City Of Puno Research Articles

Citizen participation in public management processes, Puno Case, Peru

In crisis situations, it is essential to increase representative democracy by structuring communities as tools to encourage citizen participation. For this reason, the research aimed to understand the reality of citizens and the processes of citizen participation mechanisms during the national crisis. It was a qualitative study that was based on phenomenological hermeneutics and identified six community leaders who are social actors in the city of Puno. The results demonstrated that the role of the community leader as an expression of the emotions of all citizens and the importance of community organization as a means of citizen participation are crucial to advance towards the construction of a strong and popular democracy. In conclusion, it is essential to have citizen participation mechanisms in times of crisis, as they allow communities that have traditionally been neglected to be heard and given a voice.

“Efficiency of Carlson Modeling of Eutrophication of the Inner Bay - Puno Lake Titicaca”

Objectives: Determine the degree of water contamination, expressed as a percentage of pure water; Quantify and evaluate water quality; recognize the sources of pollution and know the most relevant pollutants of the channels and mechanisms of eutrophication. Theoretical Framework: Pollution, water quality, pollution sources, tributaries-channels and eutrophication mechanisms. Method: The trophic state index of Carlson (1977) or TSI (Trophic State Index) was used. It is a longitudinal study from 2008 to 2016. With 15 sampling points, 12 times a year, evaluating the physical, chemical and microbiological parameters at each sampling point at 20% and 80% of the water column. Results and Discussion: Use modeling to predict the concentration of contaminants for the different treatment alternatives. Likewise, give a description of a model to estimate water quality. In conclusion, we indicate that the Carlson trophic state index has determined that the most relevant pollutants in the eutrophication process of the Interior Bay are nutrients and phosphates, these coming from the discharge of domestic wastewater from the city of Puno. Research implications: The study will serve to evaluate the behavior of water quality and implement mitigation policies. Originality/Value: This study will contribute to monitoring and treating wastewater.

Mechanisms for Citizen Participation During the National Crisis Process. Citizens Speak

In the midst of crisis scenarios, it is necessary to deepen the representative democracy, since the organisation of the communities, as a mechanism of citizen participation. For this reason, the research had as its intent to understand the reality of the citizens who make it possible mechanisms of citizen participation during the process of national crisis. This was a qualitative study, which was based on the method of phenomenological hermeneutic in which it is called six community leaders that make life in the city of Puno as social actors. The results showed the importance of the role of the leader of the community, as the expression of the feeling voice of all the citizens, also the importance of community organising as a means of citizen participation to deepen the construction of a strong and popular democracy. As a conclusion, in the midst of crisis situations, the mechanisms of citizen participation are fundamental to be able to listen to and give voice to communities that traditionally have been found underserved.

Evaluación del compostaje a diferentes composiciones para aprovechar los residuos orgánicos domiciliarios de la ciudad de puno para contribuir en contrarrestar el cambio climático

Compost piles were evaluated at different compositions to take advantage of household organic waste from the city of Puno in the period from June to September 2015. Three compost piles were evaluated at different composition and one cell vermiculture without worms, in order to determine what conditions produce an organic fertilizer higher quality, using organic waste Domiciliarios (ROD), Poda of Parks and Gardens of the city (PPJ) and sheep Dung (EGO), the three compost piles with a volume of 4.5 m3; P4 has 100% of 0.8 m3 ROD placed in a cell vermiculture and P5 has 100% ROD 2.6 m3 which was located on the outside of the plant. To accelerate decomposition, an infrastructure greenhouse conditions. After three months, three samples of P1, P2, P3 and P4 was removed and taken to the laboratory. The parameters were compared with the analysis of variance, the pile contains more Nitrogen, %Organic Matter and Solido Totals is P4. P4, sulfur is added to 1% weight, to neutralize the pH. As for the %humidity, no significant difference of the four piles. For agriculture, will have to be used in large quantities for example for request of N of 160Kg/Ha, you have to use 4.38tons/ha of compost to cover this need, which it is feasible, since, in the city of Puno, it is generated 50 tons/day of ROD, which is 37.5 tons/day of compost and a year is 13687.5 tons of compost, enough to cover 3125 ha/year of farmland.

