City Master Research Articles

Mainstreaming Climate Change Adaptation Planning in Tanzania’s City’s Master Plans. A Critical Review

Climate change and its impacts continue to affect urban areas globally. Apparently, despite the existence of international, regional, and national climate change development policies, city authorities in low and middle-income countries are daunting about the consideration of climate change in their undertakings. This paper explores mainstreaming climate change adaptation planning in the city's master plans of low and middle incomes developing countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. Specifically, the paper assesses the extent of the integration of climate change adaptation planning in the city's development processes. Results of the study indicate that city authorities have not adequately considered climate change in their planning process because of multiple factors including institutional, financial, and technical capacity which seem to jeopardize long-term resilience to climate change

Перспективы развития лесопаркового защитного пояса Москвы

The article considers the forest-park protective belt (FPPB) of Moscow and briefly out­lines the stages of the development of the concept of the forest-park belt and the FPPB of Mos­cow in accordance with the city's master development plans. To assess its current state, a system of indicators is proposed, based on which an integrated index is calculated. A detailed analysis of the indicators and the integrated index has been conducted, allowing for the identi­fication of three most probable scenarios for the further development of different parts of the forest-park protective belt of Moscow.

ON THE QUESTION OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF CONCEPTS FOR THE REVIVAL OF THE CITIES OF UKRAINE IN THE POST-WAR PERIOD

The work deals with the development of an urban planning concept for the revival of Ukrainian cities in the post-war period. The importance of the work is determined by the urgent need for the country to quickly overcome the devastating consequences of Russian aggression and further development. An algorithm of actions for updating the master plan of a city that has suffered destruction in conditions of uncertainty is presented. The content of research procedures to achieve the goal of the work, which are based on the "design-thinking" methodology, is disclosed.
 Thus, it is possible to obtain a general urban planning conceptual model of the city's revival after the end of the war, worthy of discussion, and also capable of changing its parameters depending on new refined data. Such a model will help to clearly demonstrate the consequences of changing the parameters of its subsystems. It is an effective tool for updating the city's master plan, as well as a special information base for investors.
 It is planned to involve architectural students of the master's level of training and postgraduate students of the department in the development of this conceptual model. This will make it possible to replenish the ranks of qualified urban planners with young specialists. 
 The presented method of developing an urban planning concept for the restoration of the city of Kharkiv, as an algorithm of research actions, can be applied to other cities of Ukraine.

Analysis of urban parameters via geoprocessing as a basis for city's master plans: the case of Ribeirão da Neves city/ MG – Brazil

PurposeThe intention of this work is to generate a tool to facilitate the visualization of urban parameters, critically discussing the current form of urban planning in Brazil and thus facilitate popular participation in decisions, considering that since 2001, it is foreseen by law that the elaboration processes of municipal urban plans in Brazil must have popular participation in order to be legitimized.Design/methodology/approachThe method consists of three-dimensionally modeling the constructive potential within the lots, using the parameters of the Ribeirão das Neves city master plan (State of Minas Gerais, Brazil), using computer software, to predict the impact on landscape that the parameters generate and comparing different software programs.FindingsWith the proposed tool, it became clear that many of the city's parameters alone cannot reach the guidelines of the master plan, and the comparison of two software programs generated options for different local realities. It is a methodology that is able to provide excellent support for urban planning laws in Brazil to be more effective and less delayed.Originality/valueThe software was configured with a script developed by the Geoprocessing Laboratory of a university in Brazil and was used for the first time to completely analyze a municipal master plan for the metropolitan region of Belo Horizonte, generating a tool able to be used in master plans' review.

