Baghdad Research Articles

Effect of Zeolite and Silica Gel in Regulating the Water Requirement of Cabbage and Their Effect on some Physical Properties of the Soil

A field experiment was conducted at the research station of the Department of Soil Sciences and Water Resources, which is 66 km east of city of Baghdad during the fall agricultural season for the year 2021. It is located at latitude 10.679" 33° 41′ north, longitude 36.569" 35′ 43° east and at an altitude of 43 m. Above sea level. The study aimed at the effect of zeolite and silica gel in regulating the water requirement of the cabbage and some physical soil characteristics and the growth and yield of the cabbage. The experiment was designed according to the distribution of split-split boards in a completely randomized block system (R C B D) with three replications. The experiment included three factors, The first to occupy the main panels is zeolite ((Z) with three levels (without adding zeolite Z0, adding 25 g to each plant Z1, adding 50 g to each plant Z2), and the second agent is silica gel (S) with three levels (without adding silica S0, adding 10 g For each plant S1, add 20 gm of the plant S2), and the third factor is the water requirement of the plant in two levels (adding the full amount of 100% of the water requirement for the plant W1, adding 50% of the water requirement for the cabbage plant W2). The dimensions of the experimental unit are 1.5 × 4 m, with an area of (6 square meters) for one experimental unit. The most important results obtained can be summarized as follows: The treatment W1Z2S3 recorded the highest value for the total porosity of the soil and the average weighted diameter and the lowest for the bulk density and soil resistance to penetration, and the values were 57.98%, 1.710 mm, 1.113 μg m-3, 0.900 kg cm-2, respectively, while the treatment W1Z0S0 recorded the highest value for the bulk density, which amounted to 1.380 Mgm-3, as for the soil penetration resistance, it reached its maximum in treatment W2Z0S0 and was 4.166 kg cm-2.

Rationalization of the Water Requirement of the Cabbage Crop by Using Zeolite and Silica Gel and Their Effect on some Water Parameters of the Leaves of the Cabbage Crop

A field experiment was conducted at the research station of the Department of Soil Sciences and Water Resources, which is 66 km east of the city of Baghdad during the fall agricultural season for the year 2021. It is located at latitude 10.679" 33° 41′ north, longitude 36.569" 35′ 43° east and at an altitude of 43 m above. Sea level The study aimed at the effect of zeolite and silica gel in rationing the water requirement of the cabbage and some of the physical soil characteristics and the growth and yield of the cabbage plant. The experiment was designed according to the distribution of split-split boards in a completely randomized block system (R C B D) with three replications. The experiment included three factors, the first Which occupied the main panels is zeolite ((Z) with three levels (without adding zeolite Z0, adding 25 g to each plant Z1, adding 50 g to each plant Z2), and the second factor is silica gel (S) and with three levels (without adding silica S0, adding 10 g to each plant S1, adding 20 gm plant S2), and the third factor is the water requirement of the plant in two levels (adding the full amount of 100% of the water requirement for the plant W1, adding 50% of the water requirement for the cabbage plant W2). The dimensions of the experimental unit are 1.5 × 4 m, with an area of (6 m2) for one experimental unit. The most important results obtained can be summarized as follows: The highest value of relative water content % and the ability to bind water % and the ability to absorb water in treatment W1Z2S2 reached 87.96%, 10.733%, 6.123%, respectively. The lowest value of relative saturation deficit in treatment W1Z2S2 was 12.03%.. The interaction treatment between water requirement, zeolite and silica gel recorded a significant effect when treating W2Z2S2 in the ability to absorb water, as it recorded the highest value of 79.29% compared to the treatment W1Z0S0, which had the lowest value of 23.39%.

Estimation of some Metal Pollutants and Pesticide Residues in Coffee Products Available in the Local Markets of Baghdad

Food contamination has significant effects on consumers? health. The present study aimed to estimate some heavy elements (copper, manganese, nickel, lead, cadmium, chromium, zinc, and iron) and quantify the residuals of pyrethroid pesticides such as cypermethrin, deltamethrin, permethrin, and bifenthrin in coffee products in the markets of Baghdad city. Coffee available in the market was from Brazil, Ethiopia, India, Kenya, Uganda, Indonesia, Guatemala, and Colombia, and 24 different samples were used for the study. The concentrations of heavy metals were estimated using the atomic absorption technique, while the pesticide residues were calculated using the LC-MS technique. The results showed that the copper, manganese, nickel, and zinc concentrations for all coffee samples were within acceptable limits. As for the concentrations of chromium and iron, some samples exceeded the permissible limits, such as the highest concentration of chromium was 1.137 mg/kg, and that iron was 57.089 mg/kg. The pyrethroid residues were high, and cypermethrin, deltamethrin, permethrin, and bifenthrin were on the higher side than the permissible levels and were recorded as 0.437, 0.833, 1.063, and 0.753 mg/kg, respectively, exceeding the maximum limits set by international standards.. KEYWORDS :Atomic absorption technique, Coffee, Metal pollutants, Pesticide residues, Pyrethroids

