Clarity Of Language Research Articles

Accessibility and affirmation in counselling: An exploration into neurodivergent clients' experiences

AbstractNeurodivergence is having ‘a mind that functions in ways which diverge significantly from the dominant societal standards of “normal”’ (Walker, 2021, p. 33; Neuroqueer Heresies: Notes on the Neurodiversity Paradigm, Autistic Empowerment, and Postnormal Possibilities). The neurodiversity paradigm reframes the medical model of neurodivergence within the social context of disability (den Houting, 2018 [Autism, 23, 171]; Dwyer, 2022 [Human Development, 66, 73]). Research converges counselling and neurodiversity in a disorder‐specific context, for example, the wide range of barriers of access to counselling that autistic individuals face (Hallett & Kerr, 2020 [You need support, validation, good coping skills. You need and deserve acceptance]). More recent literature points towards the need for a flexible, clear approach to neurodivergence‐informed counselling (Bolton, 2023b [Three ideas in person‐centered, neurodivergent‐affirming therapy]; Chapman & Botha, 2022 [Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 65, 310]; Pantazakos, 2023 [Counselling and Psychotherapy Research]). This research aimed to explore whether lived experiences of neurodivergent individuals within counselling were accessible, validating and affirming, in particular, regarding reasonable adjustments, communication and environment. An inductive, qualitative approach was adopted. Five individuals participated in semi‐structured interviews, which were analysed following a six‐phase approach to thematic analysis. Six main themes were found: (1) Feelings of frustration and confusion at language used in counselling; (2) Feelings of clarity and validation in language; (3) Feelings of overwhelm due to uncertainty and masking; (4) Feeling understood, heard and able to self‐advocate; (5) The need for a safe, secure sensory environment and accommodations made; and (6) General accessibility and practicalities. Recommendations for practice include amending the counselling contracting process and sensitivity to the communication and sensory needs of each individual client. Further research may wish to explore specific details of the present, and other emergent, neurodiversity research in more detail.

Assessment of the Psychometric Properties of the Online Education Student Satisfaction Scale: A Methodological Study.

Background and Purpose: Assessing student satisfaction is essential in evaluating the quality of education. The number of valid and reliable tools that measure students' satisfaction with online education is limited. This methodological study aimed to assess the psychometric properties of the online education student satisfaction scale. Methods: Eleven academicians from the nursing field provided expert opinions on content validity. Separate 25 students evaluated the language clarity of the draft scale. The study sample included 525 third- and fourth-year nursing students. Finally, a group of 30 nursing students different from the sample participated in the test-retest. The study created an item pool based on the recent literature. The researchers calculated the items' content validity rates and the scale's content validity index by taking the experts' opinions. In addition, item-total score correlation analysis, exploratory factor analysis, discrimination analysis, stability test, and internal consistency analysis were performed. Results: An item with a low-correlation value was excluded from the scale. The correlation coefficients of the remained items were between .536 and .811. In the second round of exploratory factor analysis, a five-factor structure emerged that explained 72.1% of the total variance. In addition, item discrimination, stability, and internal consistency test results ensured that the scale was valid and reliable. Conclusions: The online education student satisfaction scale with five subdimensions containing 28 items is a valid and reliable tool. Researchers, educators, and managers may use it to evaluate students' satisfaction with online education.

Netflix English Subtitling of the Jordanian Movie 'The Alleys': Challenges and Strategies

Purpose: This study examined the translation strategies employed in subtitling the Jordanian Movie The Alleys from Jordanian vernacular into English, with special attention to culture-specific items (CSIs) and swear words.
 Design/Methodology: The selected movie was produced in 2022 and aired on Netflix. After watching the movie and examining the subtitles, the researchers grouped them into two main categories: culture-specific items (CSIs) and Swear Words. The themes subcategorized under CSIs include i) idioms and proverbs, ii) terms of address, iii) religious expressions, iv) oaths, and v) food and drinks. The themes identified in the movie and subcategorized under Swear Words include i) relative-related, ii) sex-related, iii) animal-related, iv) excretion, and v) rudeness and disrespect. The study utilized the translation strategies proposed by Baker (2001), Gottlieb (1992), and Mughazy (2016).
 Findings: The findings showed that the strategies used in translating idioms and proverbs are metaphorical approximation (idiom to idiom), metaphorization, and literalization (paraphrase). The strategies used in rendering terms of address, religious expressions, food & drinks are cultural adaptation, deletion, substitution, and generalization. Swear words were translated using various strategies: substitution, addition, deletion, or literal translation.
 Practical Implications: The study concluded that language could be creatively and strategically altered to capture cultural contexts, feelings, and underlying meanings. These translation choices might not be merely linguistic tweaks but calculated efforts to accurately capture the essence of the original expressions with clarity and emotional resonance in the target language.

Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Quality of Life in School (QoLS) Questionnaire into Brazilian Portuguese.

The school is fundamental for the development of societies and caring for the student is part of the educational process. Reflections on collective health allowed the expansion of the vision of the concept of quality of life considering different social spaces and indicators. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess of some psychometric Properties of the Quality of Life in School instrument into Brazilian Portuguese (QoLS-BR) among elementary school students. The processes of translation, content evaluation, focus group and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) were carried out. Reproducibility analysis was performed by administering QoLS-BR to 30 students. The sample used for Internal Consistency and CFA comprised 434 students with a mean age of 12.31 years. High indices of language clarity, practical relevance, theoretical relevance, internal consistency, and reproducibility were obtained. In the AFC, adjustments were not necessary in the QoLS-BR model with four factors (RMSEA=0.065; TLI=0.959; CFI=0.962; SRMR=0.080) indicating that the indices were adequate when investigating all four domains. QoLS-BR has adequate psychometric indicators for investigating the quality of life in school.

Improving Health for Older Adults With Pain Through Engagement: Protocol for Tailoring and Open Pilot Testing of a Mind-Body Activity Program Delivered Within Shared Medical Visits in an Underserved Community Clinic.

Chronic musculoskeletal pain is prevalent and disabling among older adults in underserved communities. Psychosocial pain management is more effective than pharmacological treatment in older adults. However, underserved community clinics often lack psychosocial treatments, in part because of a lack of trained providers. Shared medical appointments, in which patients undergo brief medical evaluation, monitoring, counseling, and group support, are an efficacious and cost-effective method for chronic disease management in underserved clinics, reducing the need for specialized providers. However, shared medical visits are often ineffective for chronic pain, possibly owing to lack of inclusion of skills most relevant for older adults (eg, pacing to increase engagement in daily activities). We have described the protocol for the development and initial pilot effectiveness testing of the GetActive+ mind-body activity intervention for older adults with chronic pain. GetActive+ was adapted from GetActive, an evidence-based intervention that improved pain outcomes among mostly affluent White adults. We aim to establish the initial feasibility, acceptability, fidelity, and effectiveness of GetActive+ when delivered as part of shared medical appointments in a community clinic. We conducted qualitative focus groups and individual interviews with providers (n=25) and English-speaking older adults (aged ≥55 y; n=18) with chronic pain to understand the pain experience in this population, perceptions about intervention content, and barriers to and facilitators of intervention participation and implementation in this setting. Qualitative interviews with Spanish-speaking older adults are in progress and will inform a future open pilot of the intervention in Spanish. We are currently conducting an open pilot study with exit interviews in English (n=30 individuals in total). Primary outcomes are feasibility (≥75% of patients who are approached agree to participate), acceptability (≥75% of patients who enrolled complete 8 out of 10 sessions; qualitative), and fidelity (≥75% of session components are delivered as intended). Secondary outcomes include physical function-self-reported, performance based (6-minute walk test), and objective (step count)-and emotional function (depression and anxiety). Other assessments include putative mechanisms (eg, mindfulness and pain catastrophizing). We began enrolling participants for the qualitative phase in November 2022 and the open pilot phase in May 2023. We completed the qualitative phase with providers and English-speaking patients, and the results are being analyzed using a hybrid, inductive-deductive approach. We conducted rapid analysis of these data to develop GetActive+ before the open pilot in English, including increasing readability and clarity of language, reducing the number of skills taught to increase time for individual check-ins and group participation, and increasing experiential exercises for skill uptake. We provide a blueprint for the refinement of a mind-body activity intervention for older adults with chronic pain in underserved community clinics and for incorporation within shared medical visits. It will inform a future, fully powered, effectiveness-implementation trial of GetActive+ to help address the chronic pain epidemic among older adults. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05782231; https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05782231. DERR1-10.2196/52117.

