Clark's Rule Research Articles

Architecture Anti-Patterns: Automatically Detectable Violations of Design Principles

In large-scale software systems, error-prone or change-prone files rarely stand alone. They are typically architecturally connected and their connections usually exhibit architecture problems causing the propagation of error-proneness or change-proneness. In this paper, we propose and empirically validate a suite of architecture anti-patterns that occur in all large-scale software systems and are involved in high maintenance costs. We define these architecture anti-patterns based on fundamental design principles and Baldwin and Clark's design rule theory. We can automatically detect these anti-patterns by analyzing a project's structural relationships and revision history. Through our analyses of 19 large-scale software projects, we demonstrate that these architecture anti-patterns have significant impact on files' bug-proneness and change-proneness. In particular, we show that 1) files involved in these architecture anti-patterns are more error-prone and change-prone; 2) the more anti-patterns a file is involved in, the more error-prone and change-prone it is; and 3) while all of our defined architecture anti-patterns contribute to file's error-proneness and change-proneness, Unstable Interface and Crossing contribute the most by far.

Teknik “Clark’s Rule” dalam bidang Kedokteran Gigi

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to see how far the Clark's Rule technique (Same Lingual Opposite Buccal) can solve the problem of objects that coincide to each other.
 Literature Review: Various radiographic techniques can be used in dental photographs consisting of periapical bisecting and parallel photos. Both radiographic techniques produced two-dimensional images. In some cases, objects that often coincide were found and often became problem where the desired object was not visible. The technique that can be used to view object that coincide was Clark's Rule Technique (Same Lingual Opposite Buccal). This article was a literature review that reviews the Clark's Rule technique which would discuss the strengths, weaknesses and techniques of doing this method. 
 Conclusion: The results of the photo radiograph on the Clark's Rule technique (Same Lingual Opposite Buccal) could see the object image of two objects that coincides. The conclusion of this article was the Clark’s Rule technique (Same Lingual Opposite Buccal) can complement the shortcomings of periapical bisecting and parallel photos.

Dosing for Fentanyl Infusion in Obese Children: Just Because It's What We Have Always Done Doesn't Mean It Is Right.

Dosing for Fentanyl Infusion in Obese Children: Just Because It's What We Have Always Done Doesn't Mean It Is Right.

Reliability of single panoramic radiograph with vertical and horizontal parallax; and intraoral periapical radiograph with Clark′s rule compared to computed tomography/surgical exposure in localization of impacted permanent maxillary canine

Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate an accurate, inexpensive and low-radiation conventional radiograph suitable for localization of impacted maxillary permanent canine. Materials and Methods: The study comprised 38 subjects in the age group of 13-50 years of both the genders with 50 impacted canines. Panoramic radiographs (OPGs) (on which Chaushu et al. criteria was applied) and intraoral periapical radiographs (IOPARs) (on which Clark's rule was applied) of the subjects were made and the accuracy of the above two radiographic techniques were compared with computed tomography (CT) axial sections or with surgical exposure, which was considered as the standard guide for localization of impacted maxillary permanent canine. The data obtained was tabulated and subjected to statistical analysis using the statistical package for SAS software. Results: Localization of impacted maxillary permanent canine tooth done with SLOB (Same Lingual Opposite Buccal)/Clark's rule technique could predict the bucco-palatal canine impactions in 98% of cases. OPG using differential magnification index could predict location only in 68% of bucco-palatal canine impactions and in 72% based on vertical position. Conclusion: In 68% of cases the bucco-lingual position of the canine in OPG (by magnification index) coincided with the location as per CT/surgical exposure. In 98% of cases localization with SLOB technique coincided with CT/surgical exposure. 72% of cases showed coincidence with vertical position of the canine on OPG with CT/surgical exposure. IOPARs taken with SLOB technique are more accurate than OPGs for localization of impacted permanent maxillary canine teeth.

An integrated approach to individualized optimal dose estimation of medication by means of dosing adjustment measures and Bi-Digital O-Ring Test.

Posology concerns science and system of dosage. Conventionally the dosage systems of measurement are the apothecaries' and metric systems and the dosage calculation for each individual patient has been suggested according to several available methods, namely Clark's Rule, Fried's Rule, Young's Rule, body surface area, or mg/kg, etc. There are many factors affect the availability of a drug to its site of action in the body, and their relation to the time course of drug action and variation in each drug response with or without the other drugs taken simultaneously. The correct dosage requires meticulous and accurate calculation. In busy offices, some may feel the dosage calculation is tedious. This article reviews the conventional methods of dosage calculations and the allergy tests, followed by describing a simple way to determine the proper dosage for each patient by simplifying the Clark's concept based on the body weight and verify the optimum dosage with Bi-Digital O-Ring Test minimize the adverse drug reactions and to increase safety for drug administration.

