City University Of New York Research Articles

A Letter from the Museum Reviews Editor

A Letter from the Museum Reviews Editor

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Previous article FreeContributorsPDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmailQR Code SectionsMoreJingyang Huang (黄靖洋) is a PhD candidate in the Division of Social Science at Hong Kong University of Science and Technology. His research interests include comparative political economy, Chinese politics, especially local development and government-business relations in China. His dissertation is about China’s security-industrial complex.Enshen Li (李恩深) is senior lecturer at the School of Law, The University of Queensland. His research interests lie primarily in the fields of criminal justice, criminology and sociolegal studies, with a special focus on criminal law and punishment in China. He is the author of Punishment in Contemporary China: Its Evolution, Development and Change (2018) and has published in British Journal of Criminology, Law & Social Inquiry, Social & Legal Studies, Terrorism and Political Violence, and Columbia Journal of Asian Law, among others.Susan McCarthy is professor of political science and program director of Asian & Asian American studies at Providence College in Rhode Island. Her research focuses on the politics of religion and ethnicity in contemporary China.Yuan Teng (滕媛) is assistant professor in the Faculty of Education, Central China Normal University. Her research focuses on sociology of education, rural education, and rural community development in China.Kellee S. Tsai (蔡欣怡) is dean of humanities and social science and chair professor of social science at Hong Kong University of Science and Technology. Her research interests include the political economy of contemporary China, subnational development, informal institutions, and reverse migration in China and India. Recent publications include a coedited volume, Evolutionary Governance in China: State-Society Relations under Authoritarianism (2021), and articles in China Quarterly, Journal of Contemporary China, Politics & Society, Studies in Comparative and International Development, and World Development.Dan Wang (王丹) is associate professor in the Faculty of Education at the University of Hong Kong. She has expertise in the sociology of education. Her current research focuses on issues of education and community development in rural China.Yinxian Zhang (张尹霰) is assistant professor of sociology at Queens College in the City University of New York (CUNY). Her research focuses on political opinion, ideology, and the online public sphere in both authoritarian and non-authoritarian settings. Previous article DetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The China Journal Volume 88July 2022 Published on behalf of the Australian Centre on China in the World at the Australian National University Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/721029 Views: 243Total views on this site © 2022 The Australian National University. All rights reserved.PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

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National data sets and calculating percentile ranks: A guide for benchmarking library collection spending

National data sets can be used by a librarian to compare library collection (materials) spending to that of similar schools, even if the librarian has little or no experience in statistics or database management tools. Percentile rank is a simple descriptive statistic that provides a way to present data with maximum impact on faculty and administrators who make funding decisions. Librarians must combine knowledge of their local circumstances with a basic understanding of the structure of the datasets. The article will focus on step-by-step methodologies, illustrated as they were used at the College of Staten Island, City University of New York. While the examples used were budgetary, similar methodologies can be used to compare library services between various institutions.

Sudha Setty named dean of CUNY school of law

Attorney Sudha Setty is excited to return to New York City, where she attended Columbia Law School and started her legal career. Having been in academic law since 2006 and dean of Western New England University School of Law in Massachusetts since 2018, Setty had not envisioned a return to NYC, but the opportunity to lead a public interest law school proved irresistible. As of July 1, she will be the dean of the CUNY (City University of New York) School of Law, New York City's only publicly funded law school.

Bass and Voice: Sheila Jordan Discusses Race, Class, and the Emergence of Her Concept

Sheila Jordan (b. 1928) is a vocalist and composer who emerged in the bebop period, having studied with Lennie Tristano. Her early champion was George Russell, who produced her earliest recordings, including “You Are My Sunshine,” which appeared on George Russell's album The Outer View.1Portrait of Sheila was her definitive debut,2 but she was not content to be confined to traditional tropes as a jazz vocalist. Always seeking new ways of expressing herself, she followed the concept of bass and voice, first developed with Steve Swallow in the 1950s and later more fully explored and concentrated in duo form with Harvie Swartz and Cameron Brown.For years, Jordan split her time between supporting her family as a single mother and playing in groups led by other musicians such as Steve Kuhn, Don Heckman, Lee Konitz, and Roswell Rudd. Then, teaming up with Swartz, Jordan orchestrated a series of groundbreaking recordings that exhibited her bass and voice concept including Old Time Feeling, The Crossing, and numerous others.3 She taught at City College of New York from 1978 until retiring in 2005.This text comes from a phone interview I conducted with Jordan on February 18, 2021. Our discussion occurred as part of the Free Jazz Oral History Project that I founded in 2016, which has compiled nearly one hundred interviews in the last five years. I have only made light edits to the transcript for the sake of clarity.

