Geography Of Cities Research Articles

A Data Model for Unrecognised Historical Neighbourhood (Case study: Telukbetung, Indonesia)

Abstract. Unrecognised Historical places, which are locations with history but lacking official recognition, particularly prevalent in Southeast Asia, often face a dearth of accessible historical information. To tackle this challenge, there is an urgent need to commence the collection and documentation of historical data concerning Unrecognised Historical places. This initiative aims to prevent the loss of history, given that such sites are frequently subjected to rapid development and commercialization. To date, City Geography Markup Language (CityGML), an Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) standard 3D data format, has been developed for presenting city models along with semantic data and is often used in the heritage domain for preservation. It aids in digital infrastructure development and the conservation of urban elements. Furthermore, it provides a mechanism to extend the standard data model to meet the requirements of various purposes. While several CityGML extensions tailored to the documentation of Cultural Heritage already exist, there is currently no extension specifically designed to address the requirements of Unrecognised Historical places. The aim of this paper is to identify a suitable approach for developing a new standardised data model that integrates geometric and semantic information, which is demonstrated for the modelling of Telukbetung, an old city in Bandar Lampung through time.

Contesting “VIP urbanism”

We live in an age of extreme and worsening urban inequality. One result is the increased prevalence of “VIP urbanism”—the idea that cities govern land use through two sets of rules, one of them reserved for “very important people”. The first set of rules applies to most urbanites, through de jure laws and standardized bureaucratic policies. However, in many places a second set of practices operates quietly alongside the official rules, as a de facto system of loopholes, easements, exemptions, lobbying, and veto power that enable some actors to shape cities in ways that violate the spirit—and sometimes even the letter—of the law. This special issue presents empirical research and theoretical commentary on the VIP urbanism phenomenon, with cases including Bengaluru, Hong Kong, Milan, New York City, Paris, Valparaiso, and Venice. The authors identify how preferential treatment for elites has impacted urban governance in a diverse geography of cities, and evaluate how these practices have been contested by social movements and other urban stakeholders.

Building Digital Twin Data Model Based on Public Data

This study aims to propose a method for constructing basic digital twin data in South Korea by adhering to international standards and by utilizing publicly available data. Specifically, the study focuses on designing and proposing a digital twin data model for buildings, as building-related digital twin data are the most applicable among the basic digital twin data. To achieve this, the first section provides essential background information, introduces concepts and requirements related to basic digital twin data, and offers a brief overview of City Geography Markup Language (CityGML). The second section explains the methodology and the data used in this study. The third section presents the main findings: the selection of public data (building data) for constructing basic digital twin data, the mapping process using CityGML, and the creation of Unified Modeling Language (UML) diagrams. The fourth section discusses these findings. Finally, the conclusion and recommendations for future research are provided. This approach enhances the accuracy of building-related digital twin data and supports the use of digital twin services in both public and private sectors by enabling various spatial analyses.

ASSESSMENT OF THE SPATIAL APPROPRIATENESS OF THE FUTURE URBANIZATION OF THE CITY OF (AIN BEIDA, ALGERIA) USING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS, THE ANALYTICAL HIERARCHY PROCESS, AND THE DELPHI METHOD

Spatial adequacy evaluation is a valuable tool for planning land use strategies. It provides planners with data and outcomes that can help them make informed decisions to ensure effective and secure utilization of land in future urbanization processes. The objective of this study is to analyze the urbanization patterns in the city of Ain El Beida to determine the most appropriate areas for urban development. The aim is to create self-sustaining growth centers that effectively support the city, while also helping decision-makers address current expansions and protect agricultural lands. The study utilized spatial analysis methodology to evaluate and map the suitability of expanding the city's future space. It proposed an integration strategy that combined modern methods and techniques of the Delphi methodology to establish criteria for appropriate land use. The influence of these criteria will be analyzed spatially by administering a questionnaire to a sample of specialists in urban planning and city geography, followed by the application of spatial analyst techniques. The user's text is straightforward and precise. within the GIS framework, integrated via the analytic hierarchy approach. The user's text is straightforward and precise. To evaluate the suitability of the spatial location, to determine the significance of the factors influencing the expansion process based on their relative importance, to ensure that the desired goals are achieved in a way that reflects the priority of the decision-making criteria, and to identify the most favorable options for urban development in the study area. The findings indicated that the optimal locations for the urban growth of Ein El-Baida were determined to be 239.57 hectares, which accounts for 26.31 per cent of the entire land area under investigation. These areas are situated on the northern side of the city along National Road 80 (Ain Beida Presh) and on the western side along National Road 10 (Oum el-Bouaghi Ain Beida). These locations have been identified as the most suitable areas for spatial expansion due to their numerous incentives for urban attraction. Firstly, there is a considerable distance from the fertile and generously compensated agricultural areas, which offer unoccupied and level terrain, as well as its proximity to the central area of the pristine city of Ein. The study also determined that integrating GIS with hierarchy is crucial for constructing spatial models that accurately represent physical reality through mathematical means. This integration aids planners in selecting the most appropriate alternatives for urbanization and achieving comprehensive development of the city.

