Ancient Egypt Research Articles

Crocodile Rock! A Bioarchaeological Study of Ancient Egyptian Reptile Remains from the National Museum of Lithuania

Remnants of what was believed to be a single baby crocodile, originating from ancient Egypt and curated in the National Museum of Lithuania, have been recently assessed using noninvasive and nondestructive techniques. These had been donated in 1862 to the then Museum of Antiquities by the prominent Polish-Lithuanian collector Count Michał Tyszkiewicz. After careful investigation of the three mummified reptile fragments available, the authors were able to identify at least two individuals based on morpho-anatomical characteristics. This indicates that the two small crocodiles originally described in historic records are still present within the collection and that none of these items was lost during the different lootings perpetrated throughout the museum’s history. Information regarding the post-mortem treatment of these animals was also obtained. This is the first scientific study of animal mummies in the Baltic States, and it should be followed by proper conservation and display of these findings.

Centrifugal Forces Impacting Urbanization in the Eastern Mediterranean during Roman and Early Islamic Times

My goal with this essay is to make the existence of a distinctive Levantine cultural paradigm a lens through which to examine long-term patterns of urbanization and cultural change in the Eastern Mediterranean—focusing especially on present-day Israel, Jordan and the Palestinian territories. Inspired by the agenda and approach of global history, the essay is an attempt to highlight a number of salient features of societal formation processes in this region that set them apart from such processes in the heartlands of ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. The paradigm holds that societal formation dynamics in the Levant have been dominated more by centrifugal than by centripetal forces, thus predisposing local social order in the region towards greater local agency, resiliency, polycentrism, heterarchical social structure and societal complexity less conspicuously reflected in grand monumentality. The implications of this hypothesis for understanding urban resilience in the Late Roman and Early Islamic periods in the Eastern Mediterranean will be explored drawing, in particular, on previous research on the “cities of the Decapolis” and on findings of archaeological excavations at Tall Hisban and the wider Madaba Plains region in Jordan.

Review of Childhood in Ancient Egypt


 
 
 Childhood in Ancient Egypt. By Amandine Marshall. Translated by Colin Clement. Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press, 2022. Pp. xxxi + 266, illus. $70.
 
 

Binary Numeration: From Ancient Egypt to a 19th Century French Mathematical Recreation

This article focuses on the use of base 2 in two historical contexts: ancient Egypt during the Middle Kingdom and 19th-century France. In ancient Egypt, base 2 was central to the “duplation” algorithm to multiply two numbers. In 19th-century France, it featured in mathematical recreations by Charles-Ange Laisant and Édouard Lucas. Duplation in ancient Egypt involved doubling a number successively, leveraging the binary nature of the numbering system for rapid calculations. In France, Laisant and Lucas contributed to mathematical recreations rooted in base 2, popularizing mathematics and engaging the public. The article aims to present these historical resources, highlighting their educational potential. It suggests integrating these examples into mandatory education from age 9 onwards, offering students a practical understanding of mathematics and its history. However, specific teaching methods are left to the reader’s discretion.

Aumento en el acervo geotécnico de los constructores de hipogeos entre los Reinos Antiguo y Medio (Necrópolis Qubbet el-Hawa, Asuán)

La colina de Qubbet el-Hawa fue el lugar elegido para el cementerio de los altos funcionarios de la provincia más meridional del Antiguo Egipto, desde finales del Reino Antiguo hasta finales del Reino Medio. Hasta la fecha se han descubierto, a media ladera, un centenar de tumbas excavadas en la roca distribuidas en varias terrazas superpuestas. Del estudio geológico/geotécnico se desprende que no había mejor emplazamiento, en un tramo donde predominan las areniscas, delimitado por dos estratos especialmente resistentes que sirven como suelo y techo de los hipogeos, lo que en principio garantizaba su estabilidad. En este artículo analizamos dos tumbas representativas de los dos períodos más importantes del cementerio: QH34h (Dinastía VI) y QH33 (Dinastía XII), construidas con una diferencia temporal de unos 400 años. A partir del estudio de fracturación y del análisis de la estabilidad geotécnica en estas tumbas comprobamos que la más moderna (QH33), respecto de la más antigua (QH34h), presenta innovaciones constructivas y de diseño que solucionaron los problemas de estabilidad que presentaban algunas de las tumbas más antiguas. Este estudio demuestra que, en primer lugar, la elección del emplazamiento de las tumbas se realizó en función de la naturaleza resistente de los estratos, en segundo lugar, que los métodos constructivos utilizados por los antiguos egipcios estaban condicionados por la geología de la colina y, en tercer lugar, que, resultado de la experiencia adquirida durante años, el diseño de las tumbas evolucionó para solucionar los problemas de estabilidad del macizo rocoso.