Quality of draft laws in the field of economy: european integration vector

The article examines the issue of the quality of draft laws in the field of business, taking into account the European integration vector. It is noted that as a result of the European integration process in Ukraine, the share of national legislation, which is based on norms adopted at the level of the European Union, is gradually and constantly increasing. It was concluded that the European integration vector has significantly influenced and will continue to influence the national legislation of Ukraine, therefore the developed projects as well as the already adopted laws require a proper assessment of their effectiveness. The association agreement acts as a kind of idea (proposal) of the need to develop an act, which is analyzed by the parties in the field of business. A significant number of adopted European integration norms does not always indicate the quality of adaptation, therefore the systematic analysis of the implementation measures of the EU acquis is an important work for evaluating the effectiveness of policies (legal regulation) and legislation. The effectiveness of legislation indicates the ability of the terminology and structure of the act to implement public policy and contribute to its effectiveness. Adherence to the rule of law principle, which is achieved through the criteria of clarity, precision, unambiguity, stability (predictability) and simplicity of language, helps to create an appropriate design of the act, which is extremely important for determining its place in the legislative system. Professional terminology, the structure of certain market processes, and the peculiarities of control by public authorities indicate the complexity of building the architecture of a project in the field of economic activity and the likely presence of exceptions and reservations. The quality of the project and the law depend on a qualitative examination, which would not be carried out hastily, but with the involvement of experts from different fields and at different levels in accordance with the structure of the legislative process for the purpose of objective assessment.

The Improvement of Science Media Project Based on Scrapbook to Improve Teaching Material Design Skills of Prospective Primary Teacher Students

The aims of this research were to develop a scrapbook-based science media project to improve the design skills of prospective elementary school teachers. This research used quantitative research with the Research and Development (RD) research method . With the ADDIE development model, this research used analysis, design, development, implementation and evaluation. The results of this research based on media experts clearly showed that in the media aspect, the technical quality of the scrapbook and the size of the media have a presentation value of 82.26%, 89.05%, 91.92%, so it is concluded that the results is very good. A linguist's analysis clearly showed that in terms of language clarity, suitability for student development, the size of conformity to language rules with presentation scores was 85.46%, 89.75%, 92.32% , so it was concluded to be very good . The results of the material expert analysis clearly showed that in terms of material coverage, material accuracy, up-to-dateness and stimulating desire, media presentation with presentation values was 87.56%, 89.84%, 93.12%, 90.44%, 91.61%, so it can be concluded that the results is very good. A feasibility analysis clearly showed that in the aspects of coverage of language rules, presentation of material, and coverage of conformity with presentation scores of 90.08%, 91.45%, 90.11%, it is concluded that it is very feasible. The results of the gain normality test analysis were 0.81, so it can be concluded that there has been an increase in the design skills of prospective elementary school teacher students in the high category. This was caused by scrapbook- based science media products using decorations in the form of pictures, photos and important notes that were interesting to students so that the students concentrate more on learning. The scrapbook-based science media project can improve science learning literacy.

What is “wildlife”? Legal definitions that matter to conservation

The outbreak of COVID-19 has highlighted the pressing need to prevent zoonotic diseases, resulting in a surge of interest and research on wildlife legislation and policies. These discussions cover many aspects of wildlife governance, such as wildlife farming, hunting and consumption. However, the legal concept of “wildlife” has received insufficient attention, raising the question of what it entails in a legal context. This study reveals significant differences in species classification, language clarity, and human-wildlife relationships between China and the UK through conducting a comparative analysis of the legal definitions and scope of “wildlife” in these two countries. By contributing to the growing body of literature on wildlife conservation, this study provides insights into the legal definitions and scope of “wildlife” in different countries, and underscores the significance of clarifying the context and scope of legally defined “wildlife” terms in shaping public policy and discourse in wildlife governance. Additionally, it emphasises the importance of legal clarity and harmonisation in wildlife definitions for improved conservation efforts at both domestic and international levels. Finally, this study concludes by stressing the importance of the human-nature relationship in shaping wildlife definitions and classifications, and highlighting the need for conservation practitioners to be attentive to legal details related to wildlife governance in future research and practical efforts to achieve protection.

