City Planning Research Articles

Achieving urban vibrancy through effective city planning: A spatial and temporal perspective

Achieving urban vibrancy is a critical goal for urban planning and policy-making, and the city's physical plan plays an important role in shaping and supporting urban vibrancy. However, the effectiveness of urban planning strategies in optimizing resource allocation and fostering a vibrant city remains unclear. This study aims to contribute to this understanding by exploring the spatial and temporal effects underlying the association between urban vibrancy and urban forms. Using mobile-phone location-request data along with urban nighttime light data as a proxy for urban vibrancy in Shenzhen, China, we conducted a geographically and temporally weighted regression (GTWR) analysis to examine the relationship between land use, street configuration, and urban vibrancy. The results showed that a diverse land use mix and the proportions of land allotted for sports and cultural usage, parks, and greenspace generally have a positive impact on urban vibrancy. We noted the facilitating role of degree centrality and closeness centrality on urban vibrancy, compared to the negative impact of betweenness centrality. Our analysis of local spatial variations in the influence of road networks suggests a potential connectivity threshold for attracting people to specific areas. Finally, we identified a divergence between weekdays and weekends in terms of temporal variations.

Integrating Architectural Heritage with Environmental Concerns: A Case Study of Clock Tower, Faisalabad

Faisalabad is experiencing a surge in industrial development alongside its established agricultural base. This economic growth, however, presents a challenge of balancing progress with environmental protection. Industrial activity can often lead to environmental degradation, impacting the city's physical landscape and the health of its residents. To address this concern, the current research focused on the restoration of the Faisalabad Clock Tower, a historical structure from the British Era. The Clock Tower holds a significant importance due to its role in the city's early urban planning and its status as a prominent landmark. The research methodology employed a comprehensive literature review, examining local and international examples of heritage building projects. Air pollution levels were measured around the Clock Tower by using HORIBA APMA 360. According to the findings, NO2 was found above the limit which confirmed that the presence of pollutants is the major deterioration factor. Furthermore, a detailed physical survey of the Clock Tower was conducted to identify the deteriorated areas within the building. The research culminates in a proposal outlining the necessary restoration work for the Clock Tower, informed by a thorough analysis that caters to architectural and environmental concerns to ensure a sustainable and historically sensitive restoration of this iconic structure.

Analyzing the Traffic Operational Performance of School Pick-Up and Drop-Off Dynamics in Saudi Arabia

In seeking sustainable, safe, and efficient school commuting tours as non-recurring sources of congestion, it is essential to investigate the dynamic interaction between school students’ pick-up and drop-off (P&D) movements and the traffic operational performance of the surrounding area. This study investigates the traffic operational performance in the vicinity of schools at various P&D time intervals. The Travel and Planning Time indices (TTI, PTI), along with the Level of Service (LOS) are utilized as traffic operational performance indices in this article. A Python script was developed to employ the Google API for estimating the travel times from a real traffic dataset comprising 40 schools distributed across six cities in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). The results indicate that LOS varies from C to D for all cities except Riyadh, which exhibits the poorest traffic performance during P&D time intervals. This paper serves as a guideline for city planners and policymakers seeking to provide valuable insights to enhance traffic operational performance in Saudi Arabia.

The Impact of Scale on Extracting Individual Mobility Patterns from Location-Based Social Media.

Understanding human movement patterns is crucial for comprehending how a city functions. It is also important for city planners and policymakers to create more efficient plans and policies for urban areas. Traditionally, human movement patterns were analyzed using origin-destination surveys, travel diaries, and other methods. Now, these patterns can be identified from various geospatial big data sources, such as mobile phone data, floating car data, and location-based social media (LBSM) data. These extensive datasets primarily identify individual or collective human movement patterns. However, the impact of spatial scale on the analysis of human movement patterns from these large geospatial data sources has not been sufficiently studied. Changes in spatial scale can significantly affect the results when calculating human movement patterns from these data. In this study, we utilized Weibo datasets for three different cities in China including Beijing, Guangzhou, and Shanghai. We aimed to identify the effect of different spatial scales on individual human movement patterns as calculated from LBSM data. For our analysis, we employed two indicators as follows: an external activity space indicator, the radius of gyration (ROG), and an internal activity space indicator, entropy. These indicators were chosen based on previous studies demonstrating their efficiency in analyzing sparse datasets like LBSM data. Additionally, we used two different ranges of spatial scales-10-100 m and 100-3000 m-to illustrate changes in individual activity space at both fine and coarse spatial scales. Our results indicate that although the ROG values show an overall increasing trend and the entropy values show an overall decreasing trend with the increase in spatial scale size, different local factors influence the ROG and entropy values at both finer and coarser scales. These findings will help to comprehend the dynamics of human movement across different scales. Such insights are invaluable for enhancing overall urban mobility and optimizing transportation systems.

