Thousands Oaks, 2014) data analysis spiral methodology. The analysis was conducted through data collection, data transcription, data reading, classification, and interpretation based on this method. The results showed that empathy-based instruction had stronger positive effects on students’ empathy and academic engagement than traditional lecture-oriented instruction. Interviews with experimental group students and the teacher indicated that they were satisfied with the empathy-based class and acknowledged the importance of empathy. This suggests a positive influence of the empathy-based learning model on students in social studies. Implications and future directions are discussed.

Learning students’ given names benefits EMI classes

ABSTRACTPrior research has focused on English as the medium of instruction (EMI) classes as a means of increasing language competency and motivation. However, studies have yet to examine the use of students’ given names by instructors in EMI classes in Korea. This manuscript investigated EMI classes taught by foreign faculty across several academic fields to learn about student attitudes towards the use of their given name in class and if instructors’ knowledge and use of students’ given names influence student engagement and satisfaction in order to better EMI teaching and learning environments. Students’ perception of encouragement, satisfaction with lecturer care, use of their given name, and English skills were all significant when students believe instructors learn and then use their given name in class. On the whole, use of students’ given names was highly valued by students in EMI classes. Results, pedagogical implications, and suggestions for follow-up studies are discussed.

Exploration of Parents’ Perception towards Discontinuation of the Participants in Adapted PHYSICAL Education Class in KOREA

Exploration of Parents’ Perception towards Discontinuation of the Participants in Adapted PHYSICAL Education Class in KOREA

The effects of middle school art class with an empathy-based learning model

The purpose of this study was to apply an empathy-based learning model developed by Lee et al. (2014) to a middle school art class and document its effects on students’ empathy, self-esteem, and class participation. The participants were 37 ninth-grade students from two middle school classes in Korea (19 in the experimental group and 18 in the control group). The experimental group was placed in an art class using the empathy-based learning model, while the control group was placed in a different art class taught in a traditional, lecture-oriented way. Quantitative data measuring students’ empathy, self-esteem, and class participation were analyzed using independent sample t-tests and MANOVA. A female teacher (age = 34) and 19 students (age range = 14–16, mean age = 14.60) from the experimental group also participated in written interviews to provide more in-depth perspectives about the empathy-based learning model. The results showed that the empathy-based instruction (received by the experimental group) had stronger positive effects on students’ empathy and class participation than the traditional lecture-oriented instruction, but these positive effects were not seen on the students’ self-esteem. Interviews with members of the experimental group indicated that both the teacher and students were satisfied with the empathy-based art class and recognized the importance of empathy in their lives. These results suggest the positive influence of the empathy-based learning model on middle school students. The implications and future directions are discussed.

다른 발화 속도의 또렷한 음성과 대화체로 발화한 영어문장 인지

Korean students with much exposure to the relatively slow and clear speech used in most English classes in Korea can be expected to have difficulty understanding the casual style that is common in the everyday speech of English speakers. This research attempted to investigate an effective way to utilize casual speech in English education, by exploring the way different speech styles (clear vs. casual) affect Korean learners’ comprehension of spoken English. Twenty Korean university students and two native speakers of English participated in a listening session. The English utterances were produced in different speech styles (clear slow, casual slow, clear fast, and casual fast). The Korean students were divided into two groups by English proficiency level. The results showed that the Korean students achieved 69.4% comprehension accuracy, while the native speakers of English demonstrated almost perfect results. The Korean students (especially the low-proficiency group) had more problems perceiving function words than they did perceiving content words. Responding to the different speech styles, the high-proficiency group had more difficulty listening to utterances with phonological variation than they did listening to utterances produced at a faster speed. The low-proficiency group, however, struggled with utterances produced at a faster speed more than they did with utterances with phonological variation. The pedagogical implications of the results are discussed in the concluding section.