Civil Aviation Security Research Articles

A dynamic decision-making approach for cabin unlawful interference emergency disposal using dynamic Bayesian network

Disposal of unlawful interference incidents is essential for is crucial for the advancement of aviation security. Effective emergency disposal requires a comprehensive approach that includes the perspectives of airlines, airports, and passengers. In this context, each component of the disposal process can fail randomly. The objective of this research is to optimize emergency disposal decisions to enhance the efficiency of civil aviation operations, reduce accidents, and lower costs. Given the dynamic complexity of unlawful interference incidents, a dynamic fault tree consisting of 26 nodes was constructed to analyze the emergency disposal process. To explore the relationships and priorities of each event, the Dynamic Fault Tree is converted into a dynamic Bayesian network. Based on historical statistical data, simulation analysis is conducted in three aspects: posterior probability, sensitivity, and importance. Simulation results reveal that the top three critical nodes in cabin unlawful interference incidents are “structural damage to the cabin,” “inadequate training by airlines,” and “untimely airport police takeover of disruptive passengers.” Further analysis shows that (1) most of the critical nodes are associated with airlines. (2) The decision-making rationale and pathways of the critical nodes can be clearly observed and prioritized. (3) Besides airlines, other entities such as airports can implement targeted emergency disposal measures. Through quantitative analysis and simulation, this study provides decision-making guidance for participating groups on dynamic emergency disposal, thereby enhancing civil aviation security.

TERRORISM: THE CHALLENGE OF AVIATION SECURITY

The paper explores a chronological account of major aviation-related terrorist incidents, including the hijacking of aircraft and attacks such as those on September 11, 2001. These events underscore the vulnerabilities within civil aviation security and highlight the psychological impact of such attacks. This study emphasizes the need for advanced technologies and stringent national and international regulations to combat aviation terrorism. It discusses the evolution of aviation security measures, the importance of a holistic approach involving airlines, airport authorities, security forces, and governmental bodies, and the necessity of information sharing and best practices adoption. Additionally, the paper addresses the economic implications of aviation security, advocating for better data collection and analysis to optimize resource allocation and enhance overall safety. The ongoing development of aviation security strategies, driven by evolving threats and technological advancements, is critical for safeguarding passengers and ensuring the resilience of the global aviation industry against terrorist threats.

Micro-Expression Spotting Based on VoVNet, Driven by Multi-Scale Features

Micro-expressions are a type of real emotional expression, which are unconscious and difficult to hide. Identifying these expressions has great potential applications in areas such as civil aviation security, criminal interrogation, and clinical medicine. However, because of their characteristics such as short duration, low intensity, and sparse action units, this makes micro-expression spotting difficult. To address this problem and inspired by object detection methods, we propose a VoVNet-based micro-expression spotting model, driven by multi-scale features. Firstly, VoVNet is used to achieve the extraction and reuse of different scale perceptual field features to improve the feature extraction capability. Secondly, multi-scale features are extracted and fused using the Feature Pyramid Network module, incorporating optical flow features, and by realizing the interactive fusion of fine-grained feature information and semantic feature information. Finally, the model is trained and optimized on CAS(ME)2 and SAMM Long Video. The experimental results show that the F1 score of the proposed model is improved by 0.1963 and 0.2441 on the two datasets compared with the baseline method, which outperforms the most popular spotting methods.

Legal mechanisms to prevent the negative effects generated by the COVID-19 pandemic on civil aviation security

Legal mechanisms to prevent the negative effects generated by the COVID-19 pandemic on civil aviation security

Designing of a new airport protection zone against laser illumination

Cases of laser irradiation of aircraft have become more frequent in the last 15 years and pose a greater threat to civil aviation security and the associated military aviation due to the availability and price of lasers. Based on studies by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and the opinion of Czech experts on this issue, protection zones have been established around airports. However, they are not effective enough and laser irradiation has become more frequent until the outbreak of the coronavirus epidemic and the decline of aviation. Based on laser illumination statistics in the Czech Republic and an assessment of the danger of lasers at specified distances around airports, a new protective zone was proposed. The protection zones against laser illumination were defined by a rectangle around circles with a radius of 7 NM and the centers on the final approach track.