Architecture and Authority: A Spatial Analysis of Power and Control at Three Spanish Colonial Silver Refineries (Puno, Peru)

This paper examines the spatial layout of three Spanish colonial silver refineries from the western Lake Titicaca Basin of southern Peru. These sites, located approximately 15 km from the city of Puno, Peru, were operated by Indigenous laborers throughout the Middle Colonial period (AD 1600–1800). Space syntax analysis is employed to evaluate the degree of control and access across these sites, examining the location of dormitories, storage buildings, administrative patios, work areas, entrances, and exits. Using both intra- and inter-site comparisons, results indicate the presence of restricted and segregated areas at all three refineries. However, inter-site comparisons highlight the integrated nature of the smaller, more rural refineries, revealing how control of labor manifested in diverse ways at the local scale.

Factores que influyen en las preferencias del consumo de quinua orgánica en los hogares de la ciudad de Puno, 2020

The purpose of this research has been to determine the factors that affect the preferences of organic quinoaconsumption in households in the city of Puno. The present work has had a quantitative character, of anapplied type, with a non-experimental cross-sectional design and of an explanatory nature; the populationhas been composed of 127 heads of households from the city of Puno; Likewise, simple random sampling wasused as a probabilistic sampling procedure. The data collection instrument was a questionnaire with 17 closedand open questions. For the estimation, a logit econometric model was applied, and subsequently the marginaleffects were estimated, obtaining the following results: The variable of age, family income, knowledge of the benefits of organic quinoa, household size, perception of health and perception of around the price positivelyinfluence the probability of preferences for the consumption of organic quinoa in households in the cityof Puno. In other words, if the age of the head of the household, family income, knowledge about thebenefits of organic quinoa, household size, perception around health and perception around price increase,the probability of preferences for quinoa consumption Organic Quinoa in households in the city of Punoincreases by 0.76%, 0.01%, 34.1%, 3.56%, 57.91% and 41.46% respectively, while the other variables do notinfluence the probability of organic Quinoa consumption in households in Puno. the city of Puno, likewisethe variable of perception around health and perception around the price of organic quinoa by consumershave a greater impact on the probability of preferences for the consumption of organic quinoa in householdsin the city of Puno with a value of 57.91% and 41.46% respective.

Estimation of the willingness to pay to decontaminate the interior bay in the city of Puno Perú. Applying the contingent valuation method

Estimation of the willingness to pay to decontaminate the interior bay in the city of Puno Perú. Applying the contingent valuation method

The Wilson’s Phalarope Phalaropus tricolor population and feeding activity at Lake Titicaca

Abstract A population estimation of Wilson’s Phalaropes was conducted in the Confinada Lagoon of the inner bay of Lake Titicaca in the city of Puno between August and May of 2016/2017, 2017/2018 and 2018/2019. We employed the quadrat method of population estimation with three repetitions using 10×50 mm binoculars between 06:00 and 08:00 h. We recorded population fluctuations in August and September (immigration season) and April and May (emigration season). We counted a maximum population of 112,000 Wilson’s Phalaropes during the immigration season, and then in the emigration season. During their stay of approximately 8 months, the birds feed on water fleas, insects and detritus amounted to 146,496 t. The inner bay of Lake Titicaca is an important aquatic habitat for these migratory birds, which has a positive impact on the contribution to the decontamination of the lake.

Presence of steroid hormones in Lake Titicaca and drinking water, Puno (Peru)

The presence of steroid hormones in lake waters causes contamination of aquatic ecosystems, which may cause endocrine alterations in the organisms that inhabit them. Moreover, many of these waters are purified and distributed to populations located around the lake; therefore, these effects could be repeated in humans who consume these waters. This study reports the presence of steroid hormone residues in the waters of the inner bay of Lake Titicaca and drinking water in the city of Puno-Perú. The Solid phase extraction method was used for sample preparation, and the analyses were developed in an HPLC-DAD system. Results show maximum concentrations of steroid hormones estrone (E1) 1.56, 17 β- estradiol (E2) 2.27, 17 α- ethinylestradiol (EE2) 13. 88 ng L-1 respectively. These concentrations vary at the different monitoring points, and their presence could cause ecotoxicological effects to the endemic aquatic biota that inhabit this part of this lake; at the same time they also could affect the health of the human population that consumes this water

