Civil Aviation Safety Research Articles

Fatigue during Long-Haul Flights of Different Crew Compositions under Exemption from Layover and Flight Time during COVID-19.

Pilot fatigue and alertness are critical for civil aviation safety. Intercontinental pilots are more prone to fatigue and sleepiness due to jet lag, prolonged workdays, and disrupted rhythms. The Civil Aviation Administration of China excused enlarged flight crews from mandatory layovers and reimposed flight duration restrictions during COVID-19. This study investigates the sleep quality and attentional performance of pilots on intercontinental flights. The fifteen pilots who performed intercontinental flights in different crew compositions wore a body movement recorder, which has been proven to accurately estimate sleep duration and sleep efficiency. The crew’s attentional performance and self-report were monitored at specified flight phases. In conclusion, the larger crews slept longer and more efficiently on board, particularly pilots in charge of takeoff and landing responsibilities. Crews on four-pilot layover flights were more alert before the takeoff of the inbound flights than exempt flights, but there was no significant difference towards the end of the mission. The new long-haul flight organization did not result in fatigue or decreased attention in the pilots. This study expands on the research by validating a novel intercontinental flight operation model under the COVID-19 scenario and highlighting critical spots for future fatigue management in various crew compositions.

New Type of Aeronautical Risk Assessment: Performance of Kohonen SelfOrganizing Maps in Identifying Brazilian Aircraft with Greater Associated Risks

The purpose of this paper is to present a new way of assessing aeronautical risk using a configuration of Kohonen Self-Organizing Maps (SOM) to identify the Brazilian aircrafts more likely to be involved in aeronautical accidents and the riskiest Brazilian aircrafts. The technique described is classified as predictive for managing aeronautical risks, according to DOC 9859, and can be used both in the context of prevention and investigation of aeronautical accidents/incidents, as well as in the context of the insurance industry. Using this technique, it was possible to identify the 147 Brazilian aircraft with the highest associated probabilities of occurrence of aeronautical accidents, and the 180 with the highest associated risks. Five years after this identification, the respective percentages of aeronautical accidents/incidents were 34% and 27%. The application of this technique can help achieve the objective of the aeronautical community in determining what, where, and when the next aeronautical accidents and/or incidents will occur. Another aspect of the present work is to demonstrate that data collected by the national civil aviation agency in Brazil can be used to implement a predictive methodology for the management of safety in civil aviation.

Safety of civil air transportation in figures and diagrams

Ensuring the safety of civil aviation is the most important transport and economic task. Its solution makes it possible to develop civil air transportation. The purpose of this work is to analyze the indicators of individual and social risk in the civil aviation of the Russian Federation and to identify the generalized causes of aviation accidents. The methods of statistical analysis and modeling were used. The dynamics of the individual risk of deaths shows a negative trend in 1992-2021, while a comparison of the calculated average values of the individual risk of deaths for air passengers over the past 22 years and the previous period available for calculation (1992-1999) shows equal values. The calculations of the social risk of deaths in air accidents for different periods show that the social risk for air passengers has little changed. The model “bow tie” based on the published materials of investigations of air crashes showed the causes of accidents of aircrafts, demonstrated obvious consequences and allowed us to formulate safety barriers.

The Basic Premises of EU Regulations Regarding the Safety of Unmanned Aircraft in the Context of their Development Process

The development of UA is one of the most important challenges for the future of aviation. Consequently, this is one of the major challenges for the future of aviation law, particularly for those legal regulations that aim to provide an adequate level of civil aviation safety. The main goal is to show the results of the analysis of the legal framework created in Europe and to show where Europe is going in the nearest future. The method of study comprised content analysis of existing legislation. Results of the study shows inter alia that although the analysis of the adopted solutions is necessary for a better understanding, a comprehensive assessment of these solutions will be possible at the earliest after the end of the adopted transition periods, i.e. after 2023.