Safety of civil aviation as an object of criminal law regulation

The article examines the problems of criminal regulation of civil aviation security. A systematic analysis of the current Criminal Code of Ukraine has been studied and conducted, which allows to identify the independent subsystem of criminal law protection of aviation security from acts of illegal interference in the activities of civil aviation.
 A systematic analysis of the norms of the current Criminal Code shows that this normative act does not provide for a single section that defines a specific list of criminal offenses that encroach on aviation security. Criminal liability for acts of unlawful interference with the activities of civil aviation is provided by articles located in various sections of the Special Part of the Criminal Code. However, this does not mean that aviation security is deprived of criminal law. It is generally accepted that the basis for combining criminal offenses into sections of the Special Part of the Criminal Code is the generic object of a criminal offense. In the science of criminal law, different approaches have been developed to the classification of the object of a criminal offense (crime). In most scientific sources on object issues, object classification includes: general, generic (group) and direct objects ( primary and additional ). As you know, the main direct object of a criminal offense, as part of a family object, determines the introduction of a criminal offense in one or another section of the Criminal Code.
 Yes, according to the interpretative dictionary, security – is a condition where someone or something is not threatened or disturbed. The ontological aspect of this concept defines «security» as a certain quality of human existence, which determines the purpose and outcome of human activities to protect against threatening factors, events and phenomena. The Constitution of Ukraine distinguishes three main types of security: « citizen security», «public safety», « state security». Because safety has many types ( aviation, production, domestic, public, demographic, economic, environmental, social, national, fire, radiation, traffic, man-made, transport, financial, food, nuclear, etc.), the concept of «security» in each field of knowledge is interpreted differently. But, in general, understanding the content of the category «security» includes the absence of danger and the existence of a state of protection of vital interests of the individual, society, the state from internal and external threats. The study of the normative characteristics of acts of unlawful interference suggests that they include socially dangerous, illegal acts related to encroachment on the normal activities of civil aviation and aviation facilities, defined by the norms of international and national legislation as acts of unlawful interference with the activities of civil aviation.
 Thus, aviation security, as the object of criminal offenses, is the normal activity of civil aviation and aviation objects, the absence of danger and the existence of a state of protection of vital interests of the individual, society, state ( life, health, public safety, property, etc. ) from acts of unlawful interference with civil aviation.

Harmonization of Aviation Safety and Security Legal Regulation in the European Union: Impact on the Global Convergence of Aviation Law

This paper deals with civil aviation, which is highly international. Therefore, harmonization of regulation in this area on a global scale is inevitable, which means that aviation law requires an integrated approach. However, only slightly over half of the countries fully comply with the standards issued by the International Civil Aviation Organization for basic international aviation regulation, which poses a serious threat to aviation safety and security. In this respect, the integrative nature of the European Union offers us to look at the Union’s activities in the context of aviation regulation. The aim of this paper is to investigate the impact that the harmonization of civil aviation safety and security regulations in the EU has on the development of global aviation regulations. The paper provides a more detailed analysis of the beginning and further integration of the EU’s internal aviation market and the formation of the Union’s external policy in this area, which has played a key role in harmonizing the legal framework for aviation safety and security. The study revealed the preconditions for the harmonization of aviation safety and security rules in the European Union highlighted the essential features of this process and its impact on the convergence of aviation regulation on a wider scale (beyond the EU).

Design of civil aviation security check passenger identification system based on residual convolution network

INTRODUCTION: A civil aviation security check passenger identification system based on residual convolution network is designed to improve the efficiency of airport passenger security check service. OBJECTIVES: The system uses the basic resource layer to provide communication and configuration services, collects the basic information of passengers, the images of passengers' faces and whole body, and the images of baggage security X-ray machine through the data layer, and stores the collected results in the unstructured database; METHODS: The image processing module of the business service layer calls the data in the database, and takes the STM32F103VBT6 microprocessor as the image processing control chip to complete the image data processing. The person, baggage, X-ray machine image and passenger basic information are associated through the person, baggage and X-ray machine information binding service module, and the association results are uploaded to the person and certificates integration unit of the client application layer. RESULTS: The face recognition module identifies the passenger identity through the residual convolution network with the attention mechanism, and realizes the ReID identification of passengers and baggage and the association of people and baggage through the transmission control unit. CONCLUSION: The experimental results show that the system can accurately identify the identity of civil aviation security passengers, and the identification efficiency of security passengers can reach more than 27 frames per second.