Work, housing, and urban mobility in the megacity of São Paulo, Brazil

Urban mobility conditions play a main role in shaping inequalities in megacities. In the municipality of São Paulo, work-related trips take 62% longer, are 100% more lengthy and 25% more motorized compared to other reasons. The objective of this work is to quantitatively assess the city's master plan guidelines which encourage the decrease in the job-housing distance, through the creation of local job offers in the suburbs to effectively decrease the commuting time of the suburban population. The analysis was carried out using a specific spatial regression model (the Spatial Error Durbin Model), using data from an extensive origin-destination survey. Results show that an increase in 10% in local job offers in a 7-km radius buffer in São Paulo would decrease the mean distance travelled in about 5.2%, which would be particularly beneficial for the suburban areas. This highlights the importance of incorporating the spatial planning of land use within transport planning in a megacity environment. Therefore, policymakers should consider strategies to bring housing and jobs closer as means to not only decrease transport inequities, but also to mitigate pollutant emissions, health burdens and economic losses, leading to overall improvements in quality of life. With the growing trend in remote work imposed by the pandemic, it will be necessary to improve our understanding of the relationship between employment and urban mobility conditions.

Diagnóstico qualiquantitativo da arborização urbana da cidade de Monte Alegre, Pará, Brasil

Foi realizado o levantamento das condições da arborização urbana da cidade de Monte Alegre, cidade paraense que não dispõe de Plano Diretor, faltando assim um planejamento de arborização e um diagnóstico sistematizado. O diagnóstico qualiquantitativo das espécies foi realizado com a utilização de planilhas estruturadas, identificando-se benefícios e problemas relacionados aos seus plantios. Foram identificadas 2.938 plantas de 64 espécies, distribuídas em 56 gêneros e 25 famílias botânicas. A espécie mais frequente foi o Ipê-amarelo (Handroanthus serratifolius (Vahl.) S.O. Grose), com 312 espécimes que representa 10,6% das árvores da cidade. A família botânica Fabaceae foi a mais representativa com 11 espécies (17,2%) e a mais numerosa com 518 indivíduos (17,6%). Identificou-se que (14,4%) das árvores apresentam conflitos com a fiação elétrica, (4%) apresentam conflitos com a iluminação pública e (1,7%) com a sinalização de trânsito. Constatou-se ainda grande diversidade de espécies presentes nas vias públicas, as quais podem ter sido plantadas por parte da Prefeitura Municipal de Monte Alegre, bem como pela ação da população. Diante disso, considera-se indispensável o planejamento da arborização urbana e a realização de um Plano Diretor no município, prevendo critérios e técnicas adequadas de plantios e manutenções, para, assim, possibilitar a efetivação dos benefícios esperados.

Floor area density and land uses for efficient district cooling systems in high-density cities

Floor area density and land uses are two fundamental parameters of a city's master plan. Both affect the spatial and temporal distribution of the cooling demand in a district. This work studies how floor area density and land use impact the efficiency of district cooling systems in high-density cities and quantifies the impact using five cost indicators. We use the street layout plan of a district of downtown Singapore to generate hundreds of designs by varying density and land uses using Rhino/Grasshopper and the quasi-Monte Carlo Saltelli sampler. Five independent input variables are used for the sampling. The three land uses featured are residential, office, and retail. We assess the cost performance of the district cooling systems for each sample using an urban energy simulation program tool, the City Energy Analyst (CEA). To identify the effects of each design variable on the capital and operational costs of district cooling systems, we perform the Sobol' sensitivity analysis. We find that the district land use ratio is the most dominant parameter, followed by the spatial distribution of density, whereas the spatial distribution of land uses has less influence. Urban planners and designers may use the results of this study of floor area density and land use when designing districts of high-density cities serviced by district cooling systems.

Neoliberal planning, master plan adjustment and overbuilding in China: The case of Ordos City

This article applies the concept of “neoliberal planning” in China to explore the interactions between planning, especially master plan adjustments, and overbuilding in Ordos City. The results show that Ordos City's master plans have been deregulated and adjusted to facilitate and cater to, rather than to contain and regulate, the frenetic real estate development since the early 2000s, which eventually led to overbuilding and a collapsed real estate market. The findings display a dynamic and mutually reinforcing mechanism between neoliberal planning practices and the real estate boom in Ordos. Moreover, overbuilding has in turn nurtured a more rational and socio-environmentally inclusive mode of planning in Ordos City, as evidenced in the 2015 revision of the Ordos City Master Plan. This article also reveals the legal and institutional instabilities of China's master plans and suggests a transformation toward a more socio-environmentally inclusive approach to planning, with conscientious governance to ensure sustainability. This article adds insights to the underexplored, evolving interactions between neoliberal planning practices and development reality in the existing neoliberal planning literature, and it also contributes to neoliberal planning studies under authoritarian regimes. It argues that strong state capacity can function as a double-edged sword for promoting/tackling neoliberal planning. Finally, we call for more theoretical and empirical inquiries on neoliberal planning in China.