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Differential Effects of mTORC1 and mTORC2 Inhibition on High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRMS) Metabolomics and the Internal Exposome in Pancreatic Beta Cell Lines

ObjectivesThe mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complexes (mTORC1/mTORC2) are critical nodes for metabolism. We applied an HRMS-based untargeted metabolomics approach to determine the role of mTORC1/mTORC2 on the internal exposome in pancreatic cell line (β-TC6). mTORC1 is a nutrient-sensing network, while mTORC2 phosphorylates Akt on Ser473 and modulates energy metabolism, thus mTORC1/mTORC2 are targets for precision nutrition.MethodsWe used glucose-responsive, insulin-secreting, pancreatic beta-cell lines. mTORC1/mTORC2 were inhibited by RapaLink-1, a third-generation inhibitor encompassing rapamycin linked to an mTOR kinase inhibitor, or rapamycin, compared to the control. We compared the HRMS-based untargeted metabolomics (LC-MS/MS) between groups to identify the differentially expressed metabolites, predictive metabolic networks, and systems biology pathways. We employed the XCMS online cloud-based bioinformatics platform to link mTOR-regulated metabolites to biological pathways using the python mummichog algorithm. Statistical significance (P < 0.001) was assessed by ANOVA followed by adhoc unpaired t-test.ResultsPCA dimension reduction and cloud plot clustering machine learning showed differential expression of metabolites between RapaLink and rapamycin-treated pancreatic beta cells. RapaLink significantly increased aminobutyrate (P < 0.001), D-glucose (p = 0.02), and O-phosphoryl ethanolamine (p = 0.003), compared to rapamycin. RapaLink also decreased glycine level (P < 0.000001) compared to the control. While both RapaLink and rapamycin decreased alanine (p = 0.003), L-asparagine (p = 0.01), L- aspartate (p < 0.001), taurine (p = 0.003), and uridine monophosphate (p = 0.004) compared to the control. The predictive metabolic pathways affected included malate-aspartate shuttle, adenosine nucleotide degradation, and glucose degradation.ConclusionsmTORC1 and mTORC2 have differential effects on glucose, bile acids, short-chain fatty acids, nucleotides, and amino acid metabolism, and thus could serve as targets for precision nutrition in pancreatic diseases and type 2 diabetes interventions.Funding SourcesFunded by the City University of New York, GC Advanced Science Research Center Seed Grant Award # 95,649–00. XCMS online is a cloud-based open-source bioinformatics platform developed by the Scripps Institute.

Starting with Eye, Long, And, Down, Wall, and Shelf, and: House, Grandmother, Child, Stove, Almanac, Tears

Starting with Eye, Long, And, Down, Wall, and Shelf, and: House, Grandmother, Child, Stove, Almanac, Tears Kimiko Hahn (bio) Starting with Eye, Long, And, Down, Wall, and Shelf Who invented the shelfand did they identify needor eyeball nature—say a low tide—that sparked a longing?I imagine finding myself in a caveand, unconsciously,setting down a cup,placing it on a ledge. When itcomes to imagination,walls are not always evident.For a shelf especially sobecause solutionsare often accidental. Evenincidental. That’s the longand short of sinks, bowls,bedstands, umbrellas,belts, and even hairbands.Take the blanket: whointroduced goose down? Or,who spied a wall to draw a buffalo?Chicken or egg? My parents’first bookshelf of bricks and plankswas sheer utility: Walt and Maude’sgallery of objets, art and otherwise.I wasn’t born yet. Andwhen I was born, Father hastilybuilt proper display cases,so nothing on a lower shelfcould wedge downmy baby throat. Nor could mywalleyed uncle then criticizetheir bohemian decor. Father’d said,“Shelve it, man!” Now,Funny to shelve an opinion, [End Page 71] I think. How long would it stand down?And what if the very wall crumbledunder the weight of self? [End Page 72] House, Grandmother, Child, Stove, Almanac, Tears Borrowing words from Bishop just for fun Long ago, chickens scratched outside Paia housewhile inside Grandma stood over Grandpa’s favorite childplaying by the stove and, contrary to the almanac,hoped against rain—though the luna wouldn’t’ve shed tearsif the sky let loose its own drops of tears. And when the yard filled up with sun outside the plantation house,Grandma hung bachelor-laundry and the child(my mother) toddled from the stove to her brother’s almanac(he was old enough to cut cane and the almanacgave him a heads-up on the weather) to tear out pagesand carry them out the house to her mother (my grandmother)who couldn’t read the alphabet to her child. Inside, in the large dented pot on the stove, she boiledone of her chickens. On the stove in a smaller potsteamed—if the almanac had said to plant—daikon she’d torn from the patch beyond the outhouseand laundry lines. Grandma’s seven children—the youngest would be an uncle and was the childshe was carrying—all knew the black stove with four burnerslike the almanac ad. There, decades later, Grandpa shed tears while playing hanafuda becauseI asked, Jii-chan, why’re your teeth in a cup? Grandmawas nowhere in my memory. Grandma may have beenaround since I was the child of Grandpa’s favorite—or at her stove. Was the War foretold by the almanac?When Go-for-Broke Uncle returned, were marvelous tears shed?No bakemono wandered her house! Still, [End Page 73] a house empties. Grandma set a Grandpa shrinenext to the stove and a granddaughter visits just to readthe tattered Almanac to those ancient ears. [End Page 74] Kimiko Hahn kimiko hahn casts a wide net for subject matter. In her new collection Foreign Bodies, she revisits the personal as political while exploring the immigrant body, the endangered animal’s body, objects removed from children’s bodies, hoarded things, and on. She teaches at Queens College, City University of New York. Copyright © 2022 Kimiko Hahn

