Context Of Civilization Research Articles

The Quest for Light in Indian Architectural Heritage

abstractDue to the effect of impinging solar radiation, high thermal loads can be predicted in buildings in many climates of South-East Asia and thus components devised to protect and ventilate the facades have been known for centuries. Features such as the ‘jalis’ or stone lattice work combined with deep overhangs and elements conceived to reflect excessive sunlight such as ritual ponds or even elaborate water tanks have adorned Indian-style palaces and temples since ancient times. These features have subsequently inspired modern architects like Le Corbusier, Antonin Raymond, Benjamin Polk and Geoffrey Bawa to cite just a few. Climatic control elements were well adapted to the craftsmanship of traditional architecture but their use as industrial products suitable for prefabrication is more controversial. Not only has the climate changed since the origin of Indian architecture, but also the use of glazing has increased in an alarming way and thus the need to protect openings is now even more demanding. In this paper, within the context of Indian civilization, the author will present the simulation of the radiative field generated by different types of solar protection and reflective surfaces, especially ponds and systems of louvres or brise-soleil. By virtue of this process it is intended to extrapolate the procedures used for ancient fabrics to their more modern counterparts found in internationally acclaimed buildings and to obtain useful design insights for future projects.

Alguns aspectos civis acerca da utilização de células-tronco

It is a study of the effects on the legal system, particularly in the civil context, the use of embryonic and adult stem cells for therapeutic purposes. The use of adult stem cells is peaceful and comparable to organ transplantation techniques. As embryonic, it was found to be the best technique from the use of surplus embryos. It is objectionable, excessively, these cloning, even for therapeutic purposes, as well as the production of embryos with single order to remove these cells for therapeutic research experiments. In the civil context can not be considered alone, subjects of rights, and fully feasible to use in humanitarian scientific research.

Alguns aspectos civis acerca da utilização de células-tronco

It is a study of the effects on the legal system, particularly in the civil context, the use of embryonic and adult stem cells for therapeutic purposes. The use of adult stem cells is peaceful and comparable to organ transplantation techniques. As embryonic, it was found to be the best technique from the use of surplus embryos. It is objectionable, excessively, these cloning, even for therapeutic purposes, as well as the production of embryos with single order to remove these cells for therapeutic research experiments. In the civil context can not be considered alone, subjects of rights, and fully feasible to use in humanitarian scientific research.

Operations and aircraft design towards greener civil aviation using air-to-air refuelling

SummaryAs civil aviation expands, environmental aspects and fuel savings are becoming increasingly important. Amongst technologies proposed for more efficient flight, air-to-air refuelling (AAR), ‘hopping’ and flying in close formation (drag reduction), all have significant possibilities. It will be interesting to know also how these technologies may co-exist e.g. AAR and formation flying.In military use, AAR is virtually indispensable. Its benefits are real and largely proven in hostile and demanding scenarios. We present a case for applying AAR in a civil context to show that substantial reductions in fuel burn for long-range missions are achievable. Overall savings, including the fuel used during the tanker missions, would be of the order of 30-40% fuel and 35-40% financial. These are very significant in terms of the impact on aviation’s contribution to reducing atmospheric pollution.AAR allows smaller, efficient (greener) aircraft optimised for about 3,000nm range to fulfil long-range route requirements. This implies greater usage of smaller airports, relieving congestion and ATC demands on Hub airports. Problems due to shed vortices and wakes at airports are reduced. Smaller engines will be needed.Integrated (accepted) AAR could lead to further benefits. Aircraft could take-off ‘light’, with minimum fuel and reserves and a planned AAR a few minutes into the flight. The ‘light’ aircraft would not require over-rating of the engines during take-off and would therefore be less noisy during take-off and climb-out, permitting more acceptable night operations.The availability of civil AAR will enable opportunities for hitherto borderline technologies to be utilised in future aircraft. Laminar flow will provide fuel savings and increased efficiency in its own right but could be significantly enhanced within a civil AAR environment. Similarly, supersonic transport may become an acceptable economic option.AAR affords the possibility of a complete widening of the design space and this should appeal to the imagination of current and future designers.

