Civil Government Research Articles

Knowledge, Skills, and Attitudes as Predictors in Determining Teachers' Competency in Malaysian TVET Institutions

Teachers' competency has sparked much interest among educational stakeholders in Malaysia. The debates among how well Malaysian teachers educate students has produced concern and become interminably reported in research. Under the government civil servants' services, teachers have been called upon to gain and bringing back this noble and reputable profession at its standard and earn the trust of parents in ensuring the success of their children at school. As part of this matter, TVET stream in Malaysia becomes sensational and selected as one of the national agendas in producing the local manpower and human capital development, where the spirit is to grow the young generation to become a skilled-worker in industry. Indeed, encumbrance issues such as teacher competency, program accreditation, and unemployment among graduates are among those matters mostly brought into round-table discussions and conversations among stakeholders. Therefore, this article depicted one of the issues, which is on the basis of teachers' competency and analyzed the relationship between teacher's competency traits (knowledge, skills, attitude) and teaching practices in practical-based learning and also to discover the best predictor contributed to teacher's competency measurement. A survey was distributed to 150 TVET teachers at three selected vocational colleges in Selangor. The construct of the questionnaire was adapted from prior studies and undergone a pilot study to ensure the questionnaire fit with intended research objective. The results of the study revealed that knowledge, skills, and attributes have played a major role in ensuring the competency level of Teachers. Along with the findings, the knowledge of the teachers was found the most critical factor to describe TVET teacher's competency. The implication of the results suggested that holistic traits of teacher that in knowledge, skills, and attitudes inclusively empower, their competency level of becoming effective teachers. Notwithstanding the need for the development of skilled manpower must conclusively enlighten not only knowledge-based but also students' discovery of their skills and attitude potential especially when entering the job environment. Therefore, before proceeding with the teaching and learning environment, the teacher must first imply all these characteristics and exercise this application to students. Ultimately, the outcome from this environment will help students to venture the employment market and increase the likeliness of getting hired; locally and global job market.

On the Medieval and the Modern: Reading Nicholas of Cusa

ABSTRACTIn addressing not only the Conciliarist controversy of his day but issues of civil and ecclesiastical government and challenges to the Church, from reform movements to the division between Catholic and Orthodox traditions, Nicholas of Cusa (1401–64) continues to provoke responses. Some see him as the first modern; others view him as the last great medieval thinker. Demonstrating a breadth of interests, Nicholas of Cusa has come to be viewed as an important transitional figure who continues to provoke debate on the Western tradition and the history of political thought.

CONSULTATIONS WITH THE PUBLIC AND STUDY OF PUBLIC OPINION AS ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES: GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS

In the article the author defines the list of administrative procedures of interaction of state bodies with the public, which includes the procedures that arise in connection with: 1) public consultations (organization and conduct of public discussions of regulations); 2) the study of public opinion; 3) involvement of the public in the work of commissions established under public authorities; 4) exercising public control and supervision; 5) carrying out information activities of state bodies (publication of public information about the work of state bodies, providing answers to public requests for information); 6) activities of public councils in terms of interaction with state bodies (conducting public consultations, conducting public monitoring, holding meetings of the public council and making decisions of a recommendatory nature); 7) submission of appeals and requests for information (application of administrative procedures). The author analyzes some administrative procedures of interaction of state bodies with the public, namely: conducting public consultations and studying public opinion. The key features of the administrative procedure of public consultations are identified, which include: its dual form of implementation, as such consultations can be carried out both in person and via the Internet; availability of mandatory and optional stages; close connection with other administrative procedure related to the implementation of information activities of public authorities; obligatory documentation of the result in the form of a report, and in case of a face-to-face consultation with the public, also a protocol; the possibility of initiating this procedure by both entities government agencies and civil society institutions. It is noted that the administrative procedure for the study of public opinion is similar to the general administrative procedure for public consultation, but has its differences, in particular: it is initiated exclusively by state bodies (executive authorities); has no optional stages; provides for competitive selection among the subjects of public opinion polls, ie in fact it is a different administrative procedure for competitive selection; does not require logging, and the main document for the implementation of such a procedure is a report.