A Quantum Adaptation for the Morra Game and Some of Its Variants

The Morra game is quite old. Back in time, traces of it can be found in ancient Egypt, ancient Rome, and even China. It involves two players who, for a limited number of turns, must try to suppose the sum of the number personally chosen with the number chosen by the opponent. The rules are simple, but it is rather difficult to play at a high level as there are multiple cognitive, motor, and perceptual processes involved. <p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">The goal of this paper is to illustrate the process of implementing a quantum random player for the Morra game and some of its variants. This can be done by using a quantum number generator circuit to generate two numbers and a quantum adder to obtain the supposed sum. The advantage of this proposal is that, unlike the implementations of the Morra game on classical computers, which only allow the generation of pseudo-random numbers, true randomness can be obtained through quantum computing. <p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">In addition to the description of the entire algorithms, the source code of the implementations is provided to give everyone the freedom to easily test both the quantum implementation of the Morra game and the variants discussed in the paper.

Taxation as Theft for Individuals and Corporations

The existence of any government, and thus arguably, of any organized society, would not be possible without one thing. This one thing is money, which, when taken by the government, is called tax. The first recorded taxes date back to ancient Egypt. Taxes must be paid in order to fund the activities of the government, whatever they may be. Without money, governments would have no continued source of revenue by which to operate. Due to the assumed necessity of government and the functions they perform in today’s world, the issue of whether or not tax is a form of theft is generally considered irrelevant, and thus ignored. It is often believed that taxation is simply necessary, so therefore it must not be morally or legally stealing. This paper will examine the critical yet complex issue of whether or not taxation is in fact theft – or something taken without consent – through the dual consideration of both individuals, on the one hand, and multinational corporations, at the other end of the spectrum. The paper will perform an analysis of “consent,” without which taxation must be considered theft, into three elements: whether or not taxation involves choice, whether it is an informed decision, and whether control over the tax exists.

Interior design history and timeline

Interior Design history and timeline offer fascinating explorations of the evolution of design practices across various civilizations and epochs. This paper, delves into the rich heritage of interior design, tracing its trajectory from Ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt to Contemporary global trends. Drawing upon the interdisciplinary insights from Art History, Architecture, Sociology, and Technology studies, the study examines the cultural, social, and technological factors that have shaped interior design over time. Key themes include the influence of cultural contexts, the role of historical legacies, and the impact of technological advancements on design evolution. Through qualitative inquiry and comprehensive literature reviews, the research elucidates the enduring relevance and dynamic nature of Interior Design, providing valuable insights for contemporary designers and scholars.

On Photographic Monumentalism: Nineteenth-century Representations of Architectural and Historical Sites

Abstract This article addresses the intertwined history of photography and architectural historiography in the nineteenth century. Focusing on European photography of Egyptian antiquity and Palestine’s biblical sites, it elaborates how a commemorative form of historiography deploys photographic images of what came to be known as the “historic monument” to construct notions of patrimony, historical heritage, national identity, and imperial mission. The second part of the essay discusses photographic monumentalism in Qajar, Iran, and Ottoman Turkey as different responses to Orientalist representations of Middle Eastern architecture by Europeans.