Assessment of patients’ knowledge concerning healthy lifestyle-based secondary prevention after Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Baghdad city

Introduction: Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a major cause of death globally. Healthy lifestyle is a major determinant of health of patients with CHD. Sub-optimal level of HL has negative impact on quality of life and deteriorates patients’ health. Objectives: the study is to assess knowledge toward a healthy lifestyle for patients with CHD in addition to finding out association with demographic variables. Methods: Descriptive Design study has been utilized for the current study to assess patients’ knowledge concerning healthy lifestyle after undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention, starting from January 2nd 2019 to 30th October 2019.A non-probability (purposive) sample of 78 patients who have coronary artery disease treated with percutaneous coronary intervention to manage coronary artery occlusions. Coronary Artery Disease Education Questionnaire (CADE-Q) has been used as a tool for the present study. Data analysis has been done by descriptive and inferential statistics through using social package for statistical science SPSS version 20. Results: more than half of the sample was male; the majority of them were primary graduate. Regarding general knowledge of the study sample toward healthy lifestyle which is assessed by CADE-Q were poor. No significant relationship found between demographic variables and knowledge variable. Conclusion: most of the study participants have no adequate level of knowledge toward a healthy lifestyle, implementing a lifestyle intervention program regarding knowledge and practices of patients with CAD, specifically after percutaneous coronary intervention is necessary to improve healthier life.

A dramatic morphological transformation from a spontaneous, organic street pattern to pre-planned-based order: learning from Baghdad city

ABSTRACT A city can be characterised as a measurable pattern that comprises streets surrounded by block patterns. These street patterns are largely responsible for connectivity and accessibility, which enable people to move and interact. The study compares four samples in a case study in Baghdad, Iraq. The assets of Baghdad today belong to its historical period as its prevailing organic zigzagged network pattern determine its character. However, urban areas outside the historical zone are constructed according to modern schemes and a modernist ideology. This paper tests the connectivity and accessibility of the street network for four selected neighbourhoods. To achieve this, five indicators were applied, namely: intersection density Id, street density Sd, link to node ratio LNR, internal node connectivity INC and external point connectivity EPC. Following that, a correlation for each street parameter within the selected regions was analysed to identify the main characteristics of each variable in each area. Besides connectivity and accessibility, the paper’s aim is to characterise the historical neighbourhood of Baghdad by comparing it with other chosen areas. This study applies two stages to its case study; the first reviews traditional urban pattern and compares this to the other three examples. The second stage includes the selection of three different samples within the same city, where every sample has several common variables. Adopting a quantitative method, the outcomes revealed variation across the characteristics and parameters of the street pattern within the four chosen neighbourhoods. This finding offer a precise platform and key plan for future urban design strategies and planning methods. The research concluded that a greater understanding of street patterns and parameters could help to improve the built environment and the transformation processes of the urban form, particularly when considering walkability, connectivity, accessibility, and sustainability.

Prevalence of Superficial Tongue lesions in Iraqi Population

Tongue lesions create a significant proportion of the oral lesions, which afford approximation to oral health and general condition of the patient and may reflect the presence of many systemic diseases of an individual. Oral lesions have long been view as t he first signs of many systemic disease and numerous of oral illness. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of various superficial tongue lesions in Iraqi population. 2500 patients attending the Department of Oral Medicine, College of Dentistry, Al-Mustansiriyah University in Bag hdad, Iraq were examined for the presence of various tongue l esions during the period from October, 2013 to September, 2016. The age of the patients ranged from 9-75years with a mea n age of 36.51 years. The prevalence of tongue lesions was 14.64% and the most common lesion diagnosed was fissur ed tongue affecting 43.7% of the subjects (160 cases). Geogr aphic tongue was seen in 65 patients (17.7%). Coated tong ue was diagnosed in 55 patients (17 %) hairy tongue was se en in 21patients (5.7 %) and ulcerations was seen in 1 patient s (0.27%). Ankyloglossia was seen in 46 patients (12.5%) and scalloped tongue was seen in 10 patients (2.7 %). Varicosities were seen in 1 of the patients (0.27 %) and thrush in one patient (0.27 %). The number of occurrences of tong ue lesions in the present study was not higher of than prev ious studies ̦ but the high prevalence of tongue lesions in this study (14.64%) specially fissured tongue(43.7%), geog raphic tongue(17.7%) and coated tongue (15.02%) indicate f urther investigations are demanded to indicate if genetic and congenital or environmental factors play a critical role.