Effect of Voice and Articulation Parameters of a Home-Based Serious Game for Speech Therapy in Children With Articulation Disorder: Prospective Single-Arm Clinical Trial.

Articulation disorder decreases the clarity of language and causes a decrease in children's learning and social ability. The demand for non-face-to-face treatment is increasing owing to the limited number of therapists and geographical or economic constraints. Non-face-to-face speech therapy programs using serious games have been proposed as an alternative. The aim of this study is to investigate the efficacy of home therapy on logopedic and phoniatric abilities in children with articulation disorder using the Smart Speech game interface. This study is a prospective single-arm clinical trial. Children with articulation disorders, whose Urimal Test of Articulation and Phonology (U-TAP) was -2 SDs or less and the Receptive and Expressive Vocabulary Test score was -1 SD or more, were enrolled. A preliminary evaluation (E0) was conducted to check whether the children had articulation disorders, and for the next 4 weeks, they lived their usual lifestyle without other treatments. Prior to the beginning of the training, a pre-evaluation (E1) was performed, and the children trained at home for ≥30 minutes per day, ≥5 times a week, over 4 weeks (a total of 20 sessions). The Smart Speech program comprised oral exercise training, breathing training, and speech training; the difficulty and type of the training were configured differently according to the participants' articulation error, exercise, and vocal ability. After the training, postevaluation (E2) was performed using the same method. Finally, 8 weeks later, postevaluation (E3) was performed as a follow-up. A voice evaluation included parameters such as maximum phonation time (MPT), fundamental frequency (F0), jitter, peak air pressure (relative average perturbation), pitch, intensity, and voice onset time. Articulation parameters included a percentage of correct consonants (PCC; U-TAP word-unit PCC, U-TAP sentence-unit PCC, and three-position articulation test) and alternate motion evaluation (diadochokinesis, DDK). Data obtained during each evaluation (E1-E2-E3) were compared. A total of 13 children with articulation disorders aged 4-10 years were enrolled in the study. In voice parameters, MPT, jitter, and pitch showed significant changes in repeated-measures ANOVA. However, only MPT showed significant changes during E1-E2 (P=.007) and E1-E3 (P=.004) in post hoc tests. Other voice parameters did not show significant changes. In articulation parameters, U-TAP, three-position articulation test (TA), and DDK showed significant changes in repeated-measures ANOVA. In post hoc tests, U-TAP (word, sentence) and TA showed significant changes during E1-E2 (P=.003, .04, and .01) and E1-E3 (P=.001, .03, and .003), and DDK showed significant changes during E1-E2 only (P=.03). Home-based serious games can be considered an alternative treatment method to improve language function. Clinical Research Information Service KCT0006448; https://cris.nih.go.kr/cris/search/detailSearch.do/20119.

Mathematics and Sign Language Learning with a Tangible Game: An Inclusive Approach for DHH and Hearing Children

The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential of a tangible game, Inclusive Glossary of Mathematical Terms (GIM), to support the teaching of math and Portuguese sign language (Língua Gestual Portuguesa; LGP) to preschool and first-grade children, with an emphasis on inclusive education, knowledge acquisition, and engagement. GIM is composed of physical cards that are complemented by digital videos that run on an interface designed for this game. The game consists of two sets of cards and respective animations. As an inclusive math glossary, it also includes videos where concepts, characters, and objects are identified through images, words, and sign language. During the development process of GIM, it was possible to involve a multidisciplinary team, of which a Deaf sign language teacher and a sign language interpreter were part to ensure the clarity of the sign language and refine the written sentences accompanying the glossary. In order to validate its contents, a focus group of preschool and primary teachers specialized in the teaching of Deaf and Hard of Hearing (DHH) children was formed. A total of 120 children, aged between three and eight years old (M = 5.61; SD = 0.78), and seven LGP and special education teachers from three Portuguese schools participated in the study. The children used GIM in their classrooms, with the assistance of the participating teachers, who were subsequently interviewed to assess their engagement, interest, and learning outcomes. The interviews were analyzed using content analysis procedures, including descriptive statistics and Pearson correlations. The results indicated that GIM has the potential to effectively support the teaching of mathematics and LGP to preschool and first-grade children, especially in inclusive education contexts. The tangible nature of the game facilitated children's understanding of mathematical concepts and LGP, leading to improved involvement in the teaching-learning process. Moreover, the game promoted awareness of diversity and the principles of inclusive education, making it a valuable tool for promoting social inclusion and understanding. However, the study has reduced sample and context-specific limitations, suggesting a need for further research in this area.