Multimaterial Volumetric Printing of Silica‐Based Glasses

AbstractSilicate glasses have played a major role as structural and functional materials in human civilization since ancient Egypt. Despite their widespread use and importance in modern society, silica glasses with complex geometries are only fabricated in automated processes using 3D printing. Here, the volumetric printing of silica‐based glasses with tunable multimaterial and microstructural control is reported. Volumetric printing enables complex shaping of photo‐reactive resins in a few seconds using illumination techniques analogous to those employed for medical imaging. Particle‐filled and phase‐separating resins are used as photo‐reactive feedstock that is quickly printed in 3D and subsequently converted into silica glasses through conventional heat treatment. Using rheology and imaging techniques, it is shown that the design of the resin is crucial to print complex geometries with high shape fidelity. The capabilities of the printing platform are demonstrated by fabricating a silica‐based filtration device combining dense and porous glass with tunable compositions in a unique 3D structure.

Metallurgical Extraction of Copper in Ancient Egypt

The origins of chemistry in ancient civilizations can be traced back to the initial human endeavors aimed at producing an elixir and transmuting base metals into gold. The discovery and utilization of metallic elements have played a pivotal part in the advancement of human civilizations, since they have facilitated the production of sturdier and longer-lasting materials. The ancient Egyptians were among the oldest civilizations to engage in metallurgical practices. The primary metallic elements employed in ancient Egyptian civilization encompassed copper, gold, silver, and iron. The utilization of copper in ancient Egypt was widespread and constituted a significant aspect of Egypt's industrial endeavors. The current paper investigates the many modes, procedures, and technologies employed in the metallurgical extraction of Copper in ancient Egypt. Keywords: Egypt, Copper, Metallurgy, Ore, Furnace.

Allah is the Only True God

People in this world worship multiple gods, others worship only one God, and others worship no god Polytheism was practiced by ancient Egyptians, and ancient Mesopotamians, ancient Greeks and ancient Romans.(.Kimmerle Heinz,2006). Abrahamic religion replaced polytheism to monotheism belief, which only one deity is worshiped. This paper analyzes the concept of the existence of God, who is the true God, who is Allah. Allah is the true name of God of all Prophets, and Islam is the religion of all Prophets from Adam, Moses to Muhammad, all the Prophets were Muslims and Islam is the only true religion, and Allah is the only true God. ( Quran 3:19)

AUTHENTIC WHEAT GRAIN IS THE RAW MATERIAL FOR MODERN CEREAL PRODUCTS

Wheat grain is one of the eight traditional crops that needs to be reviewed in terms of its processing, product range, and quality properties of the end products. Considering the Rules of management and organization at grain factories, it can be noted that the recommended raw material for the production of grain products is durum wheat, the processing of which allows obtaining the main assortment of wheat:groats "Poltavski" and "Artek". Today, durum wheat in our country are grown in a small amount compared to soft wheat, which is widely used in flour milling, therefore enterprises of the cereal industry in such conditions must either import significant volumes of durum wheat or use soft wheat as an alternative option, but taking into account the peculiarities of the produced groats and the technological process, which is built for a stronger grain, the processing of soft wheat in such conditions and the production of crushed groats "Poltavski" and "Artek" from it cannot be considered effective. A key factor in the efficiency of soft wheat processing in groats production is also the difference in the chemical composition of two types of wheat, in which soft wheat has, for example, a lower mass fraction of protein compared to durum wheat, which does not allow production from soft wheat modern products of healthy and complete nutrition, the demand for which is only growing every year in the World and Ukraine. Emmer is one of the oldest cereal crops that mankind used for food and fodder needs. Cultivation of emmer began approximately 10,000-8,000 BC on the territories of ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, Syria, Ethiopia, as well as other countries of Asia, North Africa and the Middle East. On the territory of Ukraine, emmer was grown 5-6 thousand years BC. When processing emmer into groats, the total yield of end whole groats can be obtained at the level of traditional cereals from hulled cultures - up to 70%, and flakes in relation to unprocessed grain 60-65%. That is, it will not be possible to significantly increase the yield of finished products during the processing of emmer, and this is primarily explained by the filminess of this culture, but if compare the quality of the obtained products, the advantage is clearly for products from emmer, which is already a proven fact, for example in the countries of the European Union where the demand for products made from "original" hulled wheat, including emmer, is increasing every year. Our country has all the necessary conditions for the development of this culture and increasing the volume of its cultivation and processing into food products, which in turn can increase the export potential of our country not only in the form of raw materials, but also products from it.