Assessing the land use dynamics and thermal environment using geospatial techniques in the industrial city of Chotanagpur Plateau Region, India.

The phenomenon of urban heat island (UHI) is characterized by industrial, economic development, unplanned and unregulated land use as well as a rapid increase in urban population, resulting a warmer inner core in contrast to the surrounding natural environment, thus requiring immediate attention for a sustainable urban environment. This study examined the land use/land cover (LULC) change, pattern of spectral indices (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, NDVI; Normalized Difference Water Index, NDWI; Normalized Difference Built-up Index, NDBI and Normalized Difference Bareness Index, NDBaI), retrieval of land surface temperature (LST) and Urban Thermal Field Variance Index (UTFVI) as well as identification of UHI from 2000 to 2022. The relationship among LST and LULC spectral indices was estimated using Pearson's correlation coefficient. The Landsat-5 (TM) and Landsat-8 (OLI/TIRS) satellite data have been used, and all tasks were completed through various geospatial tools like ArcGIS 10.8, Google Earth Engine (GEE), Erdas Imagine 2014 and R-Programming. The result of this study depicts over the period that built-up area and water bodies increased by 119.78 and 35.70%, respectively. On the contrary, fallow and barren decreased by 55.33 and 32.31% respectively over the period. The mean and maximum LST increased by 3.61 °C and 2.62 °C, and the study reveals that a high concentration of UTFVI and UHI in industrial areas, coal mining sites and their surroundings, but the core urban area has observed low LST and intensity of UHI than the peripheral areas due to maintained vegetation cover and water bodies. An inverse relationship has been found among LST, NDVI and NDWI, while adverse relationships were observed among LST, NDBI and NDBaI throughout the period. Sustainable environment planning is needful for the urban area, as well as the periphery region and plantation is one of the controlling measures of LST and UHI increment. This work provides the scientific base for the study of the thermal environment which can be one of the variables for planning of Asansol City and likewise other cities of the country as well as the world.

Is ward-level calculation of urban green space availability important?—A case study on Vellore city, India, using the histogram-based spectral discrimination approach

How much green space is available for individuals is a major question that city planners are generally interested in, and the present study aimed to address this issue in the context of Vellore, India, through two approaches, namely, the per capita and the geographical area approach. In existing studies, urban green space (UGS) was only calculated at the macro level, i.e., for the city as a whole. Micro-or ward-level analysis was not attempted before, and the present study carried out the same to get a clear picture of the amount of greenery available in each ward of a city. For this purpose, a two-step approach was proposed where the histograms of Google Earth (GE) images were analyzed first to check whether the green cover types such as trees, shrubs/grassland, and cropland were spectrally different. Then, classification techniques such as ISODATA, maximum likelihood, support vector machine (SVM), and object-based methods were applied to the GE images. It was found that SVM performed well in extracting different green cover types with the highest overall accuracy of 93% and Kappa coefficient of 0.881. It was found that when considering the city as a whole, the amount of UGS available is 42% of the total area, which is more than the recommended range of 20–40%. Similarly, the available UGS per person is 97.84 m2, which is far above the recommended 12 m2/person. However, the micro-level analysis revealed that some of the wards have not satisfied the criteria of per capita and percentage area, though the city as a whole has satisfied both the criteria. Thus, the results indicate the importance of calculating the urban green space availability at the ward level rather than the city level as the former gives a closer look at the surplus and deficit areas. The results of terrestrial LiDAR survey at individual tree level revealed that if trees are located adjacent to buildings or roads, it results in fewer heat islands compared to the case where there are no trees.