Examining Students’ Spatial Ability and Its Impact on the Learning of Stereochemistry

The subject of stereochemistry in considered a difficult concept in organic chemistry because of its dependence on spatial ability. The challenges that students face in learning about stereochemistry can lead to poor performance and alternative conceptions, which in turn might hinder their progresses in various science and engineering academic careers. Development of successful conceptual understanding to solve stereochemistry related problems requires that students have a thorough understanding of the various types of spatial abilities in stereochemistry such as mental rotation and visualization of three-dimensional chemical molecules. This research project of the City College of New York (a minority serving, public, urban, and commuter institution) investigates some of the challenges that students face and approaches that students rely on to solve stereochemistry related problems and the role of spatial ability in the learning process. Likert-type surveys, spatial ability tests, and various open-ended questions were used to assess the understandings of 86 participants. The data indicated that one of barriers to learning about stereochemistry is the students’ inabilities to mentally rotate and visualize three-dimensional molecular structures by looking at their chemical formulae, assigning priority functional groups, determining configurations, and remembering the various rules that are necessary for solving stereochemistry related questions. Spatial ability was found to be one of the factors for success in stereochemistry, and majority of the students believe that with practice and the use of three-dimensional molecular modeling kits, they can improve their spatial abilities in stereochemistry.

Corrigendum: Developmental Language Disorder as Syntactic Prediction Impairment

Hestvik, Arild; Schwartz, Department of Linguistics and Cognitive Science, University of Delaware, 125 East Main Street, Newark, DE 19711, USAEpstein, BailaCommunication Arts, Sciences & Disorders, Brooklyn College, 4433 Boylan Hall, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USARichard G. and Shafer, Valerie L.PhD Program in Speech-Language-Hearing Sciences, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USACorrespondence: hestvik@udel.eduKeywords: syntax, gap-filling, prediction, event-related potentials, developmental language disorder, relative clauses, sentence processingCorrigendum on: Hestvik, A., Epstein, B., Schwartz, R. G., & Shafer, V. L. (2022). Developmental Language Disorder as Syntactic Prediction Impairment . In Frontiers in Communication (Vol. 6).Figure/Table LegendIn the original article, there was a mistake in the legend for Figure 10 as published. The order of the legend on the horizonal axis was “filled gap” then “control”. The correct order should be “control” and then “filled gap.” The correct legend appears below. The authors apologize for this error and state that this does not change the scientific conclusions of the article in any way. The original article has been updated.

Case study: Biochemistry without borders: a case study utilising infographics.

The present paper addresses a case study on the implementation of an online learning exercise utilising infographics in undergraduate Biochemistry and General Chemistry courses at the University of Roehampton (UoR) and Hostos Community College (HCC) of the City University of New York (CUNY). Students at UoR were asked to create infographics on topics related to the four major classes of biomolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids, and these infographics were shared with HCC students in an active learning exercise which incorporated peer evaluation and feedback. We highlight the various teaching and learning strategies, as well as the challenges related to the implementation of digital tools, in the educational process during the COVID-19 pandemic to maintain student engagement and active learning. Student feedback revealed positive learning gains on biochemistry concepts related to the four biomolecules. The exercise was viewed favourably by students, with learners indicating the acquisition of digital skills to effectively represent and visualise their understanding of biochemical concepts and explain these processes to peers.