Classification and Causes Identification of Chinese Civil Aviation Incident Reports

Safety is a primary concern for the civil aviation industry. Airlines record high-frequency but potentially low-severity unsafe events, i.e., incidents, in their reports. Over the past few decades, civil aviation security practitioners have made efforts to analyze these issues. The information in incident reports is valuable for risk analysis. However, incident reports were inefficiently utilized due to incoherence, large volume, and poor structure. In this study, we proposed a technical scheme to intelligently classify and extract risk factors from Chinese civil aviation incident reports. Firstly, we adopted machine learning classifiers and vectorization strategies to classify incident reports into 11 categories. Grid search was used to adjust the parameters of the classifier. In the preliminary experiment, the combination of the extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) classifier and the occurrence position (OC-POS) vectorization strategy outperformed with an 0.85 weighted F1-score. In addition, we designed a rule-based system to identify the factors related to the occurrence of incidents from 25 empirical causes, which included equipment, human, environment, and organizational causes. For cause identification, we used rules obtained through manual analysis with keywords and discourse. F1-score above 0.90 was obtained on the test set using the causes identification model derived from the training set. The proposed system permits insights into unsafe factors in aviation incidents and prevents reoccurrence. Future works can proceed on this study, such as exploring the causal relationship between causes and incidents.

LEGAL AND REGULATORY RESPONSES ADOPTED BY KENYA TO COMBAT TERRORISM IN THE AVIATION INDUSTRY

Terrorist acts against the civil aviation industry have remained sustained since the first recorded aircraft hijack in February 1931. The devastating effects of a successful terror attack in the aviation industry transcend the jurisdictions of many states, threatening their national and human security. This study sought to analyse the responses to combat terrorism within the aviation industry in Kenya. It employed the exploratory research design. This design is appropriate for a research problem in cases where there are few documented studies for reference. Secondary data was collected from government publications, websites, internal records and reports, conference proceedings, research articles, and books, among others. The data collected was analysed thematically. The findings show that due to the many devastating terrorist attacks in Kenya, a number of legal measures have been progressively initiated to strengthen the security of all aspects of Kenya’s commercial civil aviation against terror attacks. These include the protection of Aircraft Act, 1970 (revised in 2012). Article 2(6) of the Constitution of Kenya provides that any treaty or convention ratified by Kenya shall form part of the law of Kenya. Another Act put in place is The Civil Aviation Act, 2002 (revised 2013), which established the KCAA to regulate and oversee aviation safety and security as guided by the provisions of the Convention on the International Civil Aviation. There is also the Kenya Security Laws Amendment Act, 2014 (Section 75) which provided for the establishment of a mechanism for coordinating counter-terrorism measures in all entry and exit ports in the country. There are also numerous regulatory strategies adopted to combat terrorism in Kenya’s aviation industry. The country has also put in place elaborate regulations on Preventive Security Measures contained in Part IV of the Civil Aviation (Security) Regulations, 2019. Further, the country has instituted the training program with aims to ensure that personnel of all entities involved with or responsible for the implementation of various aspects of aviation security are properly trained on the appropriate standards for tasks in accordance with the national civil aviation security program. The country also undertakes Aviation Security Audits and Reviews. It can thus be concluded that Kenya has adopted elaborate legal and regulatory responses to combat terrorism in the aviation industry. These have been largely successful in combating aviation terrorism in Kenya. Based on the study findings, there is a need for regular reviews of the various legal and regulatory responses to combatting terrorism in Kenya to enhance their efficacy and responsiveness to the dynamism of international terrorism. Furthermore, the training strategies should be strengthened through increased funding to enhance the domestication of the various legal and regulatory responses in the various aviation security agencies in Kenya. KCAA should also increase the frequency of aviation security audits, inspections, system tests, investigations, and surveys on airports, airlines, cargo agents, and inflight catering operators among others in response to increased sophistication of international terrorism.