Whimsical Punishment: The Vice of Federal Intervention, Constitutionalization, and Substantive Due Process in Punitive Damages Law

Punitive damages law was traditionally an area of jurisprudence reserved for the states. In the early 1990s, the United States Supreme Court constitutionalized this area of law and began subjecting punitive damages awards to due process limitations. In so doing, the Court sought to: (1) curb the arbitrary nature of punitive damages awards; and (2) promulgate uniform rules and procedures to govern the imposition of such awards nationwide. This Comment argues that the Supreme Court has failed to bring uniformity to punitive damages law and proposes an alternative framework to address the problem of unwarranted disparate awards. Specifically, this Comment suggests that we import concepts from the Federal Sentencing Guidelines to the punitive damages context and apply a numerical scale, rather than narrative standards, to determine civil defendants' punitive damages liability. In short, this Comment argues that just as the Federal Sentencing Guidelines have brought substantial uniformity to criminal sentencing, guidelines adopted in and tailored to the civil context could potentially bring uniformity to the highly volatile area of punitive damages law. The Supreme Court's recent decision in State Farm v. Campbell has renewed the escalating debate regarding the standard, scope, and constitutional authority underlying the Court's punitive damages jurisprudence. Although this Comment cannot hope to resolve this debate, it seeks to push the current dialogue on punitive damages law towards a more constructive direction.

Whimsical Punishment: The Vice of Federal Intervention, Constitutionalization, and Substantive Due Process in Punitive Damages Law

Punitive damages law was traditionally an area of jurisprudence reserved for the states. In the early 1990s, the United States Supreme Court constitutionalized this area of law and began subjecting punitive damages awards to due process limitations. In so doing, the Court sought to: (1) curb the arbitrary nature of punitive damages awards; and (2) promulgate uniform rules and procedures to govern the imposition of such awards nationwide. This Comment argues that the Supreme Court has failed to bring uniformity to punitive damages law and proposes an alternative framework to address the problem of unwarranted disparate awards. Specifically, this Comment suggests that we import concepts from the Federal Sentencing Guidelines to the punitive damages context and apply a numerical scale, rather than narrative standards, to determine civil defendants' punitive damages liability. In short, this Comment argues that just as the Federal Sentencing Guidelines have brought substantial uniformity to criminal sentencing, guidelines adopted in and tailored to the civil context could potentially bring uniformity to the highly volatile area of punitive damages law. The Supreme Court's recent decision in State Farm v. Campbell has renewed the escalating debate regarding the standard, scope, and constitutional authority underlying the Court's punitive damages jurisprudence. Although this Comment cannot hope to resolve this debate, it seeks to push the current dialogue on punitive damages law towards a more constructive direction.

Social and Ethical Issues in the Use of Familial Searching in Forensic Investigations: Insights from Family and Kinship Studies

Since its origins in the mid-1980s, DNA profiling has become the most powerful tool for identification in contemporary society. Practitioners have deployed it to determine parentage, verify claims to identity in various civil contexts, identify bodies in wars and mass disasters, and infer the identity of individuals who have left biological traces at crime scenes. Thus DNA profiling can be used to implicate or exonerate individuals from participation in particular social relations and activities; this affords it a growing importance in major social institutions such as the family, the criminal justice system, immigration services, and health services. There are key state, security, civil liberty, personal, and commercial considerations surrounding the reliability and social implications of DNA profiling in establishing the identities of “family members,” “claimants,” “customers,” “suspects,” and “citizens.”Given that DNA profiling is increasingly influential in forensic inquiries, the recently-developed practice in the UK of “familial searching” of DNA databases has the potential to become a significant aspect of investigations.

Similar Facts in Civil Cases

This essay evaluates the recent restatement in O'Brien v Chief Constable of South Wales Police of the law on similar facts in civil proceedings. The two-stage approach propounded in O'Brien contains a number of conceptual problems. Apparent simplicity was achieved by avoiding fundamental issues underlying this area. Prior to the Criminal Justice Act 2003, judges recognized that the common law similar facts rule had a role to play in both civil and criminal trials; but they gave the rule a wider exclusionary scope in criminal than in civil cases. Adoption of a moral perspective helps to explain this state of affairs. The rule, so it will be argued, protects the legitimacy of trial deliberation by forbidding reliance on an assumption that disrespects the moral autonomy of the person whose conduct is being judged. This moral objection can arise in civil cases; but it arises more frequently and usually with greater force in criminal proceedings. Hence, while there is a need to reserve some judicial power to disallow proof of similar incidents in the civil context, there is usually less reason for the exercise of that power in civil cases than at criminal trials.