Estimation of body weight in children in the absence of scales: a necessary measurement to insure accurate drug dosing

Body weight (BW) is one of most important measurements in paediatric medicine. In addition to being one of the first parameters announced at the birth of a child in the...

Role of Kasahara Dashemani Vati in Kasa and Vyadhikshamatva in children with special reference to recurrent respiratory tract infections

The present single-centered randomized control trial (RCT) was carried out with the prime aim of assessing the effect of Kasahara Dashemani Vati (trial drug) on Kasa and Vyadhikshamatva in the children suffering from recurrent respiratory tract infections and comparing it with the efficacy of Indukanta Vati. The clinical trial included 40 patients belonging to age group of 3-12 years. The drugs were administered in a daily dose fixed as per “Clark's Rule” along with honey for duration of 60 days. The effect of treatment on the signs and symptoms of Kasa was assessed on the 15th day, whereas the effect on Vyadhikshamatva was assessed on the 60th day. The patients were under follow-up for a period of 60 days after completing the treatment course for evaluation of any recurrence. Effect of the therapy on the individual signs and symptoms of Kasa, laboratory parameters, immunoglobulin (Ig) biomarkers, status of Atura Bala, and prevention of recurrence during follow-up period were the parameters used to assess the overall effect of therapy. The observed data were subjected to appropriate statistical analysis for testing the statistical significance. Kasahara Dashemani provided relief in all symptoms of Kasa irrespective of Doshic involvement and on the parameters of Atura Bala. All the changes were statistically highly significant. The control group also showed similar effects which were statistically highly significant. The trial group was found to have a direct influence on serum Ig status. No patient has reported any adverse drug reactions during the treatment and follow-up periods.

CollHaps: A Heuristic Approach to Haplotype Inference by Parsimony

Haplotype data play a relevant role in several genetic studies, e.g., mapping of complex disease genes, drug design, and evolutionary studies on populations. However, the experimental determination of haplotypes is expensive and time-consuming. This motivates the increasing interest in techniques for inferring haplotype data from genotypes, which can instead be obtained quickly and economically. Several such techniques are based on the maximum parsimony principle, which has been justified by both experimental results and theoretical arguments. However, the problem of haplotype inference by parsimony was shown to be NP-hard, thus limiting the applicability of exact parsimony-based techniques to relatively small data sets. In this paper, we introduce collapse rule, a generalization of the well-known Clark's rule, and describe a new heuristic algorithm for haplotype inference (implemented in a program called CollHaps), based on parsimony and the iterative application of collapse rules. The performance of CollHaps is tested on several data sets. The experiments show that CollHaps enables the user to process large data sets obtaining very "parsimonious" solutions in short processing times. They also show a correlation, especially for large data sets, between parsimony and correct reconstruction, supporting the validity of the parsimony principle to produce accurate solutions.

Improved Dose Regimen in Pediatric PET

PET image quality depends strongly on patient weight and habitus, decreasing for increasing weight and body mass index. Common adult injection rules prescribe either a dose proportional to weight or a fixed dose. In light patients, image quality may improve for decreasing weight more than by inverse proportion. If better quality than in average-adult studies does not justify the associated dose burden, attractive options are to reduce scan time, reduce dose, or any combination of the 2. The objective of this study was to determine quantitative injection rules for pediatric PET allowing clinical implementation of these trade-offs. Literature methods combining phantom with clinical data were followed to derive patient-specific noise-equivalent count rate density (NECRD) curves as a function of injected dose. From these, it was possible to estimate retrospectively for each patient the scan time that would have been sufficient for the same NECRD as in a 70-kg reference adult; the reduced dose sufficient for constant NECRD and scan time; and a general relationship among scan time, dose, and NECRD. Correlation to the patient statistic giving highest correlation, which was found to be weight, provided rules applicable prospectively. Data from 73 patients (weight, 11.5-91.4 kg; mean, 45.4 kg) were acquired and analyzed. Following the clinical injection rule, which was proportional to weight, the NECRD increased linearly with decreasing weight. The expression exp[0.019 x (weight [kg] - 70)] for the time reduction possible with the current dose at constant NECRD correlated well with data (R(2) = 0.86). The dose (in MBq) necessary for constant NECRD that should be injected 60 min before imaging is predicted well by 14.8 x exp[0.046 x weight (kg)] (R(2) = 0.88) with the current scan time. A more complex expression to convert NECRD in whole or part to both dose and time savings was also derived. Comparison to common pediatric injection rules showed reasonable agreement with Clark's rule, albeit not at all weights. Results suggest that pediatric PET of constant image quality (in an NECRD sense) can be performed with time or dose savings, up to 50% for the lightest patients (10-20 kg).

