Chihuahua City Research Articles

The Future of Work, Changes, and Needs Arising from Technological Development According to Higher Education Institutions (HEIs)

This research focuses on the impact that technology is currently having and will have on the development of people's work activities worldwide, as well as the analysis of the skills necessary for optimal performance expected of workers in their respective organizations, according to estimates from Higher Education Institutions in Chihuahua, Mexico. The main objective is to understand the expectations that companies and Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) in the city of Chihuahua, Mexico, have regarding the skills needed for the future of work and to compare them with the results presented in the World Economic Forum (WEF) Future of Jobs Report 2023. Based on the hypothesis that the degree of correlation between global expectations for future skills and those of Chihuahua would be low, a survey was conducted with 10 educational institutions on the topic. Among the main results, it was found that there is a 60% match in the top 10 skill groups sought both globally and in Chihuahua. Skills such as "Technology Design and Programming," "Emotional Intelligence," "Reasoning, Problem Solving, and Ideation," and "Systems Analysis and Evaluation" were identified as crucial for companies worldwide but not as important locally. Finally, the results presented will enable companies, the government, educational institutions, and the workforce in Chihuahua to understand the coordination needs to achieve the necessary training for developing future work skills that are important globally.

Occupational risks in a meat products food company in the city of Chihuahua, Mexico

Occupational risks in a meat products food company in the city of Chihuahua, Mexico

Care in family coping with teenagers who use drugs

Aim: Know the meanings and family coping of adolescents who consume drugs in rehabilitation. Method: Qualitative research with a phenomenological design sought to know the life stories of the families of adolescents who consume drugs in a rehabilitation center in the city of Chihuahua. Participant observation, field diary and in-depth interview were used, content analysis was carried out in three moments: discovery, coding and construction of units of meaning. Results: The consumption of addictive substances in an adolescent causes changes and feelings in family dynamics, generating helplessness, and anger and at the same time stress and fear. From the perspective of the coping experienced by the family of the adolescent who uses drugs, there are four categories: poor family communication; to us as a family who takes care of us; mother's intuition, an awakening to reality and finally defeat as a family. Conclusion: It is not easy to structure a form of care, it was necessary to reach the most sensitive fibers of the human being in order to understand the processes in which he is immersed, establishing an intimate and intentional dialogue with him, since he is surrounded by a whirlwind of pain and suffering.

Coefficients and curves of hourly and daily variations of water demand for improved operation of potable water distribution systems: a case study of Chihuahua City, Mexico

Abstract Maintaining a constant flow in a potable water distribution hydraulic system is challenging due to fluctuations caused by changes in user demand and seasonal factors. This study aimed to calculate the coefficients and curves of hourly and daily variation of water demand in the water distribution system of Chihuahua. It is crucial to understand the hydraulic system's behavior during peak demands and assess its capacity. The methodology involved calculating coefficients and curves of variation of demand based on flow data measured at the inlet of various hydrometric sectors using flanged electromagnetic flowmeters of various diameters and models. The results showed that the variation curves and coefficients of water demand are valuable tools for modeling, designing, and operating water networks. Incorporating these curves into hydraulic simulations during the planning and design stage can improve the accuracy of these models and better reflect the network's actual behavior. The proposed method is suitable for application in cities with similar demographic and social characteristics. The study concludes that accurate supply area information for hydrometric sectors is essential in constructing the curves and coefficients of demand variation, which can lead to opportunities for improving water service by informing more effective network design and operation.

Tree Rings as Proxies of Historical Runoff in a National Park in Northern Mexico: A Major Ecosystem Service Provider