El paso del tiempo y el recuerdo del pasado en el antiguo Egipto

In Ancient Egypt one finds two different yet complementary perceptions of the passage of time: one cyclical, characteristic of a religious context, the other linear, distinctive of a secular, civil context. However, both perceptions implied a permanent look onto the past, either because it was taken as a model for the present or because it was regarded as a standard that needed to be surpassed. The political use of history did much for keeping, and transforming, the past in the present; as did personal convenience when it came to autobiographical narratives and even the composition of works of fiction. Given this major concern for the past and for history, one might ask why then history as a scholarly discipline failed to emerge in the land of the Pharaohs? The answer to this question might be that Egyptian society felt no need for such scholarly endeavor, precisely because it developed surrounded by historical texts, which even included Instruments to check on their truthfulness.

Pricking the Lines: The Due Process Clause, Punitive Damages and Criminal Punishment

The Supreme Court has recently devoted substantial attention to the question of what limits the Constitution places on the permissible amount of punishment. The Court has offered both substantive and procedural answers to this question. In decisions involving challenges to the length of criminal sentences, the Court has identified constraints that are doctrinally independent of one another: a proportionality principle under the Eighth Amendment that forbids a sentence grossly disproportionate to the defendant's crime and a due process principle requiring that any facts that increase the authorized sentence a defendant faces be proved beyond a reasonable doubt to a jury. By contrast, in cases involving challenges to the amount of a punitive damages award, the Court has taken a more doctrinally integrated approach. Substantively, the Court has again adopted a test that centers on proportionality, this time locating the requirement within the due process clauses. But with respect to damages, the Court's procedural solution takes power away from juries and provides for de novo review. This article looks at the sentencing and punitive damages decisions in tandem. Here, as in several other areas, the Court's approaches to similar questions in the civil and criminal arenas take very different turns. Part I considers the Court's articulation of proportionality tests under the Eighth Amendment (for criminal sentences and fines) and the due process clauses of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments (for punitive damages). It shows that proportionality is both an inherently alluring and an inevitably unsatisfactory measure of constitutionality, particularly with respect to a judicially enforceable rule. Part II looks at the Court's procedural decisions. Given the convergence of substantive constitutional principles in the sentencing and damages cases, what accounts for the sharp divergence in the role the Supreme Court accords juries, reallocating authority to them and away from judges in criminal cases, while doing exactly the opposite in civil ones? I suggest that differences between the two kinds of litigation may explain why proportionality review is relatively more attractive in punitive damages cases. First, the Court may perceive the existence of more objective indicia of excessiveness in the punitive damages cases. Second, the punitive damages cases may raise reverse federalism concerns that are absent from criminal prosecutions. Third, the Supreme Court may think the level of federal intrusion can be better controlled in the civil context. And finally, criminal cases may involve better oversight by politically accountable actors.

THE INVOLUNTARY CIVIL COMMITMENT OF MENTALLY ILL PERSONS IN THE UNITED STATES AND ROMANIA: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

(2002). THE INVOLUNTARY CIVIL COMMITMENT OF MENTALLY ILL PERSONS IN THE UNITED STATES AND ROMANIA: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS. Journal of Legal Medicine: Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 211-250.

Flight Test Identification and Simulation of a UH-60A Helicopter and Slung Load

Helicopter slung-load operations are common in both military and civil contexts. Helicopters and loads are often qualified for these operations by means of flight tests, which can be expensive and time consuming. There is significant potential to reduce such costs both through revisions in flight-test methods and by using validated simulation models. To these ends, flight tests were conducted at Moffett Field to demonstrate the identification of key dynamic parameters during flight tests (aircraft stability margins and handling-qualities parameters, and load pendulum stability), and to accumulate a data base for simulation development and validation. The test aircraft was a UH-60A Black Hawk, and the primary test load was an instrumented 8- by 6- by 6-ft cargo container. Tests were focused on the lateral and longitudinal axes, which are the axes most affected by the load pendulum modes in the frequency range of interest for handling qualities; tests were conducted at airspeeds from hover to 80 knots. Using telemetered data, the dynamic parameters were evaluated in near real time after each test airspeed and before clearing the aircraft to the next test point. These computations were completed in under 1 min. A simulation model was implemented by integrating an advanced model of the UH-60A aerodynamics, dynamic equations for the two-body slung-load system, and load static aerodynamics obtained from wind-tunnel measurements. Comparisons with flight data for the helicopter alone and with a slung load showed good overall agreement for all parameters and test points; however, unmodeled secondary dynamic losses around 2 Hz were found in the helicopter model and they resulted in conservative stability margin estimates.