The Concept of Active Voice Reduction using Multipole Secondary Source: Case Study of C-150 Aircraft

In order to protect residents living around the airport from aircraft noise disturbance, regulations have been set for the maximum permissible noise level limit. One of the international regulations that regulate the limits of aircraft exterior noise levels is the Federal Aviation Regulation (FAR) part 36 of the United States Regulatory Agency, or the Civil Aviation Safety Regulation (CASR) part 36 of the national regulatory agency. In addition, for military purposes, observer planes are also needed with the lowest possible sound level such that they will not attract the enemy's attention. This paper contains the concept of active exterior sound control/elimination with an unconventional secondary source method (anti-noise), using the multipole secondary source method. Multipole secondary sources are developed based on Taylor series expansion to obtain higher order secondary sources, such as dipoles, quadrupoles, octopoles, and so on, which are used for noise canceling. A significant noise reduction can be obtained by using a high-order secondary source and by optimizing the power of the secondary source. Numerical simulation of noise reduction in the free field was carried out by this method. The simulation results show that noise reduction reaches 50 dB at 200 Hz. The method, which is still a concept, was then used to simulate noise reduction on a Cessna-150 aircraft.

DEVELOPMENT OF AIR TRANSPORT BETWEEN YUGOSLAVIA AND THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 1945-1992

Air transport between Yugoslavia and the United States was one of the defining aspects of Yugoslav civil aviation after the Second World War. Cooperation between the two countries developed in several fields. Early attempts to regulate civil air transport by the means of a bilateral agreement were made as early as 1945, but without success. Three agreements on air transport were eventually signed in 1949, 1973 and 1977. Pan American World Airways started overflying Yugoslav territory in 1950 on its international routes between North America and the Middle East and started landing at Belgrade in 1963, thus providing a true connection between the two countries. From 1970, Yugoslav Airlines operated charter flights between Yugoslavia and USA, followed by the introduction of a regular service between Belgrade, Zagreb, and New York in 1976. From 1964 to 1966 and during 1972, another Yugoslav air operator, (Inex) Adria Airways also flew charter flights between Yugoslavia and the United States. Apart from this, most passenger airplanes used in Yugoslavia were made in the United States, while some Yugoslav factories manufactured components for American aircraft producers. Yugoslav airmen and other aviation experts undertook training in America, greatly improving the functioning and safety of Yugoslav civil aviation in general. The disintegration of Socialist Yugoslavia and international sanctions imposed on the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1992 also led to a ban on air traffic between Yugoslavia and the rest of the world. The United States introduced this ban several days before the sanctions came into force, ending all air transport services between the two countries.

Civil aviation safety evaluation based on the principle of international civic aviation organization (ICAO)

This article analyzes the document and literature relating to civil aviation safety in Indonesia. The commercial airlines has rapidly growth since the government stipulated the open air policy in 2000s. However, the fatal rate accident of aviation simultanously had recently and it made Indonesian airlines were banned by the European Union in 2007. Safety performance of Indonesian civil aviation has been concerned since then. Using international regime approach to assess the country's aviation performance based on the principle of International Civic Aviation Organization (ICAO), this study reveals that although generally the aviation management had already met the standard requirements, there are still several aspects that should be considered as drawbacks that might implicated the fatally accident in the future. This article found the parallel result of reexamination of aviation accident caused by human factor is related to the profile of accident rate toward the safety compliance indicator using International regime of ICAO. The article finally provides some recommendations: increasing safety compliance index and surveillance on the safety obligation, and an aviation policy restoration that includes safety and security components into a synergetic regulation package to achieve a proper safetytiness of Indonesian civic aviation.

Tackling uncertainties in aircraft maintenance routing: A review of emerging technologies

Aircraft maintenance routing (AMR) is crucial for both passenger airlines and cargo airlines to maintain flight operations efficiency, meanwhile it ensures that aircraft fulfill the civil aviation safety regulations in respect to maintenance checking. An optimal AMR solution can maximize the aircraft utilization for significantly increasing the airlines’ transport capacity and profitability. Therefore, extensive research works have been undertaken in this area. Traditionally, AMRs are optimized based on deterministic approaches. However, the theoretical optimality of the solution is usually difficult to achieve during practical operations due to disruptions arising from uncertainties. Thus, optimization of AMRs with uncertainty considerations has become more prevalent. More importantly, because of the maturity of technologies such as sensors nowadays, applications of these emerging technologies to tackle uncertainties have attracted much attention. Motivated by this, we conducted a critical review on AMR papers in handling uncertainties with emerging technologies. Currently, this is the first review in AMRs that contributes by systematically reviewing the emerging technologies in handling uncertainties in AMR. By reviewing 75 papers in the area, we have categorized the papers into four areas: uncertainty and robust solutions, big data and machine learning, smart technologies, and integrated information support systems. Based on the above, we also suggest some future research directions for researchers in the area.