Translation, adaptation, and evidence of content validity and internal structure of the brazilian version of the Contest Orientation Scale

This study aimed to translate, adapt, and present the first evidence of content validity and internal structure of the Brazilian version of the Contest Orientation Scale. To this end, three studies were conducted. The first study was the translation of the items of the scale and adaptation to the Brazilian sports context, considering cultural and theoretical aspects by four judges, fluent in both languages (English and Portuguese). The second study was the content validation of the translated version. To this end, three judges evaluated Language Clarity (CVCtLC = 0.90), Theoretical Relevance (CVCtTR = 0.91), and Theoretical Dimensionality (KTotal = 0.71). The results ranged from good to satisfactory. The third study applied the scale to 188 athletes of both sexes, with a mean age of 30.6 years. A semi-confirmatory factor analysis was performed, which presented a clean factorial solution, with adjustment ranging from reasonable to satisfactory and satisfactory reliability indices (α = 0.744). In conclusion, the Brazilian version of the scale presents indices favorable to its application to evaluate the orientations to the dispute in the sport.

Entrepreneurial CEO’s Intended Public Language Clarity as a Strategic Tool for Corporate Communication: Linguistic Analysis of Automotive Industry Leaders

Despite various efforts in management studies, the literature has neglected to explore the strategic use of public language, defined as the external communication by the CEO, in entrepreneurial settings. This study hypothesizes that entrepreneurial strategic intent leads to the intended clarity to achieve the desired business goals on a theoretical basis of upper echelons theory, sense-making and active audience theory. The analytical procedure included linguistic analysis for readability and simplicity of the public language of Tesla and four other incumbents based on the corpus spoken by CEOs under official settings. The findings reveal that Tesla’s CEO delivered intended clarity, delivering the most comprehensible information to the stakeholders, as hypothesized in the research design. This article contributes to the literature by suggesting a novel S-P-I model that investigates the ‘Strategic intent– Public language–Intended clarity’ flow. Managerial implications advise organizations adequately manage their public language to have desired results.

The Motivation Conundrum: What motivates university students in an EAP program?

The purpose of the research project described in this paper is to examine the salient features of motivation driving tertiary level learners of English for Academic Purposes (EAP) in the Israeli student population at Bar Ilan University. The quantitative study included 228 undergraduate university EAP students studying in various disciplines. Dornyei’s L2 Motivational Self-System Questionnaire was translated to Hebrew and modified for cultural appropriateness and language clarity. Exploratory factor analysis of the students' answers revealed seven salient features, ranked from highest to lowest, underlying motivation in second language learning with varying degrees of perceived importance. The results present an Israeli perspective which differs from other studies conducted on English Foreign Language (EFL) populations. This leads to the conclusion that a broad perspective toward motivation in the language classroom is important in order to understand motivation among EAP students. Implications for pedagogy and suggestions for future research are explored and discussed.