Building career skills through virtual exchange

As globalization expands and interactions between people increase around the world, organizations need individuals with skills that are not only acquired from traditional curricula. Furthermore, the World Economic Forum has noted that, by 2025, 97 million new jobs will be created with the need for soft skills such as leadership, intercultural fluency, and teamwork. Therefore, higher education institutions may need to develop high-impact pedagogies with internationalized curriculums that bring results beyond classrooms and articulate the link between internationalization and employability. Business educators identified these career success skills through a virtual exchange project known as Collaborative Online International Learning (COIL) in two pairs of courses, Thailand-USA and the Netherlands-USA. Students from Queens College, City University of New York in the U.S. (n=54), Assumption University in Thailand (n=22), and The Hague University of Applied Sciences in the Netherlands (n=19) engaged in a shared assignment across borders through COIL. Using discussions, questionnaires with a five-point Likert scale, and regression analysis, authors discovered that, by using virtual exchange in higher education instruction with an innovative COIL project that included intercultural communication, students build competencies that employers seek. Students specifically enhanced their ability to speak publicly (oral communications), to interact respectfully with all people (intercultural fluency), and to identify their strengths relevant to career goals (career management). The objective of this study is to encourage university leadership to promote and prioritize COIL in order to increase content knowledge and employability.

Online and In-Person Learning Preferences during the COVID-19 Pandemic among Students Attending the City University of New York.

ABSTRACTThe widespread disease outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 in early 2020 elicited mandated shutdowns of all facilities not considered essential to include academic institutions. Many educational institutions had to find a way to transition into online learning modalities rapidly. This study investigates whether a relationship between students’ perceptions of online learning and their academic achievement during the coronavirus outbreak exists. We hypothesized that (i) students would rate the online modality more negatively than the in-person module, (ii) STEM courses would be rated more negatively than non-STEM courses, and (iii) there was a positive correlation between grades achieved and student perceptions of the online course modality. The study found that students rated online courses more negatively than in-person courses. There were significant differences in student achievement and perception based on the course type. The study found a weak yet positive relationship between student achievement and perception of learning modality. Future studies should continue to evaluate the effects of mandated online learning on the mastery and achievement of learning outcomes. The implications from these findings can help institutions improve e-learning modules.

AI and Myths of Creativity

AbstractLev Manovich, Director of the Cultural Analytics Lab and Presidential Professor at the City University of New York, explores some of the societal notions surrounding AI and creativity. He exposes certain myths that have grown up around this discourse and posits a wider, more interesting emerging reality.