Urban patterns and the geography of street robberies in the city of São Paulo, Brazil

The geography of urban crime has often been associated with the city's geography. In this study we analyze the geography of street robbery and its relation to the various urban patterns in the city of São Paulo. First, we analyze how different variables influence the spatial distribution of street robbery, using a combination of geospatial and statistical methodologies. Then, we analyze how these different variables behave over the city of São Paulo according to eight types of urban patterns. Finally, we interpret the resulting body of evidence considering existing criminological theory. Our results suggest that the geography of street robbery in São Paulo is a result of two main drivers: (1) accessibility and population flow, tied to key roadways in the city, and (2) social issues, tied to high murder rates and, in a smaller degree, low income. Within the city's geography, these two factors tend to not align spatially and are sometimes diametrically opposite. As we found, the geography of street robbery in São Paulo is a middle of the way between these two drivers, albeit closer to the social issues driver. We also discuss some policy implications and possibilities for future research.

Who died, who survived? COVID-19 epidemic, industrial dynamics and urban economic resilience

The COVID-19 epidemic has altered the economic geographies of cities. However, the academic focus on urban industries and their structural dynamics is far from enough. In this paper, we integrate literature from economic geography, business studies and network sciences, and design an adaptation framework to theorize urban economic resilience. Taking the COVID-19 outbreak in Xinfadi, Beijing during the summer of 2020 as a case study, we use Logit regressions and DID estimations to identify the impacts of the epidemic on local industrial dynamics. Our results support that the COVID-19 outbreak significantly increases the number of business exits. The negative impacts are concentrated in high-risk regions, pointing to specific industries and individual-owned firms. Furthermore, we use a machine learning method to visualize the dynamics of industry networks in a small-scale urban area, and then simulate the transmission paths of industry-failure. In doing so, we contribute to current economic resilience literature that firm-level adaptation and industrial dynamics complement regional adaptation theory, while the cascading effects in the industry network underpin the micro foundations of resilience formation.

An ontology‐based rule mapping approach for integrating IFC and CityGML

AbstractBuilding information modeling (BIM) and geographic information system (GIS) are often integrated to achieve more refined urban management. Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) and City Geography Markup Language (CityGML) are widely used standards in BIM and GIS. The main problem of the transformation of these two standards lies in the gap between them in geometry and semantics. This article introduces an ontology‐based rule mapping approach, achieving the transformation from IFC to CityGML through coordinate system conversion, geometric expression conversion, and semantic mapping. For semantic mapping, we have designed and established rules, enabling the effective mapping of the IFC model to the CityGML level of detail 0 (LOD0) to LOD4 model based on entities, appearance properties and building properties. To fully demonstrate the entire process, we give a detailed elaboration of the conversion of several IFC models.

Tent City/Freedom City Geographies: Teaching Beyond the “Canon” of Civil Rights Movement Memory

Tent City/Freedom City Geographies: Teaching Beyond the “Canon” of Civil Rights Movement Memory

The spatial development of peripheralisation: The case of smart city projects in Romania

AbstractThis article addresses the uneven territorial growth of the smart city phenomenon and how the national and local spatial politics of urban smart projects work out in practice. While in previous decades the concept of smart city referred mainly to the digital and technological realm as an indicator of the performance of cities, today it is taking on a broader range of meanings, so as to also cover such areas as governance, environment, housing and people. However, the critical literature on smart cities highlights two potential disadvantages: firstly, that urban planners who decide to pursue a smart city vision run the risk of creating a kind of power and control over residents; and secondly that there appears to be an incompatibility between smart cities and the informal. Moreover, the spatial and the critical dimensions of the governance of urban smart projects are still insufficiently researched. By using a comparative and developmental quantitative methodology for the urban smart projects of Romania and taking the city of Timisoara as a case study, this study highlights the fact that large cities are not always the best represented; our findings show that peripheral small cities and towns may enjoy a more balanced distribution of smart projects. Furthermore, our evaluation of the spatial distribution (centre–periphery) of smart city projects in Timişoara—a European Capital of Culture in 2023—reveals a higher level of investment in smart projects in its urban periphery. By presenting new critical understandings of the spatial interrelationships of smart city development, the study contributes to the geography of smart cities.