Planning and Design Techniques of Tourism Complexes in the Process of the City's Master Planning

Planning and Design Techniques of Tourism Complexes in the Process of the City's Master Planning

Arborização viária e sua relação com a infraestrutura urbana em Almenara, MG, Brasil

Afforestation promotes environmental benefits, but a lack of planning can promote urban conflicts. This research evaluated afforestation and diagnosed the possible conflicts between trees and urban infrastructure in eight neighborhoods of Almenara, MG. Conflicts with the power grid, building, and the traffic of people and vehicles were identified. There were 2,038 trees belonging to 61 species, 61% exotic. The most uncomfortable situations for urban mobility were trees positioned on the street bed (56%), sidewalks with a width of less than 1.90 m (74%), and an average height of the first fork below 1.80 m, among others. It was observed that the population needs guidance regarding their participation in the management of the city's trees. Thus, this diagnosis may help support the review of the city's Master Plan and the creation of a future urban afforestation management plan in the municipality.

Roles of past, present, and future land use and anthropogenic heat release changes on urban heat island effects in Hanoi, Vietnam: Numerical experiments with a regional climate model

This study investigates the roles of land-use cover (LUC) and anthropogenic heat (AH) on the past, present, and future urban heat island (UHI) effect over the megapolitan area of Hanoi, Vietnam. We use a dynamical downscaling method with a regional climate model coupled with an urban canopy scheme to run sensitivity simulations with LUC and AH data from 1990, 2010, and 2030. The LUC data in 1990 and 2010 are derived from remote sensing data, whereas the LUC data for 2030 come from the city's master plan. The AH data are estimated from past and projected energy-use conditions. The results show that the LUC-AH coupled changes during 2010–2030 will have much greater impact on the local UHI effect than those during 1990–2010. In the urban-core area, the monthly mean surface air temperature in July is predicted to increase by 0.7 °C by 2030, double the increase of 0.35 °C during 1990–2010. We show that the temperature increase during 1990–2010 is mostly due to the change in LUC conditions, but the increase in the future AH will contribute 30–50% to the total temperature increase in the urban areas.

Evolutionary Development of the Master Plan of Russian Fortresses, for Example, the City of Orenburg

The article analyzes and establishes the main features of the planning development of the strategically important for Russia city of Orenburg, located on the border of the country with Kazakhstan and serving as an outpost since its foundation in the middle of the XVIII century. The author outlines the characteristic features of the evolution of the city's master plans: all city plans (from the middle of the eighteenth to the beginning of the 19th century) were considered, development of town-planning principles of classicism, which became the basis for further development of the city, continues to this day.

Baltimore: Strategic Energy Planning In Charm City

ABSTRACTThe Baltimore City government's energy vision includes a future where clean, reliable, and affordable energy fuels all of our city operations and community. To achieve this vision, the Department of Public Works' Office of Sustainable Energy (OSE) created a Strategic Energy Management Plan (Energy Plan). This plan sets long term goals and lays out strategies for a financially healthy and environmentally stable city government. Baltimore is pursuing this strategy with a specialized energy team of project managers, energy auditors, engineers, accountants, and financial analysts, whose projects cut across agencies and finds the right combination of quick return on investment and essential capital investments.OSE's model is distinct for a mid-size city. Funding sources include fees for service to agency customers, grants, and financing with the city's Master Lease program. The fee for service model puts a dollar value on OSE's expertise and ties energy savings to our projects. OSE is involved from pro...