Criminal responsibility for crimes against aviation transport safety: international legal approach

The article deals with crimes against air transport, which can be divided into two groups: seizures of aircraft and other crimes against civil aviation safety.
 The normative and legal definition of the classification of international crimes, disagreement in legal qualification and terminological definition of these crimes under the legislation of foreign states, as well as the lack of practical application of legal norms of conventions in combating international crimes, in part of the extradition, creates certain difficulties for the legislation. further extradition of persons hiding from investigation and court in a foreign state.
 In the crime of international character, similar to the internal state, the composition of the crime of international character is allocated, which is a set of objective and subjective features, based on which individuals attracted to criminal responsibility. But it should be noted that the elements of the crime of international character do not always coincide with elements of a crime in domestic criminal law.
 Basic normative acts aimed at providing aviation safety, operate on three levels: global level (International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), basic documents: Crimes Convention and some other acts committed on board aircraft (Tokyo, 1963) ; Convention on the fight against illegal capture of aircraft (GAAGA, 1971); Convention on the fight against illegal acts directed against the safety of civil aviation (Montreal, 1971); Protocol on the fight against acts of violence at airports serving civil aviation (Montreal, 1988, complements the Montreal Convention in 1971); Convention on the marking of plastic explosives in order to detect (Montreal, 1991); Convention on the fight against illegal acts concerning international civil aviation (Beijing, 2010) ; regional level (European Aviation Security Agency (EASA), European Civil Aviation Conference (ECAC), European and North Atlantic Bureau of ICAO (Paris), Found Documents - Politics of the European Civil Aviation Conference in Aviation Safety; National Level - State Aviation Administration (SAA), Basic Documents: Air Code of Ukraine of 19.05.2011, Law of Ukraine "On the State Program of Aviation Safety of Civil Aviation" dated 20.02.2003, Order of the Ministry of Transport and Communications of Ukraine No. 390 dated May 11, 2007, instructions for assessing the risk of security of civil aviation of Ukraine.

Optimization of work and rest modes of flight crew members in order to improve flight safety in civil aviation

Introduction. The researchers carried out the analysis of work and rest modes (WRM) according to the survey data of 667 pilots and the results of investigations of 83 aviation accidents (AA) that occurred in the Russian Federation with heavy aircraft (HA) weighing more than 5,700 kg for the period 2010-2021. We also considered the data of official statistics for the period from 2005 to September 2021. The obtained results indicate the facts of non-compliance with the work and rest modes (WRM), which may be one of the causes of aviation accidents (AA). In this regard, it is relevant to optimize the work and rest modes in order to improve flight safety in civil aviation and organize their stricter control. The study aims to assess the impact of the actual compliance with the WRM of the crew members of the Civil Aviation Aircraft (CAA) on the occurrence of aviation accidents and to develop proposals for their optimization and control. Materials and methods. The authors studied a compliance of work and rest modes based on the results of 667 online questionnaires developed on the basis of recommendations of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) on the introduction of a risk management system in airlines related to pilot fatigue, and data from 83 aviation accidents (AA) for the period from 2010 to 2020, presented in the reports of the Interstate Aviation Committee (IAC) on the results of the investigation the causes of their occurrence. When assessing the relevance of the topic, we considered the data of official statistics. Results. The data of the study indicate that in 18% of cases, one of the main causes of AA was non-compliance with WRM. Among the causes of aviation accidents, the following are important: exceeding the norms of flight time for a month (detected in 10% of cases) and for a year (up to 30%); insufficient preflight rest (46.5% of aircraft commanders and 7.4% of co-pilots); lack of full-fledged vacation for a year (32% of cases). In many cases the Researchers revealed several facts of different violations of work and res modes simultaneously. Data of online questionnaire survey confirm the high prevalence of severe fatigue among pilots: 44% rarely have time to rest between flights, 86% go on a night flight shift without having a full day's sleep. We determined the interrelations between the frequency of fatigue of pilots associated with various types of violations of WRM and the risk of air crashes: the prevalence of fatigue and the frequency of disasters increased with a decrease in the duration of pre-flight rest, an increase in vacation arrears and other factors from 1.2 to 2.1 times. Conclusion. The results of the study confirm the high significance of WRM disorders in the occurrence of aviation accidents (AA). The researchers compiled a comprehensive program to reduce accidents in air transport associated with violations of WRM and the development of fatigue among crew members. We have provided proposals to amend the current Regulations on WRM. Ethics. Authors carried out the study in accordance with the International Code of Medical Ethics (1949) and the provisions of the Helsinki Declaration adopted by the World Medical Association (1964). When conducting an online questionnaire survey, before the start of the study, we have introduced all participants with the methodology of its conduct, associated risks and signed an informed voluntary consent.