Urban Planning and Accessibility: A Priority Right to Ensure The Well-Being of People in Urbanized Spaces

Objective: The objective of this study is to reflect on the implications of accessibility in the urban planning of cities, since this is a legal issue ensured by the various legislation in force considering that accessibility is relevant not only for people with reduced mobility or wheelchair users, but also for those with temporary disabilities, the elderly, pregnant women, obese people among others. Method: The research is based on a qualitative approach using bibliographic review and documentary research procedures. Data interpretation is anchored in categorical content analysis. Results and Discussion: The results obtained provide an understanding of how legislation seeks to promote a better quality of life for everyone within a city, through the implementation of various laws and decrees, including those related to urban planning and city development. Therefore, urban planning presents itself as an indispensable element for the organization of a city in all its aspects, contributing to its development and orderly growth. This is because, without this planning, it becomes difficult to guarantee quality education, access to healthcare, adequate housing, leisure opportunities and employment for all citizens. Originality/Value: This study contributes to the literature by considering the importance of urban planning in achieving accessibility in cities, in this context, the importance of legislation in ensuring the well-being of all inhabitants of a city is perceived, by guaranteeing accessibility, along with other mechanisms, such as urban planning and related decrees. A change in lifestyles has been observed in relation to the rural exodus, with a greater number of people living precariously in cities, which has resulted in significant changes in their urban spaces

Investigating the relation between emotional and cultural mapping by considering collective memory in Urban design from perspective of citizens (case study: Tehran, Iran)

Perception of Citizens about a city is an essential issue in urban planning. Hence, having an understanding of the people’s perception can help designers improve city planning. This study aimed to discover the emotional and cultural parameters of urban places by considering the collective memory of citizens. The main gap in the studied subjects was the lack of a combination of cultural and emotional mapping from the perspective of citizens. To fill the mentioned gap, the findings of this study emphasize the importance of engendering emotions and cultural mapping in the citizens in urban spaces. Respectively, a quantitative method was conducted through a comprehensive case study in the form of a questionnaire. Results indicated that emotional mapping is more important than cultural mapping for collective memory. Moreover, emotional parameters were substantial to female participants as cultural factors were for male respondents. Same as gender, Level of education, and age were two factors that affect cultural mapping or emotional mapping choices. Besides, pride, a sense of power, pleasure, excitement, peace, compassion, vitality, and happiness were found important emotions in this study. Our findings revealed that designing urban places based on the culture of each society has a significant role in engendering emotions and drawing the interest of citizens.

APPLICATION OF LASER SCANNING DATA IN SOLVING TERRITORIAL PLANNING PROBLEMS

The article aims to thoroughly investigate and analyse the possibilities of using laser scanning data in spatial planning. The main goal is to identify the potential of this technology to improve the efficiency and accuracy of planning processes, particularly in the urban environment. The LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) data integration into territorial planning is fundamental to modern urban management frameworks. Using the precise and comprehensive geospatial data obtained through LiDAR scanning provides a reliable basis for conducting in-depth analysis and strategic decision-making in territorial development initiatives. LiDAR technology offers unparalleled accuracy and detail, enabling urban planners to effectively map and visualise various aspects of urban environments, including topography, land use patterns, infrastructure, and natural features. With this extensive information, stakeholders can gain valuable insights into existing spatial dynamics, identify potential areas for development or conservation, and assess the impact of proposed projects on the surrounding landscape. Moreover, integrating LiDAR data facilitates the optimisation of urban resource management processes. City authorities can streamline land use planning, infrastructure development, and environmental management efforts by accurately delineating land plots and infrastructure networks. In turn, it promotes more efficient allocation of resources, minimises operational costs, and enhances overall urban sustainability. Furthermore, LiDAR technology is crucial in enhancing urban resilience and adaptability. Generating high-resolution elevation models and floodplain maps allows urban planners to identify areas prone to natural hazards such as floods, landslides, or coastal erosion. With this knowledge, city planners can implement proactive measures to mitigate risks, improve disaster preparedness, and safeguard community well-being. In contemporary urban challenges, such as climate change and rapid urbanisation, LiDAR technology is becoming increasingly indispensable. By embracing LiDAR technology, urban planners can develop more resilient and sustainable cities better equipped to withstand and adapt to evolving environmental, social, and economic pressures. In essence, the effective utilisation of LiDAR data in territorial planning enhances spatial planning accuracy and fosters innovation, resilience, and sustainability within urban environments. By harnessing the power of LiDAR technology, cities can pave the way toward a more prosperous, equitable, and resilient future for generations to come. Keywords: data, laser scanning, territorial planning, potential, accuracy, efficiency, analysis, prospects.