Social strata and oral pathologies: A comparative study in two co-localized, temporally disjunct burial sites of ancient Egypt

Background/purposeOral pathologies in ancient human remains provide a unique glimpse into the lifestyles, health, and societal norms of past civilizations, including ancient Egypt. However, comprehensive paleo-odontological studies accounting for temporal and sociodemographic variations remain scarce. We address this gap by analyzing oral pathologies in the remains of 68 and 57 adult individuals, respectively, unearthed from two adjacent yet temporally and socioeconomically diverse burial sites, representing the XIth dynasty (2160–1985 BCE) and the XXVth-XXVIth dynasties (948–525 BCE), at Luxor's Thutmose III Funerary Temple. Materials and methodsWe examined dental wear, carious and periapical lesions, periodontal disease, and temporomandibular joint alterations, hypothesizing that dental wear correlates with age, lifestyle, and diet. We also postulated a link between higher caries frequency and elevated social status and posited the enhanced efficacy of evaluating interdental septa over measuring the alveolar bone-cementoenamel junction distance for periodontitis assessment. ResultsOur findings confirm pronounced dental wear in both sites, with the XIth dynasty showing more severe wear, indicating differing dietary habits. While similar across the younger age groups, the later dynasties showed a significantly higher caries frequency than the XIth dynasty, in the older age groups. Furthermore, our results underscore the superior accuracy of evaluating interdental septa for periodontal disease assessment. ConclusionVariations in oral health, sociodemographic, and dietary trends across the studied burial sites, deepen our understanding of human health trajectories. Additionally, our methodology emphasizes paleo-odontology's vital role in deciphering the nuanced health-environment relationship in ancient societies, laying a foundation for subsequent investigations.

Divine and Human Hatred in Ancient Egypt

Abstract This article examines the conceptualization of hatred as a complicated and intense emotion in the realms of humans and deities in ancient Egypt. It thoroughly discusses the addressees, psychology, effects, justifications, and incitements of hatred, as well as the possibility of the pacification of its feelings. It discusses the attestations of hatred, its perceived consequences and experience by the deities, living and dead humans. The article also examines the phraseology, contextualization, and lexical semantics of hatred in a detailed lexicographical and linguistic analysis. The addressed research problem strives to ascertain whether deities and humans, either living or dead, manifest the same feelings, purposes, incitements, and justifications of hatred or not. Thus, both the negative and positive connotations of hatred are examined. The methodology followed is to examine and analyse attestations in which hate feelings are demonstrated for a better understanding of the phenomenon. The study comes to the conclusion that hatred in ancient Egypt had positive connotations, in contrast to its present-day negative emotional valence as suggested.

Exploring the Expression of Sexual Desire in Ancient Egypt through a Selection of Primary Sources: An Approach from the Emotional Perspective

Sexual desire involves a subjective experience that may differ significantly from one individual to another and is closely linked not only to personal preferences but also to the circumstances of the moment, cultural norms, and social expectations. When experiencing sexual desire, there are not only positive but also negative dynamics at play, and such an experience can also trigger a wide range of emotions that might differ depending on the circumstances of the moment. The aim of this paper is to explore the expression of sexual desire as well as its relationship to a broad spectrum of emotions through a selected group of ancient Egyptian textual sources, such as love songs. byJudit Garzón RodríguezJohannes Gutenberg University of Mainzjgarzon@unimainz.de

ECONOMIC FOUNDATIONS IN ANTIQUITY: A HISTORICAL EXPLORATION OF ANCIENT EGYPT

This exhaustive investigation thoroughly explores the complex economic history of ancient Egypt, providing insights into key components such as agriculture, trade, and inflation. The study illuminates the significant roles played by the state system in molding the economic landscape of this ancient civilization. The economic structure of ancient Egypt demonstrated a profound interdependence with its imperial dynastic structure and advanced technological capabilities. Agriculture, serving as the foundational element, prospered through the annual Nile inundation, yielding crucial surpluses essential for trade and taxation. Trade, predominantly conducted through barter, played a substantial role in the economic framework, with documented instances of both state-controlled and private enterprises. A central focus of the article entails a thorough exploration of the widespread social and economic ramifications resulting from inflation, particularly the noteworthy Ptolemaic copper inflation. This nuanced analysis significantly contributes to a deeper comprehension of the intricacies inherent in the economic history of ancient Egypt. Precisely, the article conscientiously recognizes the significance of surplus generation and the assessment of labor value. It underscores the pivotal roles undertaken by both g