Prevalence of cataract among Australian commercial airline pilots

Because little is known about cataract in pilots, we estimated prevalence by anonymously ascertaining all commercial airline pilots diagnosed with cataract 2011–2016 using the electronic Medical Records System of the Australian Civil Aviation Safety Authority. Of 14,163 Australian male commercial pilots licensed in 2011, 1286 aged ≥60 had biennial eye examinations showing a cataract prevalence of 11.6%. Among 12,877 pilots aged <60, based on compulsory eye examinations only when first licensed, prevalence was 0.5%. There was no significant difference by ambient ultraviolet (UV) radiation levels in state of residence though lowest prevalence was seen in the low-UV state of Victoria. Most cataract in pilots ≥60 years was bilateral and of mild severity, while cataract in pilots <60 were more likely to be unilateral and of greater severity.

Responsibility of Airline For Civil Aviation Safety For Dangerous Materials and Goods in Aircraft

Air transportation is an aviation system that involves many parties. Implementation of aviation safety needs to be implemented in all sectors. This journal aimed to find out whether the cargo of hazardous materials or goods was meant, how the duties and obligations of airlines to the safety of civil aviation for hazardous materials and goods in aircraft, and how the airline's responsibility to the safety of civil aviation for materials and dangerous goods in the aircraft. The type of research in this journal was normative legal research. The approach in this journal writing used the approach of law (statue approach). The results showed that the Minister of Transportation Regulation No. 77 of 2011 Chapter II on the type of air transport accountability and the amount of compensation. Article 2 says carriers using aircraft shall be liable for losses to: Passengers dying, permanently disfigured or injured; Lost and damaged cabin baggage; Destroyed, or destroyed checked baggage; Destroyed, or damaged cargo; Air freight delays and losses suffered by third parties. Therefore the responsibility of airline in this case the airline is to start up to the downing of aircraft passengers

Analisis Numerik Pengaruh Gasket pada Windshield Pesawat Komuter 19 Penumpang Terhadap Fenomena Bird Strike

Aircraft are currently quite popular transportation, due to its ability to utilize air space as a flight path, so that it can be efficient in mileage. To support the safety of airplane passengers, every component on the aircraft must pass the test. One of them in the aircraft windshields that are prone to collisions with other objects. In accordance with the regulations in the Civil Aviation Safety Regulation (CASR) the windshield must withstand the impact load of a 0,91 kg bird. In this simulation, the material shape of the bird uses the EOS Tabular type. For modeling windshields, frame¸ gaskets and birds use a general method for solid materials, namely the Lagrangian method. Rubber used as gasket material with mooney rivlin for modeling material behavior. the polymethyl methacrylate and aluminum alloy 7075 T6 material is used in the windshield and frame. Numerical modeling is validated using analytical results. The gasket thickness of 2 mm produces the most optimum energy absorption. The use of gaskets on the windshield does not have a significant effect on the windshield because the gasket on average is only able to absorb 5% of the total energy absorbed by all windshield parts. The collision parameter that produces the greatest failure occurs at a speed of 87,5 m/s with -15o angle. The area that is most prone to material failure is in the area of the upper bolt hole.