Impact of the Epidemic Threat on Changes in the Civil Aviation Security System due to SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic

Impact of the Epidemic Threat on Changes in the Civil Aviation Security System due to SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic

Examining organizational communication on a non-governmental organization: research in civil aviation security officers association

Examining organizational communication on a non-governmental organization: research in civil aviation security officers association

Nezakonite radnje u pomorskom prijevozu i civilnom zrakoplovstvu

Maritime and civil aviation security is a global problem posed by terrorism and illegal acts and therefore requires global attention and solutions that can only be provided by relevant international organizations (International Maritime Organization and International Civil Aviation Organization). Nineteen years have passed since the attacks of 11 September 2001 on the World Trade Center, but the threat of another terrorist attack is still just as possible and unacceptable. The series of attacks in the USA have started a new period of history. This period can be characterised as unsteady, unpredictable, and transforming of complex systems, including new types of dangers. The paper provides a comprehensive analysis and comparison of the most serious types of unlawful acts (terrorism and piracy) regarding legislation and jurisdiction. For the sake of comparability of legal phenomena, special attention is paid to illegal acts at sea and in the airspace above the sea.

AVIATION SECURITY IN EUROPEAN UNION. EUROPEAN AVIATION SAFETY AGENCY

Faced with a massive increase in air traffic resulting from the successful implementation of the single aviation market, the European Union ensures that all European citizens can enjoy the high level of safety in the sky. The European Commission developed a set of basic civil aviation security standards with the Regulation (EC) No 2320/2002, establishing common rules in the field of civil aviation security which was adopted on 16th December 2002 by the European Parliament. In 2008, Regulation (EC) No 300/2008 repealed this Regulation and introduced a series of new measures aimed to improve, streamline and simplify existing procedures. In 2002, the Regulation (EC) No 1592/2002 was the founding document of a new entity, the European Aviation Safety Agency. Areas of activity were Certification and Maintenance of aircraft. On 18 March the new Regulation (EC) No 216/2008, repealing the original Basic Regulation was published and applicable from 08 April on. By virtue of Regulation (EC) No 216/2008, the EU extended the common aviation safety rules and the corresponding responsibilities of EASA to aircraft operations and aircrew licensing and training. Key words: aviation, security, European Aviation Safety Agency, Joint Aviation Authorities, Joint Aviation Requirements

Aviation cyber security: legal aspects of cyber threats

The aim of this paper is show how existing legal frameworks applied to civil aviation might be relevant in the context of cyberspace. Security threats to civil aviation operations have become more sophisticated and challenging to deal with. One that is emerging, and arguably even more complicated and sophisticated to manage, is the cyber-attack. This article is interdisciplinary as it briefly defines cyber-attack and describes the nature of the threat it poses to aviation and society generally, but also focuses on the international legal instruments that are available to address cyberterrorism and reflects on the challenges faced by aviation through cyberspace. Conclusions offer some food for thought on the article’s conclusions and on possible developments in the relationship between civil aviation and cyber security.

The Historical Development Of Civil Aviation Security With Applications Of Time Series Modelling

This research is related with sabotage events also named as hijacking in civil aviation accidents between the years 1979 and 2018. The reason why the year 1979 was chosen as the beginning is because the human factor started to be examined under the Crew Resource Management concept. Firstly content of this research related with; civil aviation security concept, CATSA, ATSC instutions and terrorist actions related to air transportation were mentioned. Secondly, privatization of airport security timeline about civil aviation security privatization with increment of the appropriations after the September 11, 2001 attack was explained. Thirdly, the distinctives of advanced terrorism are classified as; “worldwide terrorism,” “recent crimp terrorism,” “grand-terrorism”, “fourth-descent terrorism” and the classification of threats in civil aviation security such as; classes of acts, cases of acts and aim of actions concepts were also mentioned. This study examines the causalities and relationship between the security term of sabotage with the other terms aligned as yearly total number of passengers who had an accident, total number of commercial passengers, total number of passengers involved in accidents, and total number of accidents by the VAR model. Keywords: Civil Aviation Security, Sabotage, Augmented Dickey-Fuller Test, Vector Autoregressive Model, Granger Causality Test. Jel Classification Codes: Y10, Y80, Y90, Z00.

Evaluación del papel del psicólogo para la seguridad del vuelo en la aviación civil.

