Presence of steroid hormones in Lake Titicaca and drinking water, Puno (Peru)

Walter Zamalloa-Cuba,Olivia Magaly Luque Vilca,Franz Zirena Vilca,Sirleith Siomara Condori Canaza,Luiz Tornisielo Valdemar

doi:10.18271/ria.2021.307

Abstract

The presence of steroid hormones in lake waters causes contamination of aquatic ecosystems, which may cause endocrine alterations in the organisms that inhabit them. Moreover, many of these waters are purified and distributed to populations located around the lake; therefore, these effects could be repeated in humans who consume these waters. This study reports the presence of steroid hormone residues in the waters of the inner bay of Lake Titicaca and drinking water in the city of Puno-Perú. The Solid phase extraction method was used for sample preparation, and the analyses were developed in an HPLC-DAD system. Results show maximum concentrations of steroid hormones estrone (E1) 1.56, 17 β- estradiol (E2) 2.27, 17 α- ethinylestradiol (EE2) 13. 88 ng L-1 respectively. These concentrations vary at the different monitoring points, and their presence could cause ecotoxicological effects to the endemic aquatic biota that inhabit this part of this lake; at the same time they also could affect the health of the human population that consumes this water

Highlights

Hormones are increasingly used around the world (Torres et al, 2021), such as the hormone 17 α-ethinylestradiol (EE2), which is one of the compounds in birth control pills (González-Hernando et al, 2013) as well as livestock; they are excreted by humans and animals (Fent, 2015) and are capable of interfering with the endocrine system in vertebrates and invertebrates (Bovier et al, 2018)
Hormones such as estrone (E1) and estradiol (E2) are endogenous estrogens catalyzed by cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes which have biological activity in the liver, tissues, extrahepatic target cells, and extrahepatic target cells (Zhu & Lee, 2005), producing metabolites such as estrogen hydroxylation with a similar structure but with different physiological effects after metabolism in vivo (Xu et al, 2021)
Of E1, 7.26 ng L-1 of E2, and 17.73 ng L-1 respectively were found, as well as in Dongting Lake, China an average of 5.63 of E1, 10.32 of E2, 3.04 of EE2, 3.04 ng L-1 of EE2 (Yang et al, 2015).Space this study reports the presence of steroid hormone residues in the waters of the inner bay of Lake Titicaca and drinking water in the city of Puno

Summary

Introduction

Hormones are increasingly used around the world (Torres et al, 2021), such as the hormone 17 α-ethinylestradiol (EE2), which is one of the compounds in birth control pills (González-Hernando et al, 2013) as well as livestock; they are excreted by humans and animals (Fent, 2015) and are capable of interfering with the endocrine system in vertebrates and invertebrates (Bovier et al, 2018) Hormones such as estrone (E1) and estradiol (E2) are endogenous estrogens catalyzed by cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes which have biological activity in the liver, tissues, extrahepatic target cells, and extrahepatic target cells (Zhu & Lee, 2005), producing metabolites such as estrogen hydroxylation with a similar structure but with different physiological effects after metabolism in vivo (Xu et al, 2021).

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Discussion

Conclusion