Coercive Powers and the Australian National Crime Authority: A Practitioner's Defence

This paper considers the rationale for the use of coercive powers, such as investigative hearings and requirements to produce information, in the context of investigating serious criminal behaviour. It examines the extent to which such powers are used both in criminal and civil contexts and explores the principles which should be applied in deciding when such powers should be used. It argues that a balance must be struck between the degree of intrusiveness of such powers and the seriousness of the matters under investigation. It will suggest that in a liberal democratic framework such powers should only be used to investigate serious criminal behaviour or other conduct which has a serious impact on society. It is inconsistent with a liberal democratic tradition for such powers to be used without supervision by the courts. Finally, it will be argued that public debate about the use of such powers needs to be more informed. There needs to be greater understanding of the nature of these powers, and how they are used, and the checks and balances which should apply if the community is to make a considered decision on when such powers are appropriate.

Trapped Between Civilization and Barbarism

In 1990, Camilo Luzuriaga took to the big screen his adaptation of Tigress, a 1935 story by the Ecuadorian writer Jose de la Cuadra (19051941).1 is one of the most representative texts of Cuadra's period of artistic maturity, and it is no wonder that Luzuriaga chose it as subject matter for a project intended to lay the groundwork for the continued development of a national cinema. Of all the members of the Guayaquil Group, it was Jose de la Cuadra who best captured the mythopoetic world of the montuvio, the rural people of the Ecuadorian coast.2 Almost all of the numerous critics who have commented on TigressS have felt compelled to acknowledge the parallels between it and Dofia Barbara (1929), by the Venezuelan Romulo Gallegos. Not surprisingly, the characterization of the despotic woman within the conceptual context of civilization and barbarism also serves as the starting point for the reading of that follows. This study will show, however, that, in contrast to Gallegos's interpretation of Venezuelan nationality, Cuadra's view in the 1930s was never a matter of simplistic dualisms mechanically applied to sociohistoric conditions that are both complex and contradictory. In fact, it is no coincidence that Ecuadorian modernity dates to the time when writers such as Jose de la Cuadra reached the height of their artistic production. The filmmaker Luzuriaga has placed in a tradition inconsistent with Cuadra's way of thinking. For example, in the last scene of the movie the Tigress dies in a shooting skirmish with a group of gendarmes (supposedly representative of the forces of order and modernity) and her spirit returns to Nature.3 This is more than a simple matter of interpretation, for it fundamentally misrepresents the author's position. Although Luzuriaga has

Early Lesbos between east and west: a ‘grey area’ of Aegean archaeology

Many previous studies of early Lesbos have tended to emphasize the famous historical figures—Alkaios, Sappho, and Pittakos—and the events surrounding them that are known from literary sources; there has been much less discussion of archaeology, and this has led to a one-dimensional picture. The sources have tended to encourage an emphasis on features of the island's archaic history which are traditionally thought of as ‘Greek’, and the true context of early civilization in the island, which had strong links to Anatolia and the east, has largely been ignored. This paper corrects the imbalance, acknowledging more fully the eastern links in the island's culture from the Bronze Age to the Archaic period and indicating that during this period Lesbos was as much an extension of Anatolia as a ‘Greek’ island.

Perspectives on Maimonides: Philosophical and Historical Studies

Part 1 Philosophy - ethics, politics, metaphysics: ethical views of Maimonides within context of Islamicate Civilization, Lawrence V.Berman Maimonides' governance of solitary, Ralph Lerner Maimonides in Sultan's Palace, Steven Harvey Maimonides on philosophic sciences in his treatise on art of logic, Joel L.Kraemer why Maimonides was not a Mutakallim, Warren Zev Harvey neoplatonic currents in Maimonides' thought, Alfred L.Ivry Maimonides' quest beyond philosophy and prophecy, Itamar Gruenwald true perplexity - the of perplexed, part II, chapter 24, Tzvi Langermann Maimonides on religious language, Arthur Hyman. Part 2 Jewish law: Maimonides' guide of perplexed on forbidden food in light of his own medical opinion, Jacob Levinger Holy War in Maimonidean law, Gerald J.Blidstein to utmost of human capacity - Maimonides on days of Messiah, Aviezer Ravitzky Maimonides on Eretz Yisrael - halakhic, philosophic, and historical perspectives, Isadore Twersky. Part 3 History: at our place in al-Andalus, at our place in Maghreb, Joshua Blau early decades of Ayyubid rule, Joseph Drory Saladin's Egypt and Maimonides, Andrew S.Ehrenkreutz Saladin's religious personality, policy and image, Michael Winter.