El artículo está dedicado a los problemas de los factores humanos en la industria de la aviación y las técnicas de evaluación de riesgos para la seguridad de la aviación civil, donde la profesión de psicólogo es especialmente necesaria en la selección profesional de personal para la evaluación de la capacidad de los candidatos en diferentes áreas. La investigación de los expertos en aviación se realizó mediante una encuesta, y las observaciones y conversaciones con especialistas prácticos confirmaron la necesidad de profundizar la educación de los psicólogos en las instituciones de educación superior en Ucrania, aumentando la motivación de los estudiantes para trabajar en la industria de la aviación, mejorando el apoyo metodológico de la educación.

THE LIBERALIZATION OF CIVIL AVIATION SAFETY: PROBLEMS OF HARMONIZATION OF NATIONAL STANDARDS AND GENERAL EUROPEAN ONES

Objective: at the present stage of development of international civil aviation in the context of globalization and technical progress, the problem of liberalization of international and state regulation of civil aviation safety in the context of reducing the scope of state control of civil aviation is relevant. This is confirmed by the holding of two World Air Transport Conferences of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) in 2003 and 2013, which were specifically devoted to the problems of liberalization and the development of standards and mechanisms for its implementation. Given the spread of global trends in liberal relations in the field of civil aviation, there is a need to study the level of liberalization of national standards in the context of a particular country and their harmonization with European and world standards, developing a common strategy for civil aviation safety. The article considers the problems of harmonization of national standards and European ones of civil aviation security liberalization at the current stage of development of international civil aviation, identifies the impact of liberalization on national and European standards of air safety, airspace, ground handling and all aviation infrastructure. Particular attention is paid to the development of civil aviation security liberalization in Ukraine, the integration processes of state policy in this area. Research methods: general scientific and special methods of analysis and comparison are used in the work. Results: the conclusion is made about the need to improve the state regulation of civil aviation safety, providing the most favorable conditions and forms of cooperation in the field of liberalization of its safety, in particular, by improving national and international regulations. Discussion: finding ways to solve national problems of civil aviation security liberalization and the need to adapt it to international standards, integration and globalization processes, management principles and security.

Public dilemmas about security measures in the field of civil aviation

New security measures in civil aviation have been introduced as a consequence of security incidents in the past decades and to prevent potential threats in the future. Some of these measures have provoked serious negative public reactions. This paper aims to analyse the current civil aviation security framework and related public dilemmas about individual security measures, such as body scanners, the exchange of passenger data and passenger profiling. Based on the analysis of media records, press releases and debates in the European parliament on civil aviation security, the paper confirms the argument that that civil aviation security is conflicted between the varied technical possibilities to improve security and the unintended negative effects on the public. Implementation of new security measures needs to consider social concerns, such as privacy, human rights and health, if legitimacy of civil aviation business is to be retained.

Safety Management of Aviation Transport in the Context of Sustainable Development of the National Economy

The article discusses the impact of a wide range of technical, natural, human and economic hazards on the aviation industry. The safety of aviation as a whole is characterized as an important component of the general concept of national security, as well as a component of the system for ensuring personal safety, public safety and security in air transport from external and internal threats. It is noted that maintaining an acceptable level of safety of national aviation, the development of theoretical foundations for the safety of aviation transport management is of current and practical importance for the sustainable development of not only a separate transport infrastructure, but also the national and global economy. The article investigates «security» and methods of its management, «activity security policy», which is aimed at countering threats, restoring activities in order to protect corporate interests, preserving the integrity of processes or a system based on the assimilation and development of a safety culture. At the same time, in the studies, these types of threats include individual elements that can be used in almost any air transport. In particular, the importance of external threats and destabilizing factors and threats is highlighted. A structured approach to safety management is indicated at the global, regional and national levels, including: the required organizational structures, areas of responsibility, policies and procedures. The characteristics of the main goals of the safety management of the aviation transport enterprise are considered, the ideal goals and potential ones are highlighted, and also touched the degree of reach of such goals. Determined that the objectives of enterprise safety management, as well as the objectives of enterprise management as a whole, must meet a set of requirements, the obligation to comply with which is the key to the success of such management. Information on the ICAO Civil Aviation Security Strategy has been processed, which is considered the most effective tool to ensure an acceptable level of security in global civil aviation. According to which the implementation of the aviation safety management system is regulated at three hierarchical levels – global, regional and national, and the aviation safety management system represents an orderly approach to management.