A dendrochronological network of conifers (Pinus leiophylla, Pinus cembroides, Pinus engelmannii) was developed in the Cumbres de Majalca National Park (CMNP) in Chihuahua, Mexico, to reconstruct historical runoff patterns and examine the impact of ocean–atmosphere phenomena. The CMNP plays a vital role as a runoff source for Conchos River tributaries and groundwater recharge for Chihuahua City and nearby populations. The ring-width chronologies displayed a common signal from 1859 to 2021, with the highest association found between P. engelmannii and P. leiophylla (r = 0.65) and the lowest between P. cembroides and P. engelmannii (r = 0.55). The first principal component explained 75.7% of the variance, and among the species, P. leiophylla exhibited the highest correlation (0.624, p < 0.05) with the accumulated streamflow records from the previous November to July, allowing the construction of a bootstrapped model for runoff reconstruction. The reconstructed streamflow spanned from 1859 to 2014, with an average of 2.732 × 108 m3. Periods of low runoff occurred in 1860–1880, 1940–1960, and 1994–2014, while extreme wet years with high runoff occurred in 1865, 1884, and 1987. The interannual streamflow variability correlated significantly with ENSO indices (SOI, MEI, TRI, and sea surface temperature anomalies), particularly during the winter–spring seasons, indicating that warm phases of the ENSO increased precipitation and runoff. The analysis of return periods revealed probabilities for specific runoff volumes, enabling stakeholders to use the information to develop effective strategies for sustainable water allocation and utilization in the region.

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the tools and sales strategies of micro and small businesses in the city of Chihuahua

Goals: Learn about the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the sales tools and strategies for SMEs (Micro and small enterprises) in the city of Chihuahua, Mexico. - Identify sales tools and strategies most used before and after the pandemic. - Learn which strategies are designed and implemented after the pandemic. - Evaluate if the new sales strategies applied, generate an increase in the Mypes profit. - Direct sales strategies based on digital marketing tools. Methodology: Quantitative research is carried out through the survey method whose purpose is to identify the relationship between sales strategies and the continuance in the market of SMEs in the city of Chihuahua, which are applied before, during, and after the pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The purpose of this research is to study a representative sample of companies through a descriptive investigation designed with a questionnaire of 11 closed questions: dichotomous and multiple choice. A sample of 211 companies was obtained, in which only SMEs were considered to carry out the research. Contribution: Digital marketing is necessary for companies if they want to stay in the market and increase their share.

Degree of application of social responsibility by gender and age and educational level of the owners of the Mypes in Chihuahua City

The present research has the objective to determine the degree of application of social responsibility in Micro and Small Enterprises (Mypes) in the city of Chihuahua, considering the variables of gender, age and academic level of the owners. For this investigation a quantitative method with a descriptive scope is employed, as this research seeks to specify the profiles (by gender and age) of Mypes owners in the city of Chihuahua and the degree of application of social responsibility in their companies. The design is cross-sectional. A random sample of 450 micro and small companies in the city is examined. The results allow gender and age to determine the degree of application of social responsibility in local businesses. This research has allowed us to determine the degree of social responsibility implemented in the companies of this city in relation to age, gender, and educational level. Among the findings, it was found that companies led by men and with a higher educational level are the ones where more social responsibility actions are implemented.

Empirical model for the estimation of photosynthetically active radiation in the city of Chihuahua and its zone of influence

Empirical model for the estimation of photosynthetically active radiation in the city of Chihuahua and its zone of influence

“Que el aseo y la pulcritud sea el signo distintivo de nuestra ciudad”. El centro histórico de Chihuahua y algunas de sus vecindades, 1934–1971

This urban history research addresses the historiographic gap on the theme of ‘vecindades’ in the city of Chihuahua through the identification, description, and analysis of the social function that they fulfilled between 1934 and 1971: satisfying the housing deficit after the intense migration from the countryside to the city. The sources used were maps, reports, and government records, as well as correspondence between the authorities and the people. At the same time, some of the ways of life that developed within the neighborhoods are described and analyzed, as well as the perception that society had about this type of housing and the people who inhabited it through the testimony of those who lived with its inhabitants and the photographs that attest to its existence. Also, I complementarily argue that the state urbanization and redevelopment policies of the 1956–1971 period were key in the modernization of the city, which implied the indiscriminate destruction of buildings and constructions, in addition to the gentrification and sectorization of the population. I conclude that the ‘vecindades’, as it was the case in other cities of the republic, were shelters for social otherness and the ‘undesirable’.