Using co-design to develop INTERCEPT, a mobile health (mHealth) App, for the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: Public Institution(s). Main funding source(s): Health Research Board, Ireland SOLVE CHD SYNERGY Grant, University of Sydney, Australia Background Co-design adopts a participatory, person-centred approach to the development of health interventions, which aims to maximise their acceptance and effectiveness. However, despite this many mobile applications are designed with little input from target end users, resulting in poor uptake and usage. Purpose The aim of our study was to optimize the evolution of the INTERCEPT (I-App) mHealth app by integrating target users’ (patients and healthcare professionals) perspectives into its design and development. Methods A core project team of health care professionals (nurse specialists, physicians, physiotherapists, dietitians, psychologists and a pharmacist), software developers and patients was established. A four phase iterative anrticipatory approach to the design process for I-App was adopted using online workshops conducted over a 12-month period. Phase one involved identification of the guiding principles, content and design features. In phase two, a working prototype of the I-App was developed and in phase three a beta version of this prototype was pilot tested among the project team and reviewed for clarity of language, ease of navigation and functionality. Phase four involved user acceptance testing of the I-App with patients who had a recent cardiac event (<2 years). Improvements in the usability of the app were assessed using the System Usability Scale (SUS), which was administered pre and post user acceptance testing. Results From target user insights and scientific literature five key design principles were identified: simplicity and ease of use; behavioural change through goal setting; self-monitoring and use of rewards; provision of credible information and data privacy. Medication adherence, psychosocial support and tracking physiologic parameters like blood pressure were considered important components. Usability testing of I-App resulted in 64 recommendations for the app and of these 51 were implemented. Significant improvements in SUS scores were observed from 61 to 82 (p<0.001) demonstrating the effectiveness of adopting a co-design apporach. Conclusion Using co-design methodology resulted in the INTERCEPT mHealth app responding to the end users’ needs and preferences including desired content and features. The next step in the development process is to trial the feasibility and usage of the I-App in the real-world clinical setting.

Moral Identity Questionnaire (MIQ): Adaptation and Psychometric Properties in Spanish Population

This research aims to develop a Spanish version of the Moral Identity Questionnaire (MIQ) and evaluate its psychometric properties among the Spanish population. Spanish and English speakers developed a Spanish version of the Moral Identity Questionnaire (MIQ) through translation and back-translation. The translated MIQ was administered jointly with the HEXACO and the Dirty Dozen questionnaire to two samples of the general Spanish population [total N = 416 (239 females)]. The validity and reliability of the scale were tested using standard statistical methods. The translated version of the MIQ scale was found to have domain coherence and language clarity. The tested scales have adequate reliability (>.72). Confirmatory factor analysis, invariance analysis and correlations with other measures of morality confirmed the bifactor solution by yielding adequate results. This study presents the first validation of the MIQ questionnaire with the general Spanish population. MIQ instrument was found to have good psychometric properties, resulting in a new moral and social research tool

Dual career competency questionnaire for athletes: psychometric properties of the Brazilian version.

No studies have yet attempted to quantitatively measure the competencies of Brazilian student-athletes. Consequently, there are no validated measures suitable for this purpose. The aim of this research was to examine the psychometric properties and assess content validity, factorial validity and evidence based on response processes of the Brazilian version of the Dual Career Competency Questionnaire for Athletes (DCCQ-A). The Brazilian DCCQ-A was administered to 745 student-athletes (Mage = 17.3 ± 5.4; 54% female; 8% student-athletes with disabilities). Content validity coefficient analysis indicated clarity of language, theoretical pertinence, and practical relevance of the Brazilian DCCQ-A items. Confirmatory factorial analysis revealed excellent goodness-of-fit indices of the 4-factor structure model. Polytomous Rasch analysis demonstrated an acceptable adjustment of the items and good organization in the item response categories. Considering the psychometric strength of the Brazilian DCCQ-A, this instrument can contribute to the practical and research applicability of sport psychology, providing support to those involved with student-athletes' dual career by identifying their competencies and possible limitations.

An attempt at explaining the ambiguity of the verb

This article attempts to explain the causes of the formation and preservation of the polysemy of the verb czuć (to feel, to smell, to taste, to see) by using the knowledge of synesthesia from various scientific disciplines. The ambiguity of the verb can be justified by the metaphorical extension of the concrete senses over abstract ones and the preservation of the remains of the original way of sensing when, at a certain stage, the received stimuli and the accompanying emotions or thoughts are not differentiated or specified. D. Buttlerowa clarifies that such a situation is a reflection of the synthetic and sensational perception of the world characterising the old ethne and every human being in infantry and early childhood. The combination of impressions coming from different senses facilitates learning, memorising and acquiring language early in life. Giving consideration to research from various disciplines of science permits the discernment of the reasonability to preserve the ambiguity of czuć and understanding of its cause rather than perceiving it as an example of denying the tendency for clarity and precision in language. Keywords: perception – polysemy – czuć – semantic archaism

The Fulfillment of The Clarity Principle Towards the Formulation Arrangement in The Recognition of Statutory Bodies Within the Limited Liability Company