Validation of ultraviolet index data from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) based on measurements from meteorological stations in the city of Puno

This research aims to validate ultraviolet index data obtained from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) for the city of Puno. Data analysis was conducted on data from the DAVIS Vantage Pro 2 Plus meteorological station located in the city of Puno and data obtained from the OMI for the quadrant -70.540214, -15.982311, -69.540214, -14.982311. The comparison of the UV index data showed a linear correlation of 0.937 and an overestimation of values by the OMI; thus, a data correction equation was formulated for later analysis based on the linear regression of the maximum ultraviolet index values of both datasets at solar noon for the years 2016, 2017 and 2018. The evolution of the UV index shows clear seasonal behavior, both in the ground-based and satellite data, with maximum values obtained in summer and minimum values obtained in winter. The validation results show good correlation between the satellite data and ground-based measurements.

Is the prevalence of anemia in children living at high altitudes real? An observational study in Peru.

Anemia diagnosis in populations residing at high altitude (HA) involves an adjustment of hemoglobin (Hb) values owing to the increase in its concentration with altitude. The suitability of the adjustment has been questioned since Hb concentrations depend on how adapted a population is to HA. In Peru, anemia in preschool children (PSC) is a matter of severe public concern for its high rates; in the city of Puno (∼3800 MASL), for example, 67.7% of children under 3 years are diagnosed with anemia. Here, we conducted an observational study in PSC living at different altitudes in Puno to assess Hb, iron status, and the suitability of altitude-adjusted Hb values in defining iron deficiency anemia. After adjusting Hb, 65.66% of the population had anemia, while only 4.8% of PSC had anemia when using unadjusted Hb. Receiver-operating characteristic curves using total body iron (TBI) as a marker of iron status are presented. In the 36- to 59-month age group, unadjusted Hb performed better than altitude-adjusted Hb. In the 6- to 35-month age group, anemia (adjusted or unadjusted) was not associated with TBI. We conclude that Hb adjustment by altitude is not appropriate. Anemia at an early age is not entirely attributable to iron deficiency.

Experimental research of a high efficiency natural convection double-flow solar air heater

The design, construction and evaluation of a parallel dual-flow air heater solar collector that has the V-shaped corrugated absorbent plate and that works by natural convection is presented. The collector has been evaluated for clear sky when installed on a vertical wall in the city of Puno, oriented towards the geographical north in the autumn season. The performance parameters allowed to obtain high efficiency and the construction is low cost. The maximum outlet air temperature of the collector reached 95,7 ºC for a solar intensity of 758 W/m2, and the average mass flow for sunny days was 0,0094 kg/s, in addition it was found that the mass flow is very sensitive to air velocity and density. The average efficiency of the collector is 51,1% which represents a good performance since it extracts a large amount of completely passive thermal energy without requiring additional external energy. The designed collector is respectful with the environment and is designed to meet the energy demands in frigid regions, it can operate more efficiently in the autumn and winter periods because it has a higher incidence angle at this time.  

Validación de un instrumento de medición de actividad física y propuesta de percentiles para su valoración en jóvenes universitarios