Enduring Peace: a Case Study of the Opportunities and the Challenges for Engaging in Myanmar’s Peace Process

In 2015, the Myanmar Government, the Myanmar Tatmadaw (military) and eight ethnic armed organisations (eaos) signed the 2015 National Ceasefire Agreement (nca). In 2019, this agreement was signed by three more eaos, and there have been four annual conferences (Union Peace Panglong Conference 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019). The ceasefire arrangements, which are present primarily in Southeast Myanmar, have failed to make significant progress in key areas such as the provision of access to civil documents and land to returning refugees, displaced persons and conflict-affected communities. Violence has escalated in the last two years. It is not an exaggeration to say that Myanmar is at a critical juncture of transition. This article examines how the peace process is being communicated amongst different civil society organisations, international organisations, donor organisations, and government representatives in an area directly affected by the peace process. The article details the experiences of these participants exchanged in workshop in Mon State in July 2018. The exchanges during the workshop reveal a practical obstacles faced by civil society organisations, especially, in their attempt to support returnees. Many reported frustration with the implementation gap between promoting a peace process and providing for local enabling conditions that support peace. Specific barriers faced by civil society organisations, and in turn the communities they are seeking to help were threefold: information and communication barriers concerning the peace process; women’s fear and reluctance to seek services due to personal safety concerns, and the persistence of traditional gender norms which affects access to information.

Policy cohesion and post-recession economic imaginaries: manufacturing discourse in the Chicago metropolitan region

ABSTRACT This paper examines the proliferation of the Chicago metropolitan region’s post-recession regional economic development initiatives, and a consequent shift towards manufacturing-centric development programmes among regional planning bodies and public–private institutions. This phenomenon provides important insights about the post-recession economic development policy terrain in mature city-regions and the politics of economic development imaginaries. While there has been justified celebration of a new creativity in urban and regional economic development and industrial policy in the geographical literature, the Chicagoland case indicates that defensive actions, meant to recode older, disciplinary attitudes towards the region’s labour pools and lobbying from region’s industrial capitals, are an important element of the region’s post-recession policy coordination. What is dubbed herein as ‘manufacturing discourse’ in Chicagoland originates in institutions endogenous to the region’s industrial capitals and represents a longer term project of maintaining a specific type of socio-spatial fix as the predominant mode of crisis response among the region’s governance bodies, civil society and fractions of capital. In turn, it is argued that geographers and urban scholars need to theorize properly about the link between ‘soft’ economic imaginaries and the protection of power centres within city-regions, particularly amid state rationality crises and bursts of policy experimentation.

Institutional Changes and the Possible Role of the Military in Transition to the Post-Xi Jinping Leadership

Two institutional conditions have driven the heavy involvement of the People's Liberation Army (PLA) in domestic politics after 1949. The first is "symbiotic" Party–army relations as evident in the extensive and entrenched personal networks in the PLA that Mao Zedong and Deng Xiaoping could count on for support in times of political crisis. The second is civilian governance failure that incentivised these leaders to leverage the military for domestic politics. This article shows major changes in these conditions in the post-Deng era, which reduced the PLA's role in domestic politics. With reference to these changes, the article explores the PLA's possible role in transition to the post-Xi Jinping leadership.