ODA 사업으로서 도시 마스터플랜 수립 사업의운영방식 개선에 관한 연구

본 연구는 국제개발협력사업 중 도시의 마스터플랜 수립 사업에 대하여 경제적 효과를 제고하기 위한 개선 방안을 도출하는 것을 그 목적으로 한다. 본 연구를 위하여 KOICA의 최초 도시 마스터플랜 수립 사업인 베트남 하이퐁 신도시개발 프로젝트와 가장 최근 사업인 후에시 마스터플랜 개선사업이 활용되었다. 사례 연구 결과 두 프로젝트 모두 베트남 법정계획으로 반영되는 등 성공적으로 수행되었으나, 후에 프로젝트의 경우에만 후속 사업으로 연결되었다는 것을 발견할 수 있었다. 분석 결과, 프로젝트 참여자들의 ODA 사업에 대한 이해 정도, 베트남 지역 및 중앙 정부와의 관계 개선 노력, 그리고 프로젝트의 주요 목적의 차이가 중요한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 다음으로 ODA 사업의 경제적 효과 제고를 위한 전문가 심층 인터뷰 결과 크게 네 가지 중요 고려 사항을 도출할 수 있었다. 첫째, 과업 초기부터 후속 사업에 대한 적극적인 발굴과 검토가 중요하며, 둘째, 연구책임자의 ODA 사업에 대한 경험 및 이해 정도가 중요하며, 셋째, 수원국과의 밀접한 관계 형성에 힘써야 하고, 마지막으로 KOICA의 적극적 자세와 지원이 중요한 것으로 나타났다. 【This study aims to find out the better management plan for city master plannning as an ODA to accomplish the economic effect. For this study, the Hai Phong New Town Development Project and the Modification of Hue City's Master Plan were studied. The result of the case study shows that there was difference between the two projects which was the status of following projects. While those two projects were highly acclaimed, only Hue project had several projects. This is because of the understanding degree on ODA project of participants, the distinct characteristics of the recipient country; Vietnamese local and central government, and the difference of each project's main purpose. And the result of FGI shows that to accomplish economic effects of master planning project as ODA, the enthusiastic approach to find out following project from the beginning step of the master planning, the experience of project manager on ODA, the close association with the recipient country, and the positive support from the Koica especially, the local office were crucial.】

Cota de solidariedade: comparando políticas entre cidades Norte Americanas e São Paulo

O seguinte artigo expõe como se deu a implementação do instrumento de Cota de Solidariedade tanto nas cidades dos Estados Unidos da América quanto em São Paulo. Por meio deste artigo procura-se demonstrar as diferenças e similaridades entre os programas de Inclusionary Zoning americanos, vigentes desde a década de 1970, e a recente aplicação do instrumento da Cota de Solidariedade em São Paulo por meio do Plano Diretor da cidade aprovado em Julho de 2014. Buscou-se também entender os sucessos e falhas das estratégias, e as características que tornaram algumas experiências mais eficazes do que outras, através de analises do histórico americano de enfrentamento da questão, de estudos sobre determinados planos de algumas cidades americanas e da elaboração da lei paulistana. Entendendo o quadro urbano brasileiro como um cenário antagônico, em que a efetividade dos instrumentos urbanísticos muitas vezes fica subordinada aos interesses da sociedade de elite, o artigo busca uma análise crítica e construtiva da incorporação da Cota de Solidariedade ao novo Plano Diretor, através das experiências estudadas, das repercussões da lei, da avaliação das posições tomadas na implantação desse instrumento e seus possíveis sucessos e falhas na aplicação paulistana, cujos resultados serão concretos nos anos que virão.