Conjuring the Planetary Mine: Counter-Mapping the Heart of Extractive Capital

April 01 2022 Conjuring the Planetary Mine: Counter-Mapping the Heart of Extractive Capital Christopher Alton, Christopher Alton Christopher Alton is pursuing a PhD at the University of Waterloo. His work looks at the relationship between planning, extraction, and the production of landscapes in Canadian and Mediterranean contexts. He was lead researcher for the Canadian pavilion at the 2016 Venice Biennale of Architecture, is a visiting scholar at the Centre for Biocultural Landscape and Seascape in Sardinia, and is a Lecturer at Ryerson University. He holds an MDes from the Harvard Graduate School of Design. Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Eric Robsky Huntley, Eric Robsky Huntley Erik Robsky Huntley, PhD, is a Lecturer in Urban Science and Planning in the Department of Urban Studies and Planning at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. They are also a Visiting Lecturer in Landscape Architecture at the Harvard Graduate School of Design, a research fellow of the New England Regional Fellowship Consortium, and a research associate of Catherine D’Ignazio’s Data + Feminism Lab. Robsky Huntley is a GIScientist, geographer, and designer who builds mapping tools in collaboration with and alongside movements for social justice. Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Zulaikha Ayub Zulaikha Ayub Zulaikha Ayub is trained in the fields of architecture, critical geography, and nuclear politics. Her doctoral research deals with the spatio-temporal apparatuses of media, secrecy, and technology in relation to the Manhattan Project and subsequent nuclear armaments. Her institutional affiliations and collaborations include University of California, Berkeley, Mountainview Correctional Facility, Pratt Institute, European Council on Foreign Relations, City College of New York, Mississippi State University, and the Beyond Extraction Collective. Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Author and Article Information Christopher Alton Christopher Alton is pursuing a PhD at the University of Waterloo. His work looks at the relationship between planning, extraction, and the production of landscapes in Canadian and Mediterranean contexts. He was lead researcher for the Canadian pavilion at the 2016 Venice Biennale of Architecture, is a visiting scholar at the Centre for Biocultural Landscape and Seascape in Sardinia, and is a Lecturer at Ryerson University. He holds an MDes from the Harvard Graduate School of Design. Eric Robsky Huntley Erik Robsky Huntley, PhD, is a Lecturer in Urban Science and Planning in the Department of Urban Studies and Planning at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. They are also a Visiting Lecturer in Landscape Architecture at the Harvard Graduate School of Design, a research fellow of the New England Regional Fellowship Consortium, and a research associate of Catherine D’Ignazio’s Data + Feminism Lab. Robsky Huntley is a GIScientist, geographer, and designer who builds mapping tools in collaboration with and alongside movements for social justice. Zulaikha Ayub Zulaikha Ayub is trained in the fields of architecture, critical geography, and nuclear politics. Her doctoral research deals with the spatio-temporal apparatuses of media, secrecy, and technology in relation to the Manhattan Project and subsequent nuclear armaments. Her institutional affiliations and collaborations include University of California, Berkeley, Mountainview Correctional Facility, Pratt Institute, European Council on Foreign Relations, City College of New York, Mississippi State University, and the Beyond Extraction Collective. Online Issn: 2572-7338 Print Issn: 1091-711X © 2022 JChristopher Alton, Eric Robsky Huntley, and Zulaikha Ayub2022Christopher Alton, Eric Robsky Huntley, and Zulaikha Ayub Thresholds (2022) (50): 239–255. https://doi.org/10.1162/thld_a_00765 Cite Icon Cite Permissions Share Icon Share MailTo Twitter LinkedIn Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Search Site Citation Christopher Alton, Eric Robsky Huntley, Zulaikha Ayub; Conjuring the Planetary Mine: Counter-Mapping the Heart of Extractive Capital. Thresholds 2022; (50): 239–255. doi: https://doi.org/10.1162/thld_a_00765 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAll JournalsThresholds Search Advanced Search This content is only available as a PDF. © 2022 JChristopher Alton, Eric Robsky Huntley, and Zulaikha Ayub2022Christopher Alton, Eric Robsky Huntley, and Zulaikha Ayub Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

Review: Plantation Politics and Campus Rebellions: Power, Diversity, and the Emancipatory Struggle in Higher Education, edited by Bianca C. Williams, Dian D. Squire, and Frank A. Tuitt

Book Review| April 01 2022 Review: Plantation Politics and Campus Rebellions: Power, Diversity, and the Emancipatory Struggle in Higher Education, edited by Bianca C. Williams, Dian D. Squire, and Frank A. Tuitt Bianca C. Williams, Dian D. Squire, and Frank A. Tuitt [Eds.]. Plantation Politics and Campus Rebellions: Power, Diversity, and the Emancipatory Struggle in Higher Education (Albany: SUNY Press, 2021), $95.00 hardcover, $26.95 paper. 362 pp. ISBN: 9781438482682. Jessica Hatrick Jessica Hatrick University of Southern California Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Ethnic Studies Review (2022) 45 (1): 89–92. https://doi.org/10.1525/esr.2022.45.1.85 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Jessica Hatrick; Review: Plantation Politics and Campus Rebellions: Power, Diversity, and the Emancipatory Struggle in Higher Education, edited by Bianca C. Williams, Dian D. Squire, and Frank A. Tuitt. Ethnic Studies Review 1 April 2022; 45 (1): 89–92. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/esr.2022.45.1.85 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentEthnic Studies Review Search Edited by Bianca C. Williams, an Associate Professor in the Anthropology and Psychology departments at City University of New York’s Graduate Center; Dian D. Squire, an Associate Professor and Founding Associate Dean for Inclusive Excellence at Loyola University, Chicago; and Frank A. Tuitt, the Vice President and Chief Diversity Officer at the University of Connecticut, this 2021 publication is the second in SUNY’s series Critical Race Studies in Education. Plantation Politics and Campus Rebellions offers a strong introduction to the ongoing relationship between the US university and the history of slavery and settler colonialism. In showing how plantation politics are embedded within the university, it asks for deep reflection on the broader failures of abolition democracy to reimagine society toward Black freedom (Davis 2005, Du Bois 1998, McLeod 2019). The book shows how universities function to perform and legitimize: the psychological warfare of institutions not made for Black folk; the... You do not currently have access to this content.