Smart city VR landscape planning and user virtual entertainment experience based on artificial intelligence

With the development of virtual reality technology, wearable visual devices and digital technology can provide users with intuitive virtual experiences, which can effectively improve the user experience of landscape planning. This article analyzes the VR landscape planning and user virtual entertainment experience of smart cities based on artificial intelligence. The application of this technology can also provide richer data support for urban landscape planning and design, allowing designers and planners to better utilize advanced technological means to optimize the planning and layout of urban landscapes. In the field of urban planning and design, artificial intelligence can be used to simulate street space architecture and urban pedestrian and vehicle behavior paths, evaluate the impact of planning and design schemes on the environment, transportation, and citizens, and effectively demonstrate the feasibility of implementing smart city planning schemes. Virtual landscape models utilize computer-generated 3D image technology to present real-world landscapes in a realistic manner. With the help of artificial intelligence technology, entertainment robots are able to interact with users in natural language and understand their needs and preferences. Through technologies such as deep learning and pattern recognition, entertainment robots can autonomously learn and recommend entertainment content suitable for users, further enhancing users’ virtual entertainment experience. Through virtual reality technology, immersive browsing and experience of landscapes can provide a more intuitive perceptual experience, and also enable decision-makers and the public to better understand the design and planning intentions of the landscape.

Promoting low-carbon land use: from theory to practical application through exploring new methods

Cities are main carbon emissions generators. Land use changes can not only affect terrestrial ecosystems carbon, but also anthropogenic carbon emissions. However, carbon monitoring at a spatial level is still coarse, and low-carbon land use encounters the challenge of being unable to adjust at the patch scale. This study addresses these limitations by using land-use data and various auxiliary data to explore new methods. The approach involves developing a high-resolution carbon monitoring model and investigating a patch-scale low-carbon land use model by integrating high carbon sink/source images with the Future Land Use Simulation model. Between 2000 and 2020, the results reveal an increasing trend in both carbon emissions and carbon sinks in the Shangyu district. Carbon sinks can only offset approximately 3% of the total carbon emissions. Spatially, the north exhibits net carbon emissions, while the southern region functions more as a carbon sink. A total of 14.5% of the total land area witnessed a change in land-use type, with the transfer-out of cropland constituting the largest area at 96.44 km2, accounting for 50% of the total transferred area. Land-use transfer resulted in an annual increase of 77.72 × 104 t in carbon emissions between 2000 and 2020. Through land-use structure optimisation, carbon emissions are projected to increase by only 7154 t C/year from 2000 to 2030, significantly lower than the amount between 2000 and 2020. Further low-carbon land optimisation at the patch scale can enhance the carbon sink by 129.59 t C/year. The conclusion drawn is that there is considerable potential to reduce carbon emissions through land use control. The new methods developed in our study can effectively contribute to high-resolution carbon monitoring in spatial contexts and support low-carbon land use, promoting the application of low-carbon land use from theory to practice. This will provide technological guidance for land use planning, city planning, and so forth.