Genetics, age, and crystallization history of group IC iron meteorites

The IC iron meteorite group is characterized utilizing nucleosynthetic mass-independent isotopic compositions and 182W age constraints, coupled with siderophile element concentration measurements and modeling of crystal-liquid fractionation processes. The six IC irons analyzed, Arispe, Bendego, Chihuahua City, Nocoleche, NWA 2743, and Winburg have indistinguishable Mo and W genetic isotopic compositions and are consistent with derivation from the same parent body, which formed in the non-carbonaceous (NC) nebular reservoir. A pre-exposure µ182W value (parts-per-million deviations in isotopic ratios from terrestrial standards) for the six IC irons of −337 ± 5 corresponds to a metal-silicate segregation age of 1.0 ± 0.4 Myr after calcium-aluminum-rich inclusion (CAI) formation. This age is similar to those determined for other NC iron groups. Siderophile element abundances of the IC irons are generally similar and characterized by minor depletions in the more volatile siderophile elements. Highly siderophile element (HSE) distributions among the IC group suggest that the initial parent body core was S-rich, with preferred model results indicating an initial melt composition with ∼ 18 wt% S, 2 wt% P and 0.03 wt% C. Processes in addition to fractional crystallization, such as late-stage parent body modification, possibly as a result of impacts, and subsequent metal-melt mixing, are required within the first 100 Myr of Solar System history to explain the range of HSE abundances.

Study of the green spaces of the southern area of the city of Chihuahua, Chihuahua, Mexico

Objective: To diagnose the maintenance of green spaces in the southern zone of the city of Chihuahua, Chihuahua, México. Design/Methodology/Approach: An analytical-synthetic and historical methodology was used to evaluate the state of green spaces, mainly in the southern part of the city. Likewise, bibliographic techniques were used to study the importance of green spaces, their conceptualization, and the challenges that they face. Results: Providing maintenance and participating in proper management is essential for the improvement of green spaces and for the creation of an enhanced environment that provides better development for these areas in the city of Chihuahua and changes territorial development. Study Limitations/Implications: Green spaces are part of the basic public amenities of any municipality and therefore the Municipal Council is in charge of these areas; however, the ability to achieve goals is determined by individual and collective productivity or rather the lack thereof. Findings/Conclusions: Developing good management practices can provide well-kept and adequately-maintained green spaces for the inhabitants of Chihuahua.

Immune Monitoring of Paediatric Patients Infected with Rickettsia rickettsii, Ehrlichia canis and Coinfected.

In 2021, 273 Rocky Mountain spotted fever cases were reported nationwide in Mexico. In Chihuahua City, fourteen samples were obtained from children suspected of rickettsial infection. The analysis of samples (January to December 2021) showed prevalence rates of 28.5%, 43%, and 28.5% for Rickettsia rickettsii, Ehrlichia canis, and both pathogens in coinfection, respectively. The analysis of clinical haematological and biochemistry analytes showed alterations; 100% of the children had elevated liver enzymes and coagulation times, 64% showed leukocytosis due to neutrophilia, 55% had thrombocytopenia, lymphopenia, and hypoalbuminemia, and 45% showed normocytic normochromic anaemia. Statistically significant differences were observed in the expression of the chemokines IL-8, RANTES, CXCL9/MIG, and CXCL10/IP-10 across the coinfected and control groups, and the difference in IP-10 expression was significant for patients infected by R. rickettsii compared to the control group. Additionally, significant differences were observed for expression levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17, IFNγ, and TNFα among the R. rickettsii-positive group compared to the control group. On the other hand, the coinfected group exhibited modified levels of IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 compared with the control group. Finally, significant differences were observed for CD8+ T lymphocyte subpopulations between individuals positive for R. rickettsii and those positive for E. canis.

Primer registro de la cotorra argentina (Myiopsitta monachus) en Chihuahua, México

Reportamos el primer registro de la cotorra argentina (Myiopsitta monachus) en las ciudades de Chihuahua y Delicias en Chihuahua, México. Observamos cinco individuos de esta especie de junio a diciembre de 2011 en las instalaciones de la Facultad de Zootecnia y Ecología de la Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua; grupos de 2 a 12 individuos en el área urbana de la ciudad de Chihuahua durante 2012, y cuatro individuos en ciudad Delicias, a 80 km al sureste de la ciudad de Chihuahua, en el 2013. Previamente, en enero de 2011, se reportó, en el portal electrónico de aVerAves, el avistamiento de un individuo en el noroeste del estado. Dada la presencia de nidos activos en las ciudades de Chihuahua y Delicias, la especie podría estar ya establecida en esta parte del país. Recomendamos dar seguimiento a las poblaciones existentes de esta especie a fin de documentar los posibles riesgos a los ecosistemas en la región.