For a legal entity, legality is the most important element, because it indicates a state of legality or legitimacy so that it is recognized by law and society as a legal subject. Limited Liability Company, requires a special establishment procedure to legalize legal entity status, as stated in Article 109 number 2 Law Number 6 of 2023 concerning Stipulation of Government Regulation in Lieu of Law Number 2 of 2022 concerning Job Creation to become Law which has changed the arrangements regarding the establishment of a Limited Liability Company which was previously regulated in Article 7 of the Law Number 40 of 2007 concerning Limited Liability Companies. After the amendment, the arrangement regarding the acquisition of Limited Liability Company legal status is “after being registered with the Minister and obtaining proof of registration”. The Research Team sees a legal issue, namely whether changing the arrangement meets the principle of clarity of formulation as stipulated in Article 5 letter f of Law Number 12 of 2011 Concerning the Establishment of Legislation. Furthermore, the Research Team also analyzed the proper legal reconstruction in the regulation regarding the acquisition of Limited Liability Company Legal Entity status, so that the principle of clarity of formulation was fulfilled as one of the principles for the Formation of good Legislation. This research is a type of normative juridical research using statutory and conceptual approaches. Based on the analysis of the Research Team, the arrangement regarding the time of acquiring the legal status of a Limited Liability Company does not meet the clarity principle of the formulation. While the proper legal reconstruction is to provide a formulation that uses a choice of words or terms, as well as the clarity of legal language in which understandable so that it minimizes the excessive interpretations in its implementation.

Students Difficulties in Understanding Listening Lessons (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses)

Listening is one of the essential skills that need to be mastered by students who want to learn English. This study concerns students' difficulties in understanding listening lessons. This research aims to describe the students' difficulties in learning to listen. The method used in this research is Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. This method is a process of searching the literature, while the source of portal searching literature is OJS-based journals, whether or not Sinta accredits them. The data taken are articles relating to students' difficulties in listening lessons, while the number of articles used as a reference for systematic review or meta-analysis is primarily the result of research. The articles used were 12 articles over the last two years. The results of the study show that difficulties in listening comprehension can be caused by various factors, including the knowledge and background of the listener, the clarity and quality of the spoken language, the level of attention and motivation of the listener, limited vocabulary, cognitive and language abilities, cultural and social differences, and emotional state.

Development and pilot testing of the 2019 Canadian Abortion Provider Survey

BackgroundSubstantial changes in abortion care regulations, available medications and national clinical practice guidelines have occurred since a 2012 national Canadian Abortion Provider Survey (CAPS). We developed and piloted the CAPS 2019 survey instrument to explore changes of the abortion provider workforce, their clinical care as well as experiences with stigma and harassment.MethodsWe undertook development and piloting in three phases: (1) development of the preliminary survey sections and questions based on the 2012 survey instrument, (2) content validation and feasibility of including certain content aspects via a modified Delphi Method with panels of clinical and research experts, and (3) pilot testing of the draft survey for face validity and clarity of language; assessing usability of the web-based Research Electronic Data Capture platform including the feasibility of complex skip pattern functionality. We performed content analysis of phase 2 results and used a general inductive approach to identify necessary survey modifications.ResultsIn phase 1, we generated a survey draft that reflected the changes in Canadian abortion care regulations and guidelines and included questions for clinicians and administrators providing first and second trimester surgical and medical abortion. In phase 2, we held 6 expert panel meetings of 5–8 participants each representing clinicians, administrators and researchers to provide feedback on the initial survey draft. Due to the complexity of certain identified aspects, such as interdisciplinary collaboration and interprovincial care delivery differences, we revised the survey sections through an iterative process of meetings and revisions until we reached consensus on constructs and questions to include versus exclude for not being feasible. In phase 3, we made minor revisions based on pilot testing of the bilingual, web-based survey among additional experts chosen to be widely representative of the study population. Demonstrating its feasibility, we included complex branching and skip pattern logic so each respondent only viewed applicable questions based on their prior responses.ConclusionsWe developed and piloted the CAPS 2019 survey instrument suitable to explore characteristics of a complex multidisciplinary workforce, their care and experience with stigma on a national level, and that can be adapted to other countries.