Міжнародно-правове регулювання забезпечення авіаційної безпеки: стан та перспективи розвитку в рамках загального теоретичного дослідження

The article deals with crimes against air transport, which can be divided into two groups: seizures of aircraft and other crimes against civil aviation safety. The normative and legal definition of the classification of international crimes, disagreement in legal qualification and terminological definition of these crimes under the legislation of foreign states, as well as the lack of practical application of legal norms of conventions in combating international crimes, in part of the extradition, creates certain difficulties for the legislation. further extradition of persons hiding from investigation and court in a foreign state. In the crime of international character, similar to the internal state, the composition of the crime of international character is allocated, which is a set of objective and subjective features, based on which individuals attracted to criminal responsibility. But it should be noted that the elements of the crime of international character do not always coincide with elements of a crime in domestic criminal law. Basic normative acts aimed at providing aviation safety, operate on three levels: global level (International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), basic documents: Crimes Convention and some other acts committed on board aircraft (Tokyo, 1963) ; Convention on the fight against illegal capture of aircraft (GAAGA, 1971); Convention on the fight against illegal acts directed against the safety of civil aviation (Montreal, 1971); Protocol on the fight against acts of violence at airports serving civil aviation (Montreal, 1988, complements the Montreal Convention in 1971); Convention on the marking of plastic explosives in order to detect (Montreal, 1991); Convention on the fight against illegal acts concerning international civil aviation (Beijing, 2010) ; regional level (European Aviation Security Agency (EASA), European Civil Aviation Conference (ECAC), European and North Atlantic Bureau of ICAO (Paris), Found Documents – Politics of the European Civil Aviation Conference in Aviation Safety; National Level – State Aviation Administration (SAA), Basic Documents: Air Code of Ukraine of 19.05.2011, Law of Ukraine “On the State Program of Aviation Safety of Civil Aviation” dated 20.02.2003, Order of the Ministry of Transport and Communications of Ukraine No. 390 dated May 11, 2007, instructions for assessing the risk of security of civil aviation of Ukraine.

Back to Air in Disarray?: Disparity in Practices and Interpretations on ADIZs Disrupting the Safety of Civil Aviation

The interconnectivity of civil aviation has been long praised with the success of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) in harmonizing navigation standards and procedures, along with the utilization of Flight Information Regions (FIRs). However, continuing geopolitical tensions with different implementations of Air Defense Identification Zones (ADIZs) have belittled the technical achievement. Among different State practices, some ADIZs have expanded beyond territorial airspace and even overlapped with other FIRs, requiring overflying air- craft to submit flight plans and abide by procedures separate or in addition to air traffic control obligations. The purpose of this Article is to review the ongoing political tensions that are common in issues with ADIZs beyond territorial airspace and to explore different legal schemes put forth by States. While there is no prevailing rule of law that defines the scope and procedure of ADIZs, this Article further revisits the due regard principle under international law and State practices beyond territorial airspace. Due to its reciprocal characteristic, this principle does not solely advocate for the coastal State to arbitrarily put limitations on the freedom of flight beyond its territorial airspace. Rather, the established FIRs have already given considerable certainty and accountability to the overflown State, where the principle also directs both the overflying and overflown States to actively engage in communication and practices involving liaisons. This principle envisions regional confidence-building measures on aerial communication and the technical leadership of ICAO to support these States in reducing the relational gap and facilitating civil–military cooperation.

Improving the coordination capabilities of air transport control specialists as a condition for the safety of civil aviation

The article substantiates the role of special exercises as a means of improving actions to achieve a coordinated solution to the problems of teaching physical exercises and developing coordination abilities (CAb) of students of universities of civil aviation (CA). This is the purpose of creating the basic foundations for effective preparation for future professional activities in the CA. In this study, we used a methodology for the development of specialized coordination qualities, which involves the systematic and consistent application of exercises using sports training methods and the creation on this basis of complex forms of managerial actions. We have also sought to take into account the role of the following subjective factors: 1) the need for the presence of the so-called active readiness (readiness to perform actions adequate to the "unexpectedly" arising events of flight activities); 2) the individual inclination of the future specialist to the way of solving operational problems in difficult situations. In the process of research, the effectiveness of the organization of training sessions using motor actions of a coordination nature was substantiated and experimentally proved.