北京城市景观格局时空变化及驱动力

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 北京城市景观格局时空变化及驱动力 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201409231882 作者: 作者单位: 北京市城市规划设计研究院 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家自然科学基金(41101540) Spatiotemporal change and driving forces of urban landscape pattern in Beijing Author: Affiliation: Beijng Municipal Institute of City Planning Design Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:2004-2020年城市总体规划以来,北京经历了快速的城市化发展期,城市景观格局发生了很大变化。采用TM遥感影像为信息源,通过RS解译建立了2003、2007和2011年北京市土地利用覆盖空间数据,利用Fragstats对景观格局特征指数进行了计算和分析,分别从全市域和六环内城市化典型地区两个尺度研究了北京市城市景观格局时空变化特征,结合社会经济、城市总体规划和城市发展政策因素,分析了北京城市景观格局变化的驱动力因素。研究结果表明,过去近10年,市域景观特征发生了深刻变化,建设用地保持较快的增长速度,其比例由15.0%上升至18.0%,相反耕地面积比例由21.3%下降至18.8%。林地一直是市域的优势景观类型,比例维持在51%以上。而六环内城市化典型地区的景观变化更加明显,建设用地比例增加近10%,是六环地区的优势景观类型,耕地比例相应减少10%。建设用地的增长主要以耕地占用为主。景观格局指数的分析表明,大尺度和小尺度的景观格局变化表现出不同的特征,市域大尺度建设用地斑块破碎化程度高,景观蔓延度、聚合度下降,景观多样性增加;而小尺度六环内的建设用地斑块破碎化趋势降低,景观蔓延度和聚合度上升,但景观多样性下降迅速。大小两个尺度的景观空间形态均表现出复杂性增加的趋势。通过景观格局变化的驱动因素分析,人口规模的增加、产业结构调整、城市总体规划的实施以及城市发展政策的变化是导致景观格局变化的主要因素。 Abstract:Beijing has experienced rapid urbanization after the last city's master planning (2004-2020), and the city's landscape pattern has changed greatly in spatial and temporal scale. During the rapid urbanization process, the city occupied huge amounts of open spaces and agricultural land, which changed the distribution and constituents of landscape that impacted the ecosystem services, and resulted in series of eco-environmental problems. Based on the Landsat TM images of 2003, 2007 and 2011 as spatial data, under the supporting of RS and GIS tools and Fragstats software, we analyzed the change characteristics of urban landscape pattern during these years. Combined with social and economic statistical data, city's master planning (2004-2020) and urban management policies, we aim to find the driving forces of landscape pattern change. The results showed that the city's landscape pattern changed significantly from 2003 to 2011. The urban construction land increased from 15.0% to 18.0%, and the cultivated land decreased from 21.3% to 18.8% conversely. The forest land is the dominated landscape type and its area proportion is kept up 51% during the study period. In the extent of 6th ring road which is typical urbanized area, the construction land increased by 10% but the cultivated land decreased by 10% correspondingly during the study period. The construction land remained as the dominated landscape type. The landscape pattern within the 6th ring road area is different from the whole city, but there is a common phenomenon that the increased construction land were at the cost of disappeared cultivated lands. The landscape metrics analysis revealed that the construction land has high degree of patches fragmentation in landscape class level at city scale, and at landscape level, the landscape's contagion and aggregation were declined, but the landscape diversity was increased. However, there are different results in scale of the 6th ring road extent, the construction land has low degree of patches fragmentation in landscape class level, the landscape's contagion and aggregation increased but landscape diversity declined rapidly in landscape level. Nevertheless the complexity of landscape spatial shape increased at both scales. Driving forces analysis revealed that increasing population, urban industry regulation, implementation of city's master planning and local city's development policies are the main factors that cause the change of city's landscape pattern. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

A CARTOGRAFIA NO AUXILIO DO PLANEJAMENTO TERRITORIAL URBANO DO MUNICIPIO DE GARANHUNS-PE

The following paper aims to present cartographic information produced to aid the management of the urban area of Garanhuns, in interior of Pernambuco, a distance of 228 km from the capital, Recife. Remote sensing has as one of its principles, agility and objectivity in obtaining data and images and can be used in urban planning, considering a lot of information to be processed, analyzed and integrated. Satellite images, available by INPE and Google earth, which were treated with the software ARCGIS 10.2.2, aiming to improve the visualization and representation of the images were used. The production of a base map of the municipality of Garanhuns, aided by information provided by the IBGE, allow us a better understanding of the urban area, where as the processes of development and identifying the strengths and limitations of urban use, comprising thus significant results for management and improvement of the city 's Master Plan of the city.