The Authority of Internal Auditor to Prevent Corruption Committed by Civil Servants and Government Official

Internal audit is significant to guarantee and ensure the enforcement of laws and regulations as well as to prevent power abuse by civil servants or government officials that may cause financial loss for the country. The purpose of this study is to provide an overview of the authority of internal audit, to describe how this authority is regulated, to depict the authority to prevent power abuse, and to illustrate the protection over and enforcement of administrative law on allegation of power abuse. This study is a normative juridical study analyzing primary and secondary legal material relevant to the subject under study. The result of the study reveals that the authority of internal audit has been set in various legal products. The operating procedures for legal protection over allegation of arbitrary behavior against civil servants or government officials are filing an objection or an appeal against the discovery of the internal audit. If the case is not a subject of investigation of law enforcement officers the accused may contest the finding to Administrative Court and request the judge to review the finding. If the accused is proven to be guilty of abusing power that causes financial loss for the state and, thus, be sentenced for the alleged conduct (inkracht), he or she shall be immediately dismissed from his/her position. The regulation posits that officer who ignores the verdict and continues to keep the defendant on his/her position shall be penalized.

Claiming and re-claiming the Ayeyarwady Delta, time and again: the case of Nyaungdone Island, Myanmar

Since 2011 and the transition to civilian government, Myanmar and the Ayeyarwady Delta in particular are witnessing swift and dramatic changes in the modalities of access and use of natural resources. Drawing from political ecology, and on the basis of ethnographic work conducted in Yeinek village tract in the Nyaungdone Township of the Ayeyarwady Delta, this article places recent resources dynamics in a historical perspective. Rather than seeing natural resources as a 'given', we see them as resulting from socially embedded strategies of resource-making. These strategies contribute to a constant redefinition of the resource-frontier the delta has historically been for multiple actors. Notably, we show how land for rice cultivation, and water for capture fisheries and aquaculture, have been made into key resources over time, often in an exclusionary way. Post-2011 land and fishery reforms are the most recent examples of resource-making dynamics; they have certainly triggered significant resource re-allocation, but existing cross-scale patronage networks still largely shape how this takes place in practice. Finally, in this deltaic environment where resources are part water, part land, part rice, part fish, and the legitimacy of one's claims often hinges on proving prior use of a specific resource, it is the nature of the resource to be reallocated that is contested. In the newly politicized context of Myanmar, resources and institutional fluidity is in itself a frontier to navigate. Keywords : Ayeyarwady Delta; Myanmar; fisheries; land; resource making; frontier; exclusion

THE PROTECTION OF THE RICH AGAINST THE POOR: THE POLITICS OF ADAM SMITH’S POLITICAL ECONOMY

AbstractMy point of departure in this essay is Smith’s definition of government. “Civil government,” he writes, “so far as it is instituted for the security of property, is in reality instituted for the defence of the rich against the poor, or of those who have some property against those who have none at all.” First I unpack Smith’s definition of government as the protection of the rich against the poor. I argue that, on Smith’s view, this is always part of what government is for. I then turn to the question of what, according to Smith, our governors can do to protect the wealth of the rich from the resentment of the poor. I consider, and reject, the idea that Smith might conceive of education as a means of alleviating the resentment of the poor at their poverty. I then describe how, in his lectures on jurisprudence, Smith refines and develops Hume’s taxonomy of the opinions upon which all government rests. The sense of allegiance to government, according to Smith, is shaped by instinctive deference to natural forms of authority as well as by rational, Whiggish considerations of utility. I argue that it is the principle of authority that provides the feelings of loyalty upon which government chiefly rests. It follows, I suggest, that to the extent that Smith looked to government to protect the property of the rich against the poor, and thereby to maintain the peace and stability of society at large, he cannot have sought to lessen the hold on ordinary people of natural sentiments of deference. In addition, I consider the implications of Smith’s theory of government for the question of his general attitude toward poverty. I argue against the view that Smith has recognizably “liberal,” progressive views of how the poor should be treated. Instead, I locate Smith in the political culture of the Whiggism of his day.