Application and Prospect of Virtual Reality Technology in Civil Aviation Safety Management

Application and Prospect of Virtual Reality Technology in Civil Aviation Safety Management

Does Deterioration of Aerodromes’ Economic Situation Influence the Level of Safety in Civil Aviation? What Can Be Done to Prevent It in Line with a Sustainable Transport Systems Approach?

Aviation has been one of the key engines of the globalization process and, at the same, time one of the industries most affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the parallel economic crisis. As safety seems to be the key issue at aerodromes, the aim of this article is to analyze what kind of safety hazards have the coronavirus slowdown created and which of them pose the greatest risk for aerodrome safety in the long run. What is more, the goal of the paper is to direct managers’ attention to proper crisis management in line with sustainability. The main findings are that all classified hazards cause, according to an expert’s assessment, similar safety risk at aerodromes, though limited workforce training and development are perceived as posing the greatest risk. The recommended solution to minimize the occurrence of the hazard is proactive risk management, which means that managers try to anticipate possible hazards in advance and act accordingly, which requires continual controlling combined with internal and external environment analysis and a consistent learning process. That should be accompanied by constant staff development. All these seem to effectively minimize most risks and make ground for a sustainable and safe transport system.

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Abstract. Objective (research objective). The purpose � on the basis of the analysis of results of general theoretical and branch researches, normative-legal base on a research subject to define problems of regulation of the international air transportations of passengers and ways of improvement of the legislation. Methods.The main methods are used, including the following: comparative law method, method of deduction and induction, method of system analysis. Results. In general, summarizing the above, we can conclude that the national legislation of Ukraine, which provides for the legal regulation of international air transport of passengers still needs to be improved. In particular, solutions at the legislative level require problems of imperfect legal regulation of the safety mechanism, as well as the inconsistency of information safety in modern conditions, which complicates the timely decision-making to prevent emergencies. Scientific novelty. In particular, solutions at the legislative level require problems of imperfect legal regulation of the safety mechanism, as well as the inconsistency of information safety in modern conditions, which complicates the timely decision-making to prevent emergencies. First of all, it is necessary to create a single center for collecting and analyzing events in civil aviation, which will allow to make the optimal decision in case of an incident or an act of illegal intervention. Practical significance. First of all, it is necessary to establish a single center for collection and analysis of events in civil aviation, which will allow to make the optimal decision in case of an incident or an act of illegal intervention. which "ways to solve existing problems in the field of aviation safety are: - implementation of state policy in the field of aviation safety, taking into account the State Program of Aviation Safety of Civil Aviation, approved by the Law of Ukraine of March 21, 2017 � 1965-VIII, its implementation by aviation entities in accordance with Annex 17 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation; - the establishment of a single center for the collection and analysis of events in civil aviation to make the best decision in the event of an incident or an act of unlawful interference. Key words: international air transportation, passenger safety, safety of aircraft use, international agreements, national legislation, international law, ways to improve domestic legislation in the field of air passenger transport, main sources of regulation of activities in the field of air passenger transportation.

A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (SMS) IN AVIATION WITH A FOCUS ON THE SAFETY LEVEL

Safety is generally characterised as the state of being “safe”, the condition of being protected from harm or other non-desirable consequences. One effective way of achieving it is to implement a safety management system (SMS). SMS should be seen as an aggregate strategic aspect of standard business management, understanding its high priority to safety. This article describes and illustrates SMS in aviation, focusing on the similarities and differences in the system approaches adopted by selected Civil Aviation Authorities (CAAs) with the primary focus on the safety level. The main goal is to provide a structural comparison of the system framework within individual CAAs and its explanation in safety-related documents. This article also dealt with the chosen safety approach (reactive, proactive and predictive) and safety performance indicators (SPIs), forming a quality and effective safety system that maintains an acceptable safety level. Finally, this article is mainly based on datasets publicly available through the International Civil Aviation Organisation, Transport Canada, Civil Aviation Safety Authority Australia, Federal Aviation Administration, UK Civil Aviation Authority, Civil Aviation Administration of China and Civil Aviation Authority of New Zealand websites and documentation related to safety.