2003~2011年夏季北京城市热景观变化特征及分析

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 2003-2011年夏季北京城市热景观变化特征 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201212141801 作者: 作者单位: 北京市城市规划设计研究院,中国科学院生态环境研究中心,北京市城市规划设计研究院 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目（41101540，71273254） Characteristic change and analysis of urban heat island in Beijing, China, Summer, 2003-2011 Author: Affiliation: Beijing Municipal Institute of City Planning and Design,, Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:自北京城市总体规划（2004-2020年）以来，城市化快速发展，强烈的人类活动改变了城市的热环境。基于2003年、2007年和2011年夏季同时期的TM遥感卫星影像，采用遥感反演地温的方法，运用RS、GIS以及景观分析工具，对北京城市六环内的热场和热岛变化特征进行了分析。分析结果表明，2003-2011年北京城市六环内的热场分布特征发生了很大变化，2003年城市各环线内的植被覆盖度最低，但是夏季城市的地表辐射亮温分布差异相对较小，热岛特征也并不十分明显，随着城市建设规模扩大和用能的增加，到2011年，尽管城市植被覆盖度提高很快，但城市和城郊的温差达到最大，城市热岛在不断增强，热场向城市中心集聚趋势明显。通过城市热岛等级类型的景观指数分析表明，2011年的高等级的热岛斑块分布范围和强度都明显提高，而且城市五环内高等级的热岛范围基本连成一片。由于城市人类活动的加剧各热岛等级斑块的形状更加复杂。在景观水平上的分析显示，2007年的热景观斑块类型多，在六环内的分布均匀，破碎化程度高，至2011年，景观斑块的蔓延度逐渐下降，低等级的热岛斑块优势度逐渐降低。研究结论可以为城市管理决策部门制定有效的热岛效应缓解措施提供理论依据。 Abstract:Urban heat island phenomenon describes the excess warmth of the urban atmosphere and surfaces compared to the non-urbanized rural surroundings. Urbanization process occupied amounts of open spaces, especially agricultural land and green space, which changes the natural land surface features into impervious lands such as buildings and paved lands. In addition, the population increases due to urbanization resulted in the increases of energy consumption. These factors impacted the urban thermal environment. Since the last City's Master Planning (2004-2020), Beijing experienced rapid urbanization, and the city expanded in larger-scale and population increased so much, which had effects on the pattern of urban heat island. Based on the landsat TM images of 2003, 2007 and 2011, we are trying to analysis the urban thermal environmental characteristics during these years. The results will support the city environmental management. Applying the method of retrieval of land surface temperature and using the tools of RS, GIS and Fragstats, The thermal environment and heat island changes in Beijing was analyzed. The results showed that at the extent of inner city sixth ring road in 2003, although the urban plant cover is the lowest among the three years, the urban heat island is not apparent because of the thermal differences between urban and rural are little. The high temperature areas are mainly distributed outside of southern third ring road and northern fifth ring road. The Fengtai and Daxin districts, and the Changpin and Shunyi districts, and inner old city core around Tiananmen Square. is also featured by high temperature. With the urban sprawling and and increases of city's energy consumption, urban heat island intensity increases. In 2007, the mean temperature is highest at every ring road among three years, and the high thermal areas was located evenly inside the study area. In 2011, within sixth ring road, the plant cover is 38.9%. In spite of the urban plant cover was improved much more than ever, the thermal differences between urban and rural areas is magnified, the maximum and minimum land surface temperature difference reaches to 29.1K, and in the centre of city, the heat island is very apparent. The analysis results of landscape metrics showed that in 2007, there is a high degree of heat island landscape fragmentation. In 2011, the patches number and extent of high-level heat island increased much more than before. Furthermore, within inner fifth ring road, the high level heat island patches connected each other. Because of urban expanded, the shape of heat island patches become more complicated, the dominance of low-level heat island patches decreased, which are important for mitigating urban heat island. Some suggestions for urban planners and natural resources managers were given on mitigating the impact of urban development on heat island. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Public knowledge based online participation system for ubiquitous-city (U-city)

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