Развитие социальных инноваций в России сквозь призму деятельности и взаимодействия органов власти, бизнес-структур и гражданского общества

Развитие социальных инноваций в России сквозь призму деятельности и взаимодействия органов власти, бизнес-структур и гражданского общества

Challenges of Local Government, Environmental Justice, Sustainable Development: The Case of Qellem Wollega Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia

Currently, environment related problem is becoming a burning issue for every individuals and group of people living in the globe irrespective of our background as we have only one world that can’t be replaced by another one. We don’t have a reserve world therefore the only chance that we have is conserving it. Therefore, different scholars today have taken up to come across possible remedies as the issue is multidisciplinary in its nature. This problem is also visible in Ethiopian society at local level. One way of tackling environmental problem is giving attention to the impacts of environmental injustice on sustainable development. Therefore, this research tries to assess challenges of local government in storing up environmental justice to realize sustainable development. The main finding of this research is that the local government has less contribution in storing up environmental justice to realize sustainable development in the given areas. There is no enough awareness creation from government side regarding resettlement policy in a way that the re-settlers are not friendly treating their environment. Re-settlers are doing injustice on old settlers, future generations, living and non-living things, and on themselves since they have over-exploited natural resources in concerned areas. I used both primary and secondary datum to carry out this research. I suggest that concerned government bodies, civil societies or non-governments organizations should play their part to alleviate the problems.

Rebel Richmond: Life and Death in the Confederate Capital by Stephen V. Ash

Reviewed by: Rebel Richmond: Life and Death in the Confederate Capital by Stephen V. Ash Scott A. MacKenzie Rebel Richmond: Life and Death in the Confederate Capital. By Stephen V. Ash. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2019. Pp. 286.) Stephen V. Ash’s Rebel Richmond is a solid contribution to the growing field of Southern cities during the Civil War. Studies by Christopher Philips on Baltimore, Louis S. Gertis on St. Louis, Michael D. Pierson on New Orleans, Wendy Venet on Atlanta, Jacqueline Jones on Savannah, and Frank Towers and Andrew L. Slap on all of them have revealed how the South’s few urban areas experienced secession, emancipation, and the war’s consequences. Although fine books, they cover examples from the Border States that never came under Confederate rule, or those later occupied by Union forces. Ash (Tennessee-Knoxville) builds on his earlier works about Southern communities during the war, particularly Middle Tennessee Society Transformed (1988) and When the Yankees Came (1995), with this detailed study of the Confederate capital. He argues that the city’s population struggled under wartime conditions in a myriad of ways, but none of those conditions led to its collapse until its capture in April 1865. His research brings previously neglected groups ranging from refugees, the enslaved, and the free to soldiers, civilians, and bureaucrats, men and women, as well as upper-, middle-, and lower-class people, into his analysis. The result is a marvelous but flawed look into the Confederate urban home front. Ash organizes the book thematically to maximize the range of Richmonders’ experiences during the war. The first chapters cover the material aspects of the daily struggles of the above groups. As the main target of the Union and Confederate war efforts for four long years, the city endured intense pressure that widened fissures among its populations. These diverse groups reacted, however, differently under those conditions. Fort Sumter, he argues, did not unite the population in favor of the rebellion as much as many believe. Instead, he found much resistance to volunteering, such as a Home Artillery unit agreeing to serve but only within the city limits. Maintaining coherence, moreover, proved to be difficult in a city filled with newcomers, including refugees, politicians, prisoners, and soldiers arriving with their own agendas. In the book’s best chapters, he covers how competing demands from the Confederate, Virginia, and city administrations stretched meager resources to the breaking point where even nails became scarce. Housing and food proved hard for most to find. Although plentiful, most jobs failed to keep pace with inflation and shortages. Yet, he shows how the authorities contained the problems or how the problems failed to split the city and its people despite their seriousness. The next chapters deal with the sociocultural aspects of Richmond’s durability. The war generated much dissent, which troubled the authorities, [End Page 55] yet he argues that the authorities succeeded in preventing trouble. Ash attributes the stability to “a restrained sort of martial law, far from a military dictatorship” (129) throughout the conflict. This is an understatement. The ruling white civilian government applied the same policies to guard against vice and protect the city’s social structure. Alcohol, prostitution, theft, and corruption strained law enforcement to the point they had to accept a certain level of each. Sometimes, however, the authorities promptly curtailed unrest. The support shown by many lower-class whites for the famed April 1863 bread riot forced the city to act fast by providing both relief and enhanced police patrols. On the other hand, Ash shows that despite the erosion of social cohesion, neither slavery nor white supremacy collapsed before the city’s capture. Assertions from enslaved and free Black people received rapid responses from the white population, who continued to blame outsiders for any disloyalty. Not even overflowing graveyards or hospitals cracked the rebel capital. This superb array of research has two significant shortcomings. Ash claims that he was reluctant to engage in the “internal-collapse versus external force” debate on the causes of Confederate defeat. This is a mistake, but one born of overcaution. His evidence and analysis indicate that, as his title suggests, Richmond never came...