Introducción: El objetivo del presente trabajo fue: a) validar el cuestionario que mide actividad física mediante análisis confirmatorio; b) analizar la fiabilidad por medio de medidas de estabilidad; y c) desarrollar percentiles por rango de edad y sexo.Material y métodos: Se efectuó un estudio de tipo descriptivo de corte transversal en 1.937 jóvenes universitarios (1.064 hombres y 873 mujeres) de la ciudad de Puno, Perú. Se midió el peso y estatura y se calculó el índice de Masa Corporal (IMC) por sexo. Se aplicó un cuestionario de 11 preguntas que mide actividad física. Se validó por Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio (AFC) y se verificó la confiabilidad por test re-test. Se generó percentiles por rango de edad y sexo para los patrones de actividad física por el método LMS.Resultados: Para el AFC se observó saturaciones entre 0,41 a 0,96, valores propios superiores a 1,0, el porcentaje de explicación de la varianza fue de 63,9% (Varimax y Kaiser-Meier-Olkin, KMO= 0,872. Esfericidad de X2= 4999,5, p<0,0000). La fiabilidad por test re-test mostró un Error Técnico de Medida (ETM) de 2,48 a 3,68% y un coeficiente de correlación intra-clase (CCI) entre 0,65 para hombres y 0,654 para mujeres y para ambos sexos CCI= 0,92.Conclusión: El cuestionario de 11 preguntas que mide actividad física es válido y confiable para jóvenes universitarios de una región de elevada altitud del Perú. Además, los percentiles propuestos sirven para identificar y clasificar los niveles de actividad física según rango de edad y sexo.

Actitudes ambientales en estudiantes del nivel secundario

Las actitudes son formas en la que un individuo se adapta de manera activa a su entorno y es consecuencia de un proceso cognitivo, afectivo y conductual, las actitudes son el resultado del aprendizaje realizado al responder a los estímulos, y se manifiestan bajo la forma de tendencia positiva o negativa hacia personas, objetos y situaciones, de esta manera el objetivo del estudio fue determinar las actitudes ambientales frente a los problemas ambientales en estudiantes, del 4° grado de educación secundaria de la ciudad de Puno, durante el año académico 2016. La metodología utilizada corresponde al tipo descriptivo simple y el diseño de diagnóstico con datos cuantitativos y cualitativos, se tomó como población a 232 estudiantes, la muestra de estudio estuvo conformado por 132 estudiantes, seleccionados mediante el muestreo no probabilístico, a quienes se les aplico una encuesta que permitió identificar las actitudes ambientales positivas y negativas de los estudiantes. Los resultados fueron que el 58% de estudiantes del total tienen una actitud positiva con respecto al cuidado del ambiente, concluyendo que los estudiantes tienen una actitud favorable, quiere decir que en ellos existe responsabilidad, cuidado hacia los problemas ambientales.

Estimación de beneficios económicos por mejoras en los servicios de saneamiento básico mediante experimentos de elección

Introduction: The management of basic sanitation services in Peru is considered a high priority public policy. Objective: To estimate the economic benefits of an improvement in the provision of basic sanitation services (water, sewage and wastewater treatment) in Puno, Peru. Materials and methods: The economic benefits were estimated from data obtained in a survey of 392 heads of family. The econometric estimates were made through a choice experiment with multinomial logit and mixed logit models. Results and discussion: An aggregate marginal willingness to pay of 9.95 PEN (3.32 USD) per month per dwelling was estimated; if the total number of favored households is considered, this amount represents a measure of economic benefit. The wastewater treatment attribute is more valued than the water and sewage provision attributes. With respect to the models used, the mixed logit-dummy codes model presented greater theoretical consistency of the results. Conclusion: The choice of options for improving basic sanitation services is strongly conditioned by the educational level and monthly income of the users. Any policy aimed at improving basic sanitation services in the city of Puno should focus on solving the issue of wastewater treatment.

Child Labor and Reproduction of Family Poverty in Puno: A Pending Social Debt

Child labor violates the rights of children enshrined in the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) of the United Nations (UN), but also reproduces poverty in our country. In Peru, this type of work is not a novelty, but historical studies reveal that until the 1990s it was viewed with indifference by governments and other instances of society. The present research “Child labor and poverty in Puno”, has as objective: Determine the association between child labor and reproduction of family poverty in Puno. The study areas have been selected, taking into account the places with the highest concentration of children who carry out economic activities with their parents: The area of Salcedo “the brickworks in the Rinconada”, Jr. Los Incas and the surroundings of the stadium “ETB”, the Bellavista market and Mercado Union and Dignidad, as well as some parks and main streets where they carry out their economic activities informally. The Study Method is inductive of correlational-longitudinal design. Sample: The universe of the population under study is made up of adults who were formerly street children and adolescents in the city of Puno. Results: Child labor interferes in many ways: First, it decapitalizes in two to three years of study approximately with respect to those that do not work; second, the effort that work demands them has a negative impact on school continuity in the future. When not reaching the expected level in education, the possibility of repetition increases, which in turn generates delay and facilitates the desertion and consequently by the constant repetitions and desertions makes possible the definitive abandonment of the school. Therefore, child labor in the current conditions is twice the fundamental rights of children, places conditions of informality when they are adults and reproduces family poverty in our country in a generational manner.