Criminal Justice Decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States: 1988 Term

The 1988 Term of the Supreme Court of the United States ended on July 3, 1989. There were important decisions in the areas of the Fourth Amendment and the right to counsel, and there were several forays into the less clearly demarcated waters of the right to a fair trial and sentence. Two death penalty cases resumed the preceding term's consideration of capital punishment for persons under the age of 18, and another dealt with imposition of the penalty upon mentally retarded offenders. The balance of the Court's criminal justice agenda included a wide array of issues such as double jeopardy, prisoners' rights, racketeering laws, habeas corpus, civil rights actions, and the First Amendment. Some of the cases in these categories are beyond the scope of the present survey, as is the term's major abortion case, Webster v. Reproductive Health Services, 109 S.Ct. 3040 (1989), which arose in the civil context.

ADA in Process Control

up a validation facility, and the inter, tion to have support facilities in a num, but we deem this to cover the whole range of potential applications for embedded computer systems in civil context: in other words to include also laboratory automation, environment monotoring etc. I suggest to concentrate on three mayor aspects: the ADA-language itself, the administrative environment being set up by the American Dept,of Defense, and the programming support environment as specified in the Stoneman document. A list outlining the topics: for the language we have algorithms, and I/O and tasking (I use the categorization we established in TC3), but also the issue of flexibility of runtime which has not previously been brought into the ADA-requirements, but it is a topic of interest. On the administrative section there is the issue of standardization which the American High Order Language Working Group has been considering, planning to bring them to ANSI and ISO; there is the plan of set Elzer: I have been following the development of the ADA language since 1975, its very first beginnings. ADA, or the DOD-language, as called at that time was the source of very great hopes; it remains to be seen whether it will fulfill these hopes. One hope was that it would end proliferation. In the area of process control we have at least as many languages as we have in data processing, although our commercial room is much smaller. So some people think that this language will work in some integrating way by sheer economic power. Another great hope was that the language would help in improving programming. Now, improving has always two sides: one is simply technical quality (engineering beauty for insiders), another is to make things simpler. I personally think that ADA may well help in improving the state of the art in a sense to make certain things possible or more elegant, but it will certainly not make things ,_ simpler. My time I worked with the ADA-

The Frontier in Early Russian History

The most important character in Russian history has always been Russia herself. To survey and analyze the historical development of the Russian people is to recognize the great impact time and space exerted upon the Russian nation. Indeed, it is difficult to cite another nation as greatly affected in its growth and development by geographical and geopolitical factors as is modem Russia. But long before the Russian Empire expanded to encompass one-sixth the land area of the globe, goographical factors were deeply involved in the molding of Russian national life and institutions as was later the case after the colonization of Siberia and the Russian expansion into Asia. In studying the earliest periods of Russian history, scholars have always been careful to accord proper recognition to the importance of the river systems of western Russia, the peculiar characteristics of the steppe and the forest zone, and the climate and arability of the lands inhabited by early Russians. But when one attempts to study Russia within the general context of medieval civilization and compares early Russian history to that of lands farther to the west, one comes to realize that it was precisely the geography and geopolitics of the area inhabited by the people of Kievan Rus that gave Russia its peculiar significance within the medieval world. In most of our studies of medieval Russia we have elected to emphasize the foreign influences upon the Russian state. Thus, studies of the early Russian people depict a process that seems inordinately onesided-the eastward and northward spread of ideas and institutions from older and better established societies. It is rare to find a study of early Russia that is not grounded upon an appreciation of Byzantine, Scandinavian and Germanic culture and the application of some features of those cultures to the Russian state. Situated upon

Unesco Symposium on Technology and Artistic Creation in the Contemporary World

An international symposium on the inter-relationships and inter-influences between the arts and sciences in the context of contemporary civilization was convened by Unesco in Tbilisi, U.S.S.R., from 9 to 13 April 1968. Some of the world's most renowned authorities in the fields of aesthetics, the visual arts, architecture, industrial design, theatre, cinema and music, as well as the physical sciences, participated in this meeting. In their general discussions they examined the following aspects of the meeting's theme: an historical view of the relationships between the arts and sciences in such traditional art forms as crafts, architecture, music and theatre; existing potentialities for inter-relationships and future prospectives and directions in the arts and science fields resulting from such new technological phenomena as the computer, atomic energy, automation, television and synthetic materials; the scientific discovery and invention of new materials and processes which serve to alter and expand the arts and which affect changes upon the artist as well as the consumer or audience of art; the specific nature, role and function of the arts and sciences and the new forms produced by their union; the ways in which the arts and sciences work naturally and necessarily together toward the enhancement and enrichment of man and his environment.