Personal Income Tax and Infrastructural Development in Lagos State, Nigeria

Infrastructural provisions and availability of resources to meet such needs has been the major point of concern to government in all states of the federation. In recent time Lagos State has been witnessing infrastructural deficit and this is actually affecting the standard of living of the citizens. Since the advent of civilian government in the state, internally generated revenue has been on the increase, yet the state is still witnessing a lot of infrastructural deficits. This study examined the contributions of personal income tax to infrastructural development in Lagos state to determine the effect that personal income tax has on infrastructural provisions of the state. The study adopted <i>ex-post facto</i> research design. The study covered Personal Income Tax and infrastructures development of Lagos State from 1997 to 2018. Secondary data were obtained from Lagos State Internal Revenue Services (LIRS), Lagos State Ministry of budget and planning and Lagos State Ministry of Finance. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The study found that Personal Income Tax has significant effect on infrastructural development of the state. Given infrastructural provisions; EDH, EDR. On EDH, With <i>Adjusted R²</i>= 0.150, F-stat =3.678, and also at 5% significance level [β = 0.380; P – value = 0.008]. On EDR, Adjusted R² = 0.315, F-stat = 3.915, Prob (F-stat) = 0.028), at 5% significance level [β = 0.352; P – value = 0.154]. The study shows that more government income from PIT was spent on housing infrastructures over other infrastructural provisions.

"The Most Infamous Degradation of the Honour of Civil Government": The Turton Job and the sexual politics of colonial rule in 1830s Britain and British North America

"The Most Infamous Degradation of the Honour of Civil Government": The Turton Job and the sexual politics of colonial rule in 1830s Britain and British North America

THE IMPACT OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON SUDAN'S UPRISING BEHAVIOR

Despite its growing and significant influence on behavioural change globally, there is limited research published on the role of social media on behavioural and political change. This research proposes an integrative framework that exemplifies the impact of social media on Sudanese constituents' efforts to seek civil government. Trust, word of mouth, relationship, value, and loyalty were key social media mediating variables for the Sudanese behavioural during the uprising. These variables facilitated constituents' positive attitude toward change and the youth movement towards democracy.

Cardiovascular Risk Factors in the Civil Service of Oyo State, South-Western Nigeria: An Epidemic with an Unmatched Response