Experimentos de elección en la estimación de medidas de bienestar y priorización de políticas en Saneamiento Básico

The aim of this study is to estimate the potential economic benefits of an integral improvement in the provision of basic sanitation services (water, sewage and treatment) through the choice experiment (EE) with multinomial logit models and mixed logit. 392 surveys were conducted on users of basic sanitation services in the city of Puno. Using the mixed logit model-dummy codes, an aggregate marginal willingness to pay (MWTP) of S/9.95/month/household was estimated. Based on the logit multinomial model-effect codes, it was possible to estimate the compensatory variation (CV) in S/9.11/month/household. When comparing both results, it is concluded that there are no significant differences, therefore, any of these monetary welfare measures, when aggregated in terms of the population potentially benefiting from the change, could be used as a measure of economic benefit if a Cost-Benefit Analysis were done. It has also been shown that the attribute "treatment" is more valued than the attributes "water" and "sewerage", therefore, any policy aimed at improving basic sanitation services in the city of Puno should be primarily focused on solving the wastewater treatment. The choice of alternatives for improvement in basic sanitation services is conditioned by the educational level and the monthly monetary income of the users.

Acoustic zoning generated by anthropogenic non-permissible decibels in the city of Puno, Peru

El proposito de la investigacion fue determinar el comportamiento puntual y superficial del decibelio en las zonas con actividad antropogenica que generan contaminacion acustica. La evaluacion del decibelio se realizo por el metodo geoestadistico Kriging. Tambien se utilizo el modelo Hole effect para los mapas de prediccion, durante los meses de diciembre de 2014 hasta marzo de 2015. Se midieron 108 muestras de forma probabilistica aleatoria, donde el 91.76% fueron puntos criticos (99) y el resto, represento una zona de confort acustico en el horario de las 07:30 a 19:30 horas. El mapa tematico indico que el factor de mayor relevancia de las seis zonas representadas fue causado por el excesivo trafico vehicular. Se concluyo que existio contaminacion acustica debido a decibeles por encima de los valores deseados.

Presence of helminth eggs in domestic wastewater and its removal at low temperature UASB reactors in Peruvian highlands

This work studied the anaerobic sludge filtration capacity for pathogens reduction in a 29 L and 1.65 m height lab-scale UASB reactor treating domestic wastewater at low temperatures in the city of Puno (Peru). The anaerobic sludge filtration capacity was performed applying upflow velocities of 0.12, 0.14, 0.16, 0.20, 0.27 and 0.41 m/h. Results show that the HE removal varied between 89 and 95% and the most common specie was Ascaris lumbricoides. Faecal coliform and Escherichia coli removal varied in the range of 0.9–2.1 and 0.8–1.6 log10 respectively. Likely related to the low operational temperatures, the total COD removal varied between 37 and 62%. The best performance in terms of removal of HE, total COD and turbidity was obtained at the lowest upflow velocity of 0.12 m/h. In order to meet WHO standards for water reuse a post-treatment unit will be required to polish the effluent.

Continuous High-Altitude Measurements of Cosmic Ray Neutrons and SEU/MCU at Various Locations: Correlation and Analyses Based-On MUSCA SEP$^{3}$

In this paper are described measurements at high-altitude of both radiation environment and effects. These measurements comprise cosmic ray neutrons and SBU/MCU on nanoscales devices. Results obtained at Pic-du-Midi, France, and in the city of Puno, Peru, are presented and analyzed. Analyses and cross comparisons based-on MUSCA SEP <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> calculations show a good agreement between experimental data and modeling, thus illustrating the importance of the knowledge of the radiation field for a reliable prediction.