A Tree-Prone Community: Residential and Street Tree Planting and Care in the Neotropical City of Xalapa, Mexico

Abstract Background Urban trees are the most conspicuous elements of greenery in cities, providing goods and services that contribute to people’s well-being. However, proper tree care and management are necessary for their survival, particularly for street and residential trees. Methods Through a survey, our objectives were to identify and quantify the presence of residential and street trees and the contribution of residents in tree planting and care in the city of Xalapa, Mexico. We assessed the dwelling characteristics that facilitate the presence, planting, and care of residential and street trees in the city (socioeconomic level, homeownership, time of inhabitance, and location of dwellings) via Generalized Linear Models. Results In Xalapa, the presence of residential trees was higher than that of street trees; people contributed significantly to the planting and care of both residential and street trees; the socioeconomic level and time of inhabitance were positively associated with the presence and planting of street trees; and homeownership was positively associated with residential trees. However, tree care was largely independent of tree planting and dwelling characteristics. Conclusions People’s contributions and commitment to planting and care for residential and street trees are high, with the dwelling characteristics showing as important factors for tree presence and planting, but not for tree care. Recognizing people’s actions and participation in tree planting and care and orienting them towards a positive impact through city planning and management can help to keep Xalapa as a green, functional city that provides quality benefits and services to the urban dwellers.

ASPECTS OF NEW HIGH GERMAN LANGUAGE FORMATION OF THE 18th CENTURY (Gabriel Bodenehr’s Plan of Kamianets-Podilskyi, 1726)

The research examines the peculiarities of the formation of the German language in the New High German period using the example of the plan of the Ukrainian city in Podil – Kamianets-Podilskyi. This document was created in 1726 in the city of Augsburg (northern Germany) by the famous German engraver and cartographer Gabriel Bodenehr. The work aims to study the process of the formation of the New High German language at its early stage in historical, cultural, regional and linguistic contexts; to illustrate them on the example of the text of the explication of the city plan. The task of this research is to characterize the peculiarities of the process of normalization of the German language in the New High German period; to determine changes in language levels on the example of the German text of the explanation of the city plan of Kamianets-Podilskyi. To achieve the specified goal and solve the tasks, the following research methods were used: descriptive, comparative-historical, biographical, comparative, and linguistic. As a result of the research, it was found that the text of the plan, although it was written in the New High German period, which is characterized by the desire to create a language standard and the departure from regional dialects, still retains its regional flavour and reference to the written norm of the Viennese chancellery. The conducted research proved that the orthographic and phonetic levels were most affected by the region, where there are significant variations of graphemes in marking the length and shortness of the sound, qualitative changes in vowel sounds, orthographic and graphic features of consonant markings, gravitation to the norms of the Viennese chancellery, as well as a gradual rejection of orthographic norms of the Middle High German period. Certain changes at the morphological level were found in the explication text, which testifies to the formation and consolidation of some grammatical categories (tense forms of verbs, use of passive constructions, declension of nouns and adjectives). The information focus of the text determines its lexical content, which can be seen in the author’s extensive use of anthroponyms (names of architectural and church buildings) and toponyms. The historical and cultural context of the development of the city of Kamianets-Podilskyi is reflected in the author’s use of proper names (names of historical figures, religious orders, political and military groups) and a significant number of borrowings from French, Turkish/Arabic, Latin, and Italian languages. It has been established that the syntactic level is the most normalized and closest to the modern German language. Therefore, the conducted linguistic analysis of the text of the city plan testified that in the first half of the 18th century, there was no complete unification of the written norm of the German literary language. However, separate attempts were made to standardize it. Among the promising research areas, it is worth conducting a comparative analysis of other city plans of this period in order to identify common features in the development of the German language.

Interpretation of Hot Spots in Wuhan New Town Development and Analysis of Influencing Factors Based on Spatio-Temporal Pattern Mining

The construction of new towns is one of the main measures to evacuate urban populations and promote regional coordination and urban–rural integration in China. Mining the spatio-temporal pattern of new town hot spots based on multivariate data and analyzing the influencing factors of new town construction hot spots can provide a strategic basis for new town construction, but few researchers have extracted and analyzed the influencing factors of new town internal hot spots and their classification. In order to define the key points of Wuhan’s new town construction and promote the construction of new cities in an orderly and efficient manner, this paper first constructs a space-time cube based on the luminous remote sensing data from 2010 to 2019, extracts hot spots and emerging hot spots in Wuhan New City, selects 14 influencing factor indicators such as population density, and uses bivariate Moran’s index to analyze the influencing factors of hot spots, indicating that the number of bus stops and vegetation coverage rate are the most significant. Secondly, the disorderly multivariate logistic regression model is used to analyze the influencing factors of emerging hot spots. The results show that population density, vegetation coverage, road density, distance to water bodies, and distance to train stations are the most significant factors. Finally, based on the analysis results, some relevant suggestions for the construction of Wuhan New City are proposed, providing theoretical support for the planning and policy guidance of new cities, and offering reference for the construction of new towns in other cities, promoting the construction of high-quality cities.