Unveiling Baghdad's Urban Identity: A Comprehensive Study on the Dynamics of Urban Imprint

This research examines the "urban imprint" from an environmental and architectural perspective, focusing on Baghdad, Iraq. Analyzing Baghdad's urban evolution, considering social activities, ideological concepts, and economic factors, it aims to delineate characteristics contributing to the city's unique imprint. It underscores urban sprawl, population growth, and modernity's impact on the urban landscape, emphasizing the need for standards aligning with the city's identity. Findings reveal a dynamic process influenced by fixed and variable factors. Implications stress physical form assimilation to reflect local values, promoting sustainable urbanization. The study calls to halt Baghdad's urban deterioration, emphasizing the importance of regularly updating city-specific requirements for urban imprint. This research informs the global discourse on urban identity and design.
 Highlights: 
 
 This research explores the concept of "urban imprint" with a focus on Baghdad, analyzing its historical evolution and factors shaping its unique urban identity.
 It highlights the ongoing dynamics of urban imprint influenced by urban sprawl, population growth, and modernization.
 The study emphasizes the need for tailored urban design standards to preserve local identity and promote sustainable urbanization.
 
 Keywords: Urban Imprint, Baghdad City, Urban Identity, Sustainable Urbanization, Environmental Factors

Numerical Simulation of the Thermal Performance of a Tubular Solar Air Heater

In this work, a flat-plate solar air heater (FSAH) and a tubular solar air heater (TSAH) were designed and tested numerically. The work investigates the effect of increasing the contact area between the flowing air and the absorber surface of each heater and predicts the expected results before the fabrication of the experimental rig. Three-dimensional two models were designed and simulated by the ANSYS-FLUENT 16 Program. The solar irradiation and ambient air temperature were measured experimentally on December 1st 2022, at the weather conditions of Baghdad City- Iraq, at three air mass flow rates, 0.012 kg/s, 0.032 kg/s, and 0.052 kg/s. The numerical results showed the advantage in the thermal performance of the TSAH in comparison to the FSAH, represented by better air temperature difference, better heat transfer from the absorber to air, and better thermal efficiency. The TSAH has a higher thermal efficiency than the FSAH by 7 %, 19 % °C, and 22 % at 0.012 kg/s, 0.032 kg/s, and 0.052 kg/s, respectively. The improvement of the thermal characteristics of the TSAH can be referred to as the increment in the heat transfer contact area between the absorber and the flowing air.

OPTIMAL LONG-RANGE-WIDE-AREA-NETWORK PARAMETERS CONFIGURATION FOR INTERNET OF VEHICLES APPLICATIONS IN SUBURBAN ENVIRONMENTS

In this paper, the effect of Long-Range wireless technology parameters on signal propagation in suburban environments is investigated. Wireless propagation modeling provides information about the wireless channel and its impact on communication links. Received signal strength and coverage area are evaluated to determine signal path loss. The operating frequency of 433 MHz Long Range Wireless Area Network is utilized with different spreading factors, bandwidths, and code rates. Empirical propagation models are utilized to predict a mathematical model based on measured empirical signal strength in a suburban site in Baghdad City. The measured signal strength and signal-to-noise ratio values were obtained through drive tests in an Internet of Vehicles environment to design a network that could accurately report vehicle locations. The LoRa parameters affected the calculated path loss exponent, leading to various predictions in the network design. The path loss exponent exhibited instability due to the presence of obstacles and different long-range parameter settings. Path loss exponent deviation fluctuates due to bandwidth and spreading factor variations. Path loss exponent reduced at higher coding rates for more protection purposes. Packet ratio reception improved as the coding rate increased. To minimize the impact of the path loss on network design, an optimization policy was employed to determine the best parameters that resulted in the lowest path loss. The optimal path loss obtained at LoRa configuration parameters settings with spreading factor (7), bandwidth (500 kHz), and code rate (4/5).