10 Historic Events That Shaped the Face of Modern Surgery “The Craft of Surgery is as old as Mankind”

Evidence of the practice of surgical procedures has been found in ancient civilizations. Various books have documented surgeries being done in ancient Egypt, India and Greece. Modern practices of anaesthesia, blood transfusion, antisepsis and nursing have helped to improve the outcomes and comfort of Surgery. The two World Wars played an important role in creating condition which were conducive to the rapid development of modern technology and improvement in Surgical techniques. In this article, we examine the various milestone events that have led to the development of modern Surgical practice. Keywords: History, Surgery, Ancient Civilizations, Barber surgeons, World wars.

Types of Archives in Egyptian Civilization: An Evaluation on Archival Document Samples

İnsanlar çeşitli amaçlar için bilgiyi kaydetmiş ve bilgiyi zihinde tutmanın zorluğu nedeniyle ve tekrar erişmek amacıyla koruma altına almışlardır. Eski medeniyetler, yaşadıklarını, krallık mücadelelerini, doğa olaylarını, inançlarını, duygu ve düşüncelerini, kültür ve medeniyetlerini kendilerinden sonra gelecek olan kuşaklara aktarmak amacıyla bunları kalıcı materyallere işlemişler ve kaydetmişlerdir. Kadim medeniyetlerden birisi olan Mısır medeniyetinin sahip olduğu arşivlerde bu anlamda önemlidir. Mısır medeniyetinde çeşitli amaçlarla üretilmiş (idari, dini, askeri, diplomatik) belgelerin saklandığı ve korunduğu arşivlerde farklılık göstermektedir. Bu araştırmada, tarihin en büyük ve en eski medeniyetlerinden biri olan Mısır medeniyeti arşivleri örneklerle incelenmektedir. Bu araştırma, Mısır medeniyeti hakkında bilgi vermek ve Mısır medeniyeti arşivlerinin ve arşiv belgelerinin özelliklerini ortaya koymak amacıyla yapılmıştır. Mısır medeniyeti ve Mısır medeniyeti arşivlerini incelemek amacıyla doküman analizi yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada, önce Mısır medeniyetinin gelişimi ve tarihsel dönemlerinden kısaca bahsedilmekte, tarihi günümüze ulaştıran arşivin önemi ortaya konulmakta ve Mısır’a ait ilk arşivlerle başlanarak çeşitli tarihsel dönemlere ait bazı arşivler ve türlerine göre incelenmektedir.

Aplikasi Pengenalan Sejarah dan Kebudayaan Peradaban Mesir Kuno Berbasis Augmented Reality dalam Perekonomian Masyarakat

Ancient Egypt is an ancient civilization in northeastern Africa, centered on the lower reaches of the Nile River, an area that is now the country of Egypt. There are many historical remains from ancient Egyptian civilization. One of the famous remains of ancient Egyptian civilization is the Giza pyramid. The Pyramids of Giza are the greatest masterpieces ever created by humans in ancient times. The magnitude of the ancient Egyptian civilization makes many people interested in knowing information about this civilization. To make it easier to find out information about the ancient Egyptian civilization, an application was built with Augmented Reality technology. This application design uses the SDLC method which consists of analysis, design, programming, testing, operation and maintenance stages. This application was built by utilizing various software such as Unity 3D, Vuforia Engine, and Blender to create 3D models. This application development uses the C# programming language. This research succeeded in producing an Augmented Reality application designed for the Android platform. This application is able to display information in the form of text and 3D objects to users. The application trial was carried out using the Black Box Testing and User Acceptance method, involving 5 respondents who gave ratings from 1 to 5. The test results showed that users could use this application smoothly and the application ran according to user expectations.