Background: Worldwide, the burden of cardiovascular (CV) risk factors is rising with devastating impacts on the productive workforce. In developing nations, it has further led to an unstable population pyramid as a result of premature deaths of her workforce leading to the continued tapering of the pyramidal apex. Inspite of this, many studies were conducted among the general population neglecting the local government civil servants who are seen as policy implementers. Therefore, the study assessed the pattern of CV risk factors in South-western Nigeria. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 260 local government workers selected by multistage sampling technique from July to September 2017. A pretested, interviewer-administered questionnaire was administered to obtain socio-demographic and behavioural information. Lipid analysis, anthropometric, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose measurements were done according to protocols. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS version 25; bivariate analysis was done using Chi-square. Level of significance was at 5%. Results: The mean age of respondents was 46.0 ± 6.7 years. The proportion of participants with good knowledge of risk factors was 57.7%. The proportion of respondent with hypertension, visceral obesity, general obesity, diabetes, smoking and physical inactivity was 40.4%, 35.0%, 52.2%, 38.2%, 5.8% and 75.8% respectively. The prevalence of elevated total cholesterol (↑TC), raised low-density lipoprotein (↑LDLc), low high-density lipoprotein (↓HDLc) and elevated triglycerides (↑TGs) was 55.4%, 85.0%, 70.4% and 3.1% respectively. There was a higher proportion of elevated total cholesterol (TC) and LDLc among female respondents (p = 0.002; p = 0.009). Senior cadre staff had a higher proportion of respondents with raised ↓HDLc and ↑TGs (p = 0.031; p = 0.036). Age was associated with hypertension and was highest among respondents in 45 - 54 years age category (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The prevalence of CV risk factors was higher compared with other studies in Nigeria and Africa. The findings illuminated a poor response to the rising burden of CV risk factors despite interventions put in place. This underscores the need for holistic preventive and control strategies with a view to reducing the incidence of cardiovascular diseases in Nigeria.

Emerging Patterns of Social Capital, Livelihoods and Sustainable Development in Post-Conflict Northern Uganda

This qualitative study, conducted in Oyam district northern Uganda, presents an ethnographic analysis of the transformation of the social capital available to former internally displaced persons (IDPs) by the Lords’ Resistance Army (LRA) conflict, and the implications for their livelihood strategies. Northern Uganda suffered a protracted two decade (1986-2006) civil war between the LRA and Government of Uganda. Forced conscription, abduction and eventual displacement into camps by the combatants shattered the mutual trusts and capital that communities had accumulated overtime. This paper applied case study design to investigate the emerging forms of social capital among former displaced persons and the respondents were purposively selected. In-depth interviews were held with Government civil servants and local leaders while focus group discussions were conducted with community members to explore opinions on the after-displacement livelihood strategies. Sustainable livelihoods and social capital theories were applied to analyse the relationship between social capital and livelihood resilience upon returning home from displacement. The findings indicated that while emerging from displacement, family members moved in phases with family heads and elder children returning first to prepare livelihood strategies. Both positive and negative networks emerged that influenced preference for social groups and livelihood activities. The established social groups comprised of ‘<i>doggola</i>’ (kinship) relationships, wage-labour, neighbours, friendship, alcohol consumption and informal social support groups. Despite the dynamics experienced in social capital and livelihood activities, the former IDPs modified and reverted to the traditional social capital. This paper concludes that amidst conflict and displacement, social capital sustains household welfare and community development hence, social capital does not vanish but changes forms. Thus, the post-conflict reconstruction programme ought to integrate social capital into its package for sustainability purpose.

Migration Policy as Instrument of Ensuring National State Security

In the article, the authors analyse the relationship of political processes, migration policy and national security of the state. The methodological basis of the research is dialectical, comparative and institutional methods. The dialectical method revealed the dynamics, current regularities and contradictions in the formation of the state migration policy. The comparative method contributed to identify characteristic features of the migration policy formation of some EU countries and Russia, taking into account the transformation of political systems. The institutional method allowed exploring the interaction of public authorities with other institutions of civil society. In order to process the empirical evidence, quantitative and qualitative research methods were used. The factors of the migration attractiveness of the state, the stages of the migration process and migration risks are considered. In this regard, special attention is paid to the migration crisis in modern Europe. It also analyses the growth factors of the popularity of right-populist parties and the idea of the sovereign migration policy of individual member states of the European Union. Special attention is paid to the description of the implementation plan for the “Prague Process” mechanisms on the example of the integration mechanisms of migrants to Austria and the Czech Republic, the participation of government bodies and civil society institutions in these mechanisms. Some features of the migration system of the Russian Federation are also considered in the context of ensuring national security. The research presents and analyses some statistical data on migration in Russia and global migration in the world.