Public Space Accessibility in Vulnerable Areas in Post-Covid Times.

Public space has become a relevant factor for cities since it increases people's quality of life. These areas help reduce physical and mental problems that may arise in society, and in addition, they increase the sense of community and improve the development that children may have. The Covid-19 virus and confinement made this type of space necessary. Although public spaces are taken more into account in the city, they do not take place on the edges of the urban area, as is the case in the community of Paso del Norte in the city of Chihuahua in Mexico. The community has two spaces that can be considered recreation areas, but the reality is that they do not have adequate infrastructure to make them safe and formal places. These make us wonder what the people of this community do in their free time, how they use these public spaces, and how they have evolved over the years. So people in the community were surveyed to solve such unknowns, revealing that these spaces have changed in the last two decades. Especially with the arrival of the Covid-19 pandemic. These green areas added value to the areas where they are, plus many adapted the spaces for recreational, educational, commercial, and productive use. Design is a great tool that can take the detected weaknesses of a community and turn them into strengths to create a good quality public space.

Provision of urban amenities and public works analysis in the City of Chihuahua, Mexico

Objective: To identify the basic geostatistical areas (AGEBS) that until 2019 were classified as priority attention zones, in order to analyze the lack of amenities and to assess indicators for monitoring sustainable development in the urban area of the municipality of Chihuahua. Design/Methodology/Approach: An analytical-synthetic methodology was used. Bibliographical and statistical techniques were applied to study the levels that are reflected at the national and municipal scales, as well as the indicators of socially underdeveloped areas, in order to make proposals for their improvement. Results: Based on a diagnosis of the marginalization levels in the City of Chihuahua, Chih., 3% of the city population lives in areas with scarce or non-existent amenities, generating low development in its inhabitants. Study Limitations/Implications: The distances between the different types of amenities in the city were determined, as well as the access to essential amenities (i.e., education and health). These amenities are located at inaccessible distances. Findings/Conclusions: We would like to propose a compact and connected city model where amenities are nearby. This proposal includes the densification of the main sub-centers of the city, as well as the optimization of the required resources and the necessary infrastructure for the provision of services and urban equipment. The ultimate objective is to prevent the ongoing and disproportionate growth of the city.

Antisocial and Criminal Behaviors of Secondary School Students from the city of Chihuahua in Northern Mexico and Associated Risk Factors

Background: Since the school is a key setting during adolescence, it is crucial to detect deviant social behaviors of individuals in this environment to target corrective measures. Aim: To estimate the prevalence of antisocial and criminal behaviors of secondary school students in the city of Chihuahua, northern Mexico, and to explore associated factors. Methods: Cross-sectional survey with adolescents aged 13-16 years, randomly selected from public and private schools. The Mexican version of the validated antisocial and criminal behaviors questionnaire was applied to 430 students from 41 schools. Proportions and mean scores were computed. Results were stratified by individual and school characteristics. Logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with the probability of reporting at least one criminal behavior. Results: Eating when not allowed (67.5%) and arriving late to school (51.7%) were the most frequent antisocial behaviors, while spending money gambling (17.2%) and damaging objects or property in public spaces (15.5%) were the most frequent criminal behaviors. Men had a higher criminal mean score (1.35 vs. 0.89; p<0.05), and 9th graders had higher mean than 7th and 8th graders for antisocial (7.05 vs. 5.39 and 4.97; p<0.05) and criminal (1.44 vs. 0.98 and 0.94; p<0.05) behaviors. Public schools had a lower antisocial mean than the private (5.52 vs. 6.61; p<0.05). High-income private schools had the highest mean for antisocial behavior (7.44), followed by tele-secondaries (7.06); for criminal behavior, public technical (1.71) and tele-secondaries (2.31) had the highest means. The schools’ lowest academic performance was associated with lower means, especially for criminal behavior. Male sex, higher school grade, low school performance, having failed a year, reporting family problems, and performing specific free-time activities (e.g., hanging out with friends) were associated with a higher adjusted odds ratios of reporting at least one criminal behavior. Conclusion: The most frequent behaviors were quantified, and specific risk groups and factors were identified in order to design and implement preventive programs