Industries and crafts in Baghdad during the second Abbasid era 232-861 AD / 334 AH-946 AD

This study aims to address an important cultural heritage, which is the industrial and craft achievements in the city of Baghdad, who are the people of industries, crafts, and artisans who lived during the Second Abbasid Era (334-447 AH/945-1055 AD). Because this group played a role in political, economic and social stability at the same time. The study dealt with the issue of the regulations in place among craftsmen and craftsmen within sects that followed a specific professional hierarchy and binding rules for people of one craft. The study also addressed the economic and social role of craftsmen and the extent of its impact on political stability in the city of Baghdad. In summary; In the second Abbasid era, Iraq witnessed a development in industries and crafts, as several factors helped in its activity, including the availability of various raw materials, as well as commercial activity that provided the industry with raw materials, so multiple industries were established that included various cities, each of which specialized in A specific quality that you are famous for, each This helped the industry flourish at the internal and external levels, such that the Iraqi product reached different regions of the world.

Bayt Al-Hikmah: Pusat Kebijaksanaan dan Warisan Ilmu Pengetahuan Islam dalam Peradaban Abad Pertengahan

This article explores the role of Bayt Al-Hikmah as a monumental intellectual center during the Abbasid Dynasty. Built during the time of Caliph Abu Ja'far al-Mansur, this center developed into a famous library during the reign of Harun al-Rashid and Al-Ma'mun. It functions not only as a library, but also as an educational institution, astronomical observatory, and translation center, housing a collection of more than 60,000 books from various languages and regions. Important factors influencing the development of Bayt Al-Hikmah included the caliph's love of science, extensive translation activities, use of paper, the presence of scientists from various regions, material support, and enthusiasm for studying Islamic teachings. Despite achieving glory, the summary of the Abbasid dynasty started from internal political conflict to the Mongol attack which resulted in the fall of the city of Baghdad and the destruction of Bayt Al-Hikmah. Even though this intellectual center collapsed, the scientific legacy it produced remains a testament to the glory of science at that time, even though it experienced a tragic end.

Investigating traffic characteristics for merging sections in Iraq

Abstract Recurring congestion on highways is the primary cause of traffic congestion in the urban traffic system while jams on merging sections are the worst section along the expressway. Due to the presence of heavy congestion in the site of University of Technology, this study aims to discover the traffic characteristics of this site to determine the appropriate solutions. Therefore, this study selects a merging section on Mohammed Al-Qassim expressway to investigate some characteristics of such a section in Iraq. Field data have been collected from this site for 4 h. The data were collected from video cameras installed along the expressway in Baghdad city which is called Mohammed Al-Qassim Expressway. These data present flow of upstream and ramp. The Advanced Interactive Microscopic Simulator for Urban and Non-Urban Networks (AIMSUN) program was also adopted to investigate other characteristics which are difficult to get such as speed and occupancy for the current case. The results showed that the simulated and real data significantly corresponded. In this study, the AIMSUN program received recognition by utilizing Geoffrey E. Havers a method for comparing two sets of traffic volumes that are used in traffic engineering, traffic forecasting, and traffic modeling as it was discovered to be comparable to reality, and the road management was then enhanced by the addition of ramp metering and cycle (green) time control.

Unveiling the Nexus the link between water quality index and phthalic acid ester concentrations in Tigris River

Monitoring water quality in an aquatic system is a crucial objective in pursuing sustainable development, despite the challenges posed by water scarcity and the impact of climate change. The objective of the present study was to examine the water quality of the Tigris River along its course from the point of entry into Baghdad city to its exit, particularly in the presence of Phthalic Acid Esters (PAEs). In both dry and wet seasons and from five sites of the river, nine environmental factors (Turbidity, Total dissolved solids, pH, dissolved oxygen, Chloride, nitrate, phosphate, sulfate, and Biological oxygen demand) and three PAEs (di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), di-isononyl phthalate (DiNP), and di-2-ethyl hexyl phthalate (DEHP)) were investigated. Results revealed that the river has high levels of turbidity and Total dissolved solids, slightly alkaline, and well-aerated (dissolved oxygen >7 mg/L). Chloride, nitrate, phosphate, and sulfate values varied between seasons, as high values were recorded in the wet season. Biochemical oxygen demand levels were higher during the dry season. The highest value of total PAEs (2.20 μg/L) was observed during the dry season, and the lowest value was in the wet season (1.16 μg/L). The HQ results revealed that the river was ranked as a moderate risk area. However the water quality index and environmental risk index classified the water quality as a poor category, with a high-risk score in the study sites within Baghdad city. Therefore, despite the acceptable limit of PAEs in the river's water (<3 μg/L), its presence is an early alarm to withdraw attention to its environmental risk. These findings highlight the need for appropriate measures to control and remove pollutants to ensure a safe and healthy water supply in the Tigris River.