Exploring spatial pattern optimization path of urban building carbon emission based on low-carbon cities analytical framework: A case study of Xi'an, China

Reducing carbon dioxide emissions has become a prominent issue in city construction. Here, with the objective of spatial pattern optimization, we propose a comprehensive evaluation framework for low-carbon cities. To shed further light on the mechanism by which green finance facilitates the low-carbon transformation of the economy, we chose Xi'an as a study area, used the system dynamics model, simulated the relationship between different factors in the development of low-carbon cities, and provided guidance for spatial planning of low-carbon cities. Through systematic analysis of results, we found that with the progress of urbanization and the improvement of people's living standards, the carbon emissions from urban buildings in Xi'an will increase annually and reach 2.47 million tons by 2030. In scenario 1, the faster pace of urbanization raises carbon emissions from urban buildings by 3 %, to 2.5543 million tons from the base. In contrast, in Scenario 2, the reduction in urbanization rate results in a decrease in urban building carbon emissions to 2.4243 million tons, a reduction of 2.26 % compared to the baseline scenario. Thus it can be seen that diverse modifications of parameters exert distinct effects on the ultimate carbon emissions from urban buildings.

Visions of an Industrial Lakefront Utopia in the Calumet Frontier: City Planning and Repatriation in an Ethnic Mexican Colonia , 1900–1934

ABSTRACT: Nestled at the southern tip of Lake Michigan, East Chicago, Indiana, became the site of massive-scale industrialization in the early twentieth century. This effort, in turn, fueled massive-scale migration into the region. During the 1919 Great Steel Strike, the steel industry began to recruit thousands of ethnic Mexicans to serve as steelworkers and laborers across the region. Institutional and community forces segregated the ethnic Mexican community into a portion of the city called Indiana Harbor. Within this neighborhood, individuals worked to forge a community complete with institutions such as Catholic churches, a Spanish-language newspaper, and businesses. However, city planners and potential residents came to believe that the community represented a problem for the city's growth. In the 1930s, members of East Chicago's American Legion Post 266 orchestrated a repatriation campaign to alleviate the financial burden of public relief. The campaign targeted the ethnic Mexican community, whose presence was labelled as undesirable and a potential source of job competition in the region's exhausted economy.

Vertical Accuracy of Google Earth Data

Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) are an important data source used in many engineering and Geographic Information System (GIS) applications. This paper illustrates a strategy for creating a DEM by utilizing elevation data from Google Earth and evaluating the vertical positional accuracy of the generated DEM adopting a well-defined methodology. To ensure the accuracy of the elevation data obtained from Google Earth, a thorough evaluation was done in three diverse small districts of the northern shoreline in Egypt. The evaluation process involved determining the ground coordinates of reference points utilizing two surveying techniques: total station and Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) Global Positioning System (GPS) surveys. These coordinates were compared with the ones predicated by the DEM generated by putting into service Google Earth's elevation data. Furthermore, the vertical accuracy was assessed using Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) data of Google Earth collected at two different periods in 2015 and 2023. The vertical accuracy of the Google Earth data is detailed utilizing Mean Error (ME), Maximum Absolute Error (MAE), and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). According to the results, Google Earth's elevation data accuracy remains consistent from 2015 to 2023, and refining SRTM data does not improve the vertical accuracy. The vertical accuracy of the total station survey surpasses the one of the RTK GPS survey, and the elevation accuracy of the RTK GPS survey decreases with increasing height difference. In addition, the vertical accuracy of DEMs was found to be sufficient for some engineering applications but not accurate enough for precise engineering studies. The accuracy achieved in small height difference terrain can be utilized to produce large-scale cadastral maps, city plans, or land use maps. Finally, the elevation data offered by Google Earth can be utilized for preliminary studies at a low cost. However, to ensure the accuracy of these data, it is recommended that users compare them with reference data before implementation.