De Christelijke Nationale Actie (CNA) van prof. dr. Hugo Visscher

Abstract At the end of the Interbellum and in the first years of the German occupation a specific Reformed-Calvinist political action group existed, the Christelijke Nationale Actie (Christian National Action, cna). The founders deliberately did not want to found a political party or movement, but an action group. At first, they intended an interconnection of all four existing protestant parties, but none of them wanted to collaborate. Co-operation bounced off on the interpretation of Article 36 of the Nederlandse Geloofsbelijdenis (Belgic Confession, ngb), concerning the office of civil government and the relation between church and state. The cna decided to join the elections of 1937 as a political party, but did not get enough votes to win a chair in the Parliament. In 1941 de cna was liquidated by the German occupiers.

A Study on the imagery of the military officer in the Joson dynasty

조선은 성리학을 지배이념으로 삼아 문치주의 혹은 숭문주의 정책을 추진했던 사회였다. 이러한 정치적, 사회적, 문화적 체제 아래 무관들은 양반층의 일원임에도 불구하고 문인들과 차별되는 삶을 강요받아 왔다. 이러한 문존무비의 사회풍조 속에서 설화 전승자들은 조선시대 무관을 장부, 의협, 감사자, 명관, 선비의 형상으로 인식했다. 장부로서의 형상은 주로 무인의 태생적 기질이나 성향과 관련이 깊은 반면에 의협, 감사자, 명관 및 선비의 형상은 현실세계 속에서의 성취와 연관된다. 이들 중에서 의협과 감사자, 명관의 형상은 주로 시대적 상황 변화에 의해 선택적으로 부각되는 공적 면모에 해당하며, 이는 현실적 지향점으로서 의미를 가진다. 그에 비해 선비의 형상은 문무반 모두에게 공통되는 보편적 면모이자 이념적 지향점이라 할 수 있다. 따라서 이들 다섯 가지 무관의 형상은 문치주의 시대를 살았던 조선시대 무관들의 태생적, 현실적, 이념적 면모를 잘 보여준다. 또한 현실적 지향적으로서 의협, 감사자, 명관의 형상을 갖추었다는 점은 곧 문무반 사이의 차별을 극복함으로써 궁극적으로 무관의 위상을 정립하고 명실상부한 사회적 존재로 자리매김하는 데 크게 기여했다고 평가된다. 나아가 의협&#8228;명관&#8228;선비의 형상은 조선시대에 들어와 비로소 나타났다는 점에서 이전시대에 비해 진일보한 국면이라는 의미를 가진다. 아울러, 다섯 가지의 형상들은 문인과 무인 사이에 발생하는 충돌과 대립, 화해와 조화를 이해하는 데 있어 좋은 단서를 제공한다. 문관과 무관 사이의 대립은 표면적으로는 문무차별에 대한 저항과 좌절을 의미하지만, 이면적으로는 장부-명관의 형상 혹은 사적-공적 인식의 대결로 해석된다. 물론 이들의 대결은 명관의 형상과 공적 인식의 승리로 귀결되며, 이는 무관들 역시 공적 존재로서의 명관의 면모를 우선시했기 때문이라고 할 수 있다.The Joson dynasty had been employed a policy of civilian government. It was based on the ground of the Confucianism. In this way, the Joson dynasty had been discriminated against military officer, in favor of civil official. That was the representative policy that civil service had the superiority to military service. The military officer in the Joson dynasty had been recognized the five imagery which is the manly man, chivalry, patriotic martyr, good governor, virtuous man. The imagery of the manly man mainly had been expressed in his boyhood. The imagery of the chivalry, patriotic martyr, good governor had been revealed selectively after going into government service. On the other hand, the imagery of the virtuous man was the general and ideological point. Therefore these five imagery have showed the internal aspect that is naturally, practically, ideologically distinctive quality. And then it is rated these five imagery because they have been situated the military officer s position among the yangban, the two upper classes of the Joson dynasty. Additionally, these five imagery provide a criterion which have interpreted the confrontation between the military officer and civil official.