Detection of Lead (Pb) and Cadmium (Cd) Concentrations and Hazards in Some Baby Food Samples

This study was conducted to detect the concentration of lead and cadmium in baby foods, (18) samples were examined, which are the most available from various local markets in the city of Baghdad (at a rate of (9) samples of baby food consisting of cereals and (9) samples of baby foods consisting of vegetables). All samples were examined using an atomic flame absorptiometry (AAS-7000), all results showed the presence of lead and cadmium and the highest concentration value of lead in baby foods consisting of cereals (1.0986) and cadmium in baby foods consisting of vegetables (0.0015) ppm. Lead exceeded 100% limitations and cadmium did not exceed that. The results reported on the risks of contamination, as the mean daily intake (g/kg/d) for lead (1.3538) and cadmium amounted to (0.010), and the target hazard quotient index was high for the index (THQ&gt;10) for lead in most of the samples examined and reached (THQ&lt;10) in some samples examined, while cadmium all samples reached an index of (THQ&lt;10). The study showed an increase in lead concentrations and perceptible risks and did not report an increase in cadmium concentrations outside the determinants, but it warns of imperceptible risks to the consumer. The study showed statistically significant differences between the levels of lead and cadmium and between the studied species and did not show statistically significant differences between the origins at the level of significance (0.05). It has been shown that these products pose a risk to children when consumed, so these products must be banned and ways must be found to reduce or prevent these pollutants with these products or find appropriate alternatives.&#x0D;

Application of the Canadian Water Quality Index (CCME-WQI) for Aquatic Life to Assess the Effect of Tharthar Water upon the Quality of the Tigris Water, Northern Baghdad City,Iraq

The present study aims to assess the effect of the Tharthar Canal as an outlet canal that feeds back from the Tharthar Lake on the quality of the Tigris water. Utilizing a Canadian Water Quality Index (CCME-WQI) for the protection of aquatic life Water samples were obtained every month from January to December of 2020. Six different sites were selected: four along the Tigris River and two on the Tharthar Canal. Seven ecological parameters were used to assess water quality depending on importance and availability: water temperature, Water Temperature, Turbidity, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), pH, Nitrate (NO3-) and Phosphate ( . The study demonstrated that the water quality of the Tharthr canal ranked as a fair class, whereas that of the main river fluctuated from marginal class before the confluence area to fair class downstream of the confluence. Also, three variables, including water temperature, turbidity, and total dissolved solids, were not meeting water quality standards.

The Effect of Heavy Metals on Bacterial Community Structure and Functional Profile in Surface Soils of Baiji Oil Refinery and Baghdad City, Iraq

The increasing accumulation of heavy metals (HMs) due to various human activities is a significant concern. This study has employed 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) spectrometry to investigate HMS concentrations and identify bacterial strains exhibiting resistance to HMS, and used the PICRUSt tool to assess the metabolic pathways of bacterial communities. Our primary focus was to assess HMs concentrations in the soils of Baghdad (BG) and the Baiji Oil Refinery (BOR) area while examining the bacterial diversity in these regions. The results revealed that the average levels of Cadmium (Cd) and Lead (Pb) in BOR were higher than in BG and the global average. In BOR, the most prevalent bacterial genera were Flavobacterium, Shewanella, and Pseudomonas. Using the PICRUSt tool, we identified that Cd and Pb substantially impacted the metabolic pathways of these bacterial communities. This study marks the first report in Iraq to employ 16S rRNA gene sequencing to analyze bacterial communities in Iraqi soil and investigate how HMs affect them. However, this study can serve as a reference for future research and the development of innovative strategies for the sustainable management of soil ecosystems.