A conceptual framework to explore considerations of the social implications in internet of things and smart city governance and policy: The case of Thailand

AbstractCities worldwide are increasingly turning to internet of things (IoT) and smart cities (SC) technologies to help address their needs and challenges. While many governments have developed smart city policies and plans, there is often a disproportionate focus on technological, digital, and economic aspects and a neglect for social implications like social justice, social equity, and social inclusion. Research has yet to fully explore how SC governance and policies consider these implications, and this is especially true in the Global South, where urbanization poses great challenges, but where resources are limited. Using Thailand as a case study, we created a conceptual framework to help explore the social implications of the country's IoT and SC governance and policies. Overall this exploration found that efforts to consider values such as social inclusion and social equity are generally missing from the country's national level SC governance and policies, but when looking at the local levels, we uncovered differences when SC efforts are top‐down versus bottom‐up. Our conceptual framework can be useful in other Global South contexts with emerging SC governance structures and policies.

Seismic fragility analysis of human perception in high‐rise buildings subjected to far‐field long‐period earthquake ground motions: A case study for Shanghai tower

AbstractHuman perception in high‐rise buildings during far‐field long‐period earthquake ground motions often induces psychological discomfort, including fear and anxiety. A comprehensive understanding on human perception of seismic events is vital for city planning and emergency management, facilitating effective evacuation plans and minimizing stampede risks. This study addresses a gap by employing the seismic fragility analysis method to delineate how human perception in high‐rise buildings is affected during far‐field long‐period ground motions. The methodology involves several key steps. First, the far‐field long‐period earthquake ground motion was identified by detecting the later‐arriving surface waves, and a series of records were selected from the next generation attenuation (NGA) West‐2 ground motion database of the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research center. Then, a high‐rise building in Shanghai, China was modeled using ETABS 20. Through the linear‐elastic time history analysis, the structural seismic response at each floor was computed. Furthermore, human perception thresholds to vibration were introduced to assess the degree of human perception at each floor, illustrating the difference of human perception to seismic tremor at different floors. Finally, a novel earthquake intensity measure (IM), namely average response spectrum intensity (ARSI) within the vibration period ranging from 0.1 s to 10 s was introduced to generate seismic fragility curves for human perception. According to the investigation, it was found that the corner frequency and the associated energy ratio are useful indicators to identify the far‐field long‐period earthquake ground motions. The ARSI is an effective parameter to assess human perception to seismic tremor compared to the spectral acceleration at a given fundamental period. The generated seismic fragility analysis can provide a complete and thorough understanding on the probability of people that should be evacuated under different earthquake intensity levels. The probability of human perception at different floors varies along the building height, demonstrating the difficulty to make crowd evacuation plan in practice. This insight is vital for understanding and mitigating seismic concerns in high‐rise buildings, particularly in low‐to‐moderate seismicity regions.

FEATURES OF THE FORMATION OF A PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION CENTER BASED ON A TRANSPORTATION AND TRANSFER NODE

The article defines the features of the functional organization of public transport centres on the transport interchanges in combination with the station complex. The role of cut-off parking lots in the multifunctional structure placed in the nodes of the city's planning framework is emphasize. The advantages of using modern types of ecological public transport and means of alternative energy for the maintenance of transport interchanges are take into account. The study uses the method of analogue analysis and structural-functional analysis of foreign examples of public centres at transport interchanges. Proposals for the development of the Kyiv- Volynskyi station in conjunction with the Kyiv airport have been submit. It is recommend to block transport buildings with city objects of cultural and household purpose: hotel, transport agency, restaurant, cafe, shopping centre, rarely cinema and concert halls). As well as other forms of association, depending on local conditions and the amount of passenger traffic in the node. Car service opportunities should also: temporary parking lots, parking lots, storage garages, repairs, car inspections, etc. An important element of engineering is local transport systems: moving tracks, conveyors, escalators, elevators, etc. When using local transport systems, it is necessary to provide additional lines of escalators or lifts of a special type to serve people with reduced mobility. Separate blocks of the public transport centre can be unite with the help of underground and surface communications, which ensure the unhindered passage of pedestrians and the passage of vehicles.