Localization of impacted permanent maxillary canine using single panoramic radiograph

The objective in localization is selection of a suitable technique which has minimal radiation dose, cost and maximum details. Panoramic radiograph, being a screening radiograph, can satisfy the above needs. Taking this into consideration, the present study was done to evaluate the reliability of panoramic radiograph in localization of impacted permanent maxillary canines by applying the criteria suggested by Chaushu et al. and by comparing it with Clark's rule. The study comprised of 114 subjects in the age group of 13-30 years of both the genders with 150 impacted canines visiting Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology during the study period. The study subjects were examined for clinically missing canine, and then confirmed with intra-oral peri-apical radiograph (IOPAR). Panoramic radiographs (for application of Chaushu et al. criteria) and IOPAR's (for application of Clark's rule) of the subjects were made and interpreted for parameters pertaining to the impacted canines. The data obtained was tabulated and subjected to statistical analysis using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) software. Determination of the bucco-palatal position from panoramic radiographs, by applying Chaushu, et al. criteria, showed that localization in bucco-palatal position was possible for 96 of the 102 impacted canines placed in the middle and coronal zones. The remaining six impacted canines, three each in the middle and coronal zones, could not be localized as they showed overlapping in their range. By excluding them, the overall agreement worked out to be 94.11%. Localization was not possible for 48 impacted canines that lied in the apical zone. A single panoramic radiograph can serve as a reliable indicator for determining the bucco-palatal position of the impacted canines when they lie in the middle and coronal zones. When they lie in the apical zone it is recommended to explore their presence with other conventional or advanced imaging modalities.

Radiographic localization of unerupted teeth: Further findings about the vertical tube shift method and other localization techniques

The parallax method (image/tube shift method, Clark's rule, Richards' buccal object rule) is recommended to localize unerupted teeth. Richards' contribution to the development of the parallax method is discussed. The favored method for localization uses a rotational panoramic radiograph in combination with an occlusal radiograph involving a vertical shift of the x-ray tube. The use of this combination when localizing teeth and supernumeraries in the premolar region is illustrated. When taking an occlusal radiograph to localize an unerupted maxillary canine, clinical situations are presented where modification of the vertical angulation of the tube of 70° to 75° or of the horizontal position of the tube is warranted. The limitations of axial (true, cross-sectional, vertex) occlusal radiographs are also explored. (Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2000;118:439-47)

Localization of objects in the anterior areas with a single Panorex radiograph

Impacted objects in the anterior dental region can be localized in a labial-palatal direction with a single Panorex film. Clark's rule is applied to the two views of the anterior area obtained. The technique is verified by means of a dry skull with lead markers in known positions, and two clinical cases are reported.

ANTIBIOTIC DOSAGE IN NEW BORN AND PREMATURE INFANTS.

The intelligent use of a drug in any patient demands adequate knowledge of the mechanisms of absorption, metabolism, and excretion of the given agent, as well as its therapeutic actions and possible untoward effects. When antibiotic therapy is undertaken, another variable, the microorganism, is introduced. Determination of the therapeutic dosage of an antibiotic on a rational basis, which is mandatory in any case, requires recognition of the potential interplay among these entities. After absorption, the concentration of an antibiotic agent is determined mainly by metabolism (detoxication) and excretion, which are fairly constant in the healthy adult, child, and older infant. In practice, therefore, antibiotic dosages for those beyond the neonatal period are usually achieved by adjusting adult dosage on the basis of age (Young's rule), body weight (or correction for body weight according to Clark's rule), or surface area. However, because the neonatal period is one of changing body and

Preoperative roentgenographic localization of the impacted maxillary canine

A technique for roentgenographic localization of impacted maxillary canines is presented. The fallacy of complete reliance upon Clark's rule for localization is pointed out. The importance of the supplementary oblique or tangential lateral roentgenogram and its application is described. Case reports illustrate the application of this diagnostic technique.