Salivary trace elements in patients with ulcerative colitis on different treatment modalities

The nutritional status of patients with inflammatory bowel disease is considered less than ideal. This study aimed to compare the salivary levels of some trace elements (Zinc, copper, and magnesium) in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) on two different therapeutic modalities to control subjects. Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study was performed in 2021-2022 on 53 diagnosed UC patients (27 UC patients on oral immunosuppressant therapy and 26 UC patients on combination therapy). All subjects were randomly selected from gastroenterology and Hepatology teaching hospitals in Baghdad city; twenty-five subjects were also recruited as controls. Demographic data were recorded through a checklist. Salivary levels of zinc (Zn), copper (Cu) and magnesium (Mg) were measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Data were analyzed using SPSS-28 at a significance level of 0.05. The results: Salivary Zn mean was significantly lower in monotherapy and combination therapy patients than in controls (p&lt;0.001). Mean salivary Cu levels were significantly higher in monotherapy and combination therapy patients than in controls (p&lt;0.001). Similarly, the salivary Mg mean was significantly lower in both groups of ulcerative colitis patients than in controls (p&lt;0.001). The mean of salivary Cu was higher in UC patients, while the men of Zn and Mg were lower in UC patients compared to controls. Conclusions: The results showed that UC patients have significantly lower Zn and Mg levels than healthy individuals and were lower inpatient on monotherapy than in combination. At the same time, salivary Cu in UC patients was higher than in control individuals and was higher in UC patients on monotherapy. Keywords: Inflammatory bowel diseases, Ulcerative colitis, Trace elements

The impact of information factors on green consumer behaviour: The moderating role of information overload

Although green product consumption is increasing globally, the predictors of this behaviour remain unclear, especially in developing countries where green products are not widely produced or consumed. This study examines the influence of information factors on consumer empowerment and green consumer behaviour. A quantitative approach was adopted, and data were collected by surveying 301 green product consumers residing in Baghdad, the capital of Iraq. The data were analysed by structural equation modelling using Smart-PLS version 4. The results confirm that both the central and peripheral routes of the elaboration likelihood model (ELM) guide consumers’ buying decisions about green products. Furthermore, the study revealed that consumer empowerment increases green consumer behaviour and information overload moderates the influence of information credibility on consumer empowerment. The present study contributes to the consumer behaviour literature by re-examining ELM within the context of green consumption, thereby broadening the understanding of the influence of information factors on consumers. Marketers can use the findings to develop targeted strategies for their products.

Pregnant women’s knowledge of Tetanus disease and immunization against Tetanus disease in the City of Baghdad

Objective: To estimate the understanding of tetanus and tetanus toxoid injections among pregnant women.Method: The cross-sectional study was conducted at the Baghdad General Hospital and a primary healthcare centrein Bab-Almuadham, Iraq, from November 15, 2020, to January 15, 2021, and comprised 100 pregnant women aged15-45 years. Data was gathered through face-to-face structured interviews using a complete self-assessmentquestionnaire. Data was analysed using SPSS 27.Results: Of the 100 women with mean age of 28.4±10.6 years (range: 15-44 years), 27(27%) were aged 20-24 years,70(70%) were from the urban areas, 40(40%) had primary education, 69(69%) were housewives, and 85(85%) had hadfull or partial tetanus toxoid vaccine doses. With respect to knowledge about tetanus disease, 60(60%) subjectsanswered correctly that tetanus is a serious disease, 52(52%) knew that tetanus infection could also kill the foetus,and 30(30%) recognised that tetanus produces significant side effects. Besides, 80(80%) women considered the vaccinea necessity, and the most common source of information about tetanus vaccination was the health authorities 76(76%).Conclusion: The pregnant women studied were found to have an acceptable level of knowledge about tetanus andtetanus toxoid immunisation.Keywords: Pregnancy, Tetanus, Clostridium tetani, Asymptomatic infections, Tetanus toxoid, Nervous system,Demography, Uterus, Foetus

Mother’s knowledge and attitudes regarding poliomyelitis eradication among a sample in Bab Al Muadham health centre in Baghdad city, Iraq

Objective: To determine knowledge and attitude and practice of mothers towards poliomyelitis vaccination.Method: The cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2019 to March 2020 at Bab Al-Moadham HealthCentre, Baghdad, Iraq, and comprised mothers regardless of age who were visiting the child care unit with at least 1child aged &lt;5 years. Data was collected through a questionnaire. Data was analysed using SPSS 10.Results: There were 150 mothers with a mean age of 31.08±9.31 years. The largest age group was 20-29 years 90(60%)(p&lt;0.05). There were 100(66.6%) subjects from urban areas, and 67(44.6%) had at least a college degree (p&lt;0.05). Themost common source of information was television 110(73.3%), and 135(90%) subjects agreed that polio vaccine forthe child was a necessity. Overall assessment of the sample was good, with a percentile global means of the scorevalue of 50.30±9.81.Conclusion: Urban, educated and working mothers aged 20-29 years were more knowledgeable about polio than the rest.Keywords: Health, Knowledge, Attitudes, Poliomyelitis, Vaccination, Eradication.