Cross-Border Cargo Traffic Through a Rural Texas Port of Entry

Most econometric analyses of cross-border traffic flows from Mexico have been conducted for the larger metropolitan economies along the international boundary. With the advent of the USMCA trade agreement, plus physical infrastructure bottlenecks at many ports of entry, ports of entry in smaller cities and towns are likely to play more important roles in expediting cross-border merchandise trade. To date, however, there has been very little formal analyses of the trade flows through many of these other, potentially key ports. This study attempts to partially fill part of that gap in the border economics literature by analyzing northbound cargo vehicle flows from Mexico to the United States through Ojinaga, Chihuahua and Presidio, Texas. Results indicate that the price of diesel fuel, United States business cycles, export manufacturing employment in Chihuahua City, and the inflation adjusted bilateral currency value of the peso influence the monthly volume of cargo trucks that use this border crossing facility.

Prevalence and factors associated with anxiety and depression symptoms in adults from Chihuahua City, Mexico during COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown measures

Introduction: Levels of anxiety and depression have increased internationally during the COVID-19 pandemic. Objective: To determine the prevalence of anxiety and depression symptoms and identify their associated factors including lockdown measures in the general population over 18 years from Chihuahua, Chihuahua, Mexico during the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: Cross-sectional study, with online survey and snowball sampling. The GAD-7 (anxiety), PHQ-9 (depression) and Likert (social distancing measures) scales were used. Frequencies, measures of central tendency and dispersion were calculated; a bivariate analysis was performed with odds ratio as a measure of association between those with the presence and absence of anxiety and depression symptoms; for the total population and stratifying by sex, calculating the degree of association between the categorical variables using Fisher's exact test and Chi2, considering a p<.05. Results: From 377 participants, 46% had symptoms of anxiety and 43% depressive symptoms. Being a woman, single, young, student, not exercising, smoking, alcohol consumption, practicing social distancing measures, the history of a previous mental disorder or mental health care, were associated with the presence of symptoms of anxiety and/or depression. Discussion and conclusion: High prevalence of anxiety and depression symptoms were found, justifying a follow-up of the mental health of the population. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54167/tecnociencia.v16i1.889

Practical pressure management for a gradual transition from intermittent to continuous water supply

Abstract Cities in developing countries that do not consider water resources as the basis for sustainable growth usually accept intermittent water supply (IWS) as the alternative to satisfy the demand of the population. Networks designed as constant water supply (CWS) operated as IWS hinder a safe and reliable water supply; thus, feasible alternatives to return the operation to CWS are required. This paper presents a methodology based flow/pressure control to accomplish an efficient transformation from an IWS sector to a CWS in the City of Chihuahua, Mexico. The management of pressure at sector entrance and critical supply points leads to successful improvement of service, ensuring water availability with adequate pressure at the peak of demand, as well as reducing the supply of water volume by 58% compared to the sector operated in IWS. The methodology allowed the improvement of decision-making and operating policy for the water operating agency (WOA), fixing service deficiency, avoiding the loss of water volumes, and maintaining competent management control. Nonetheless, resistance to the transition of using automation and setting the volume/pressure consumption based on reliable data persists. The change process will be successful to the extent that the WOA efficiently channels the participation of the personnel.

Arsenic Mineral in Volcanic Tuff, a Source of Arsenic Anomaly in Groundwater: City of Chihuahua, Mexico

Arsenic is a naturally occurring trace element that causes many health effects when present in drinking water. Elevated arsenic concentrations in water are often attributed to nearby felsic volcanic sequences; however, the specific rock units to which the groundwater anomalies can be accredited are rarely identified. The groundwater from wells around the city of Chihuahua, Mexico, contains high arsenic content. Arsenic in groundwater increases toward the base rock containing Tertiary volcanic rocks. Through detailed scanning electron microscope (SEM) and electron microprobe (EMP) work, arsenic minerals are identified in the cavities of the Tertiary volcanic tuff from the northeast part of the Tabalaopa Basin, city of Chihuahua. Arsenic minerals, the As–Sr–Al phase (a possible arsenogoyazite–arsenoflorencite group mineral) crystallized in the vesicles of the tuff and the As–Y bearing phase included in biotite, prevail in the studied Tertiary volcanic outcrops. Based on the current study, the arsenic anomaly in the Tabalaopa–Aldama aquifer corresponds to these arsenic phases in the Tertiary volcanic rocks.