Validation and Revision of the Household Emergency Preparedness Instrument (HEPI) by a Pilot Study in the City University of New York.

The aim of this study was to pilot test the Household Emergency Preparedness Instrument (HEPI) with a diverse sample, allowing for assessment of reliability and validity of the instrument. The HEPI is an international, all-hazards questionnaire created to measure disaster preparedness of households, which results in data that can be used to enhance health promotion/disease prevention for individuals and promote resilience for communities. A cross-sectional study of faculty, staff, and students (N = 284) was completed to perform factor analysis to establish the HEPI's construct validity and compare preparedness across groups. The factor analysis revealed 2 dimensions of general preparedness, explaining 35% of the sample variance (Cronbach's α = 0.89): preparedness actions and planning (α = 0.86) and disaster supplies and resources (α = 0.80). This factor analysis resulted in the revision of the subscaling of HEPI questions. Consistent with previous studies, faculty/staff, older age, higher income, and those with previous disaster experience were more prepared. The mean score was 15.28 out of 40 points. The HEPI is easy to administer and explains an acceptable amount of variance. The reliability was strong in this assessment, particularly for a pilot test. Construct, criterion, face, and content validity support the adequacy of the HEPI to capture essentials of household emergency preparedness.

Critical Incidents for Hispanic Students on the Path to the STEM Doctorate.

Hispanics are grossly underrepresented in the receipt of STEM Ph.Ds. The National Science Foundation (NSF) Science and Engineering Indicators (Trapani and Hale, 2019) suggest that only 7.8% of S and E doctoral recipients are Hispanic while their representation in the population is more than twice that, and that figure goes even higher if restricted to those within the college-age range. To address this gap, the NSF has awarded a grant (the Hispanic Alliance for Graduate Education and the Professoriate, H-AGEP) to the City College of New York and the University of Texas at El Paso to work with Hispanic STEM doctoral students to provide teaching training and preparation for academic positions so they can become role models for Hispanic community college undergraduates. In working to understand the career-decision making of our Fellows, in-depth interviews were conducted (n = 13) to understand what put them on the path to defy the odds and become a STEM doctoral recipient. Interview results suggest that isolated, critical incidents and chance events were responsible for a number of our students entering into doctoral programs. This research suggests that for some Hispanic STEM doctoral students the experience of chance events meant the path to a STEM doctorate was not assured from a young age and further, that the provision of “planned” critical incidents may support an increase in Hispanic STEM doctoral enrollment.

Mixing It Up: Operational Impact of Hospitalist Caseload and Case-Mix

Hospitalists are medical doctors that specialize in the care of hospitalized patients, a role that until recently belonged to primary care physicians. We develop an operational model of hospitalist-patient interactions with rounding and responding service modes, optimizing hospitalist caseload and case-mix to achieve the maximal reduction in patient length of stay (LOS). We show that hospitalists are effective at reducing LOS for patients with complex conditions, corroborating intuitive reasoning. However, the optimal hospitalist case-mix also includes “simple” patients with few interventions and short LOS, as they can effectively reduce discharge delays. This actionable insight is particularly salient for small community hospitals with simple, short-stay patients, where hospitalists may be undervalued due to the prevailing belief that they are primarily effective for complex patients. We conduct a comparative case study of a small community hospital and a large academic hospital, drawing a stark contrast between the two in terms of ideal caseload and patient coverage. Despite the fact that the academic hospital treats higher complexity patients, hospitalists at the community hospital should actually have a lower caseload than hospitalists at the academic hospital due to shorter stays in the community hospital. We find that both hospitals are understaffed but for different reasons: the academic hospital needs to staff more hospitalists to reduce the current caseload of its hospitalists, whereas the community hospital needs to staff more hospitalists to expand its hospitalist coverage to more patients. We estimate that these hospitals can save on average $1.5 million annually by implementing the optimal staffing policies. This paper was accepted by Stefan Scholtes, healthcare management. Funding: This work was supported by a PSC-CUNY Award, jointly funded by The Professional Staff Congress and The City University of New York. Supplemental Material: The e-companion and data files are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2022.4342 .