CityGML in the Integration of BIM and the GIS: Challenges and Opportunities

CityGML (City Geography Markup Language) is the most investigated standard in the integration of building information modeling (BIM) and the geographic information system (GIS), and it is essential for digital twin and smart city applications. The new CityGML 3.0 has been released for a while, but it is still not clear whether its new features bring new challenges or opportunities to this research topic. Therefore, the aim of this study is to understand the state of the art of CityGML in BIM/GIS integration and to investigate the potential influence of CityGML3.0 on BIM/GIS integration. To achieve this aim, this study used a systematic literature review approach. In total, 136 papers from Web of Science (WoS) and Scopus were collected, reviewed, and analyzed. The main findings of this review are as follows: (1) There are several challenging problems in the IFC-to-CityGML conversion, including LoD (Level of Detail) mapping, solid-to-surface conversion, and semantic mapping. (2) The ‘space’ concept and the new LoD concept in CityGML 3.0 can bring new opportunities to LoD mapping and solid-to-surface conversion. (3) The Versioning module and the Dynamizer module can add dynamic semantics to the CityGML. (4) Graph techniques and scan-to-BIM offer new perspectives for facilitating the use of CityGML in BIM/GIS integration. These findings can further facilitate theoretical studies on BIM/GIS integration.

The cultural heritage of the Upper Euphrates region in Iraq (a study in the geography of cities)

This study dealt with the cultural heritage of the cities of the Upper Euphrates region (Heet, Haditha, Anah, Rawa, Al-Qaim) overlooking the Euphrates River, which represents part of the ancient civilization of Mesopotamia. It connects Iraq and the Levant, which gave it a cultural heritage that can be used to re-design and plan the cities of the region in a way that reflects the civilized and historical aspect through the establishment of promising tourism projects. This portends the disappearance of historical evidence, as cities were built along the river during periods of time that witnessed civilizations such as Sumer and Assyria, all the way to the first and second Abbasid periods until the end of Ottoman rule nearly 100 years ago

Residential Structure in the City of Sulaymaniyah (A Study in the Geography of Cities)

This study aims to delve into the housing structure in the city of Sulaymaniyah, and due to the lack of data on the housing structure about the city of Sulaymaniyah, the researcher conducted a questionnaire process by distributing 150 forms regarding information about the housing structure in the city and they were randomly distributed in order to collect information about the status of the unit The housing units in terms of the area of housing units, the ownership of housing units and the density of housing of all kinds. The results of the re- search were also compared with some of the studies that studied the housing structure in some Iraqi cities. The results of the study were also compared with some planning standards or with the standards of the Ministry of Housing and Construction in Iraq, and in terms of The per capita share of the residential use area in the city of Sulaymaniyah amounted to (28 m²) per person in 2022, which indicates the high density of residential use. The Urban Planning Commission in Iraq has set the standard (50 m²) as a share per person of the space allocated for housing, as for the urban situation For the housing unit, which is very important to know the nature and size of the housing problem, it was found in the study area and according to the data of the field study that 24 % of the housing units are unfit for habitation for many reasons, including the lack of potable water, the lack of electricity, the absence of a sewage network, or because of the age of construction or because of the location of the housing unit is not suitable.The study also reached several recommendations, the most important of which is to build a database in statistical centers for information and data related to housing in order to improve the level of housing and also to follow a housing policy in order to provide appropriate housing for families and provide facilities for investors to establish housing projects for people with limited income.

Visual and Verbal Semiotics in the Moscow-vs.-Paris Métro

This paper compares the principles of naming métro stations in Moscow and Paris. The database covers 234 Moscow and 305 Paris métro station names. We analyze the station names along different axes. In the case of Moscow, the development of the métro is referred to the periodization of socio-economic national development. This makes it possible to distinguish naming principles and build their hierarchy in each period. In the case of Paris, the chronological principle of the analysis appears less relevant: stations used to be given names relating to the names of surrounding urban spaces at the time of a station’s construction. Initial analysis thus takes city geography into account. For both the Moscow and Paris métros attention is then paid to the etymology of station names. Several thematic groupings of names are found: station names following a geographical principle (naming after a village that used to be located around the place), after a street (or square, park, boulevard, etc.), or an institution near the station; names referring to historical figures (war heroes, politicians, writers, key social groups, etc.) or events, as well as names alluding to national values. Changes in métro station names are of particular interest as they appear to reflect shifts in the country’s political environment. In Moscow, the trend to commemorate the country’s revolutionary past in the long run gave way to geographical naming. In Paris, the opposite trend appears to be emerging, as the initial geographical naming principle seems to be replaced by a more ideological one.

On the Moral Geography of Cities: A Case Study of Three Singapore Hostess Pubs in a Suburban “High Street” Setting

We study three hostess pubs on Joo Chiat Road, Singapore—a “Vietnam pub” and two “Filipina pubs”, utilizing the concept of “assemblages” based on Bøhling’s work on Copenhagen nightlife. We compare and contrast the customer demographics of each Night-Time Economy (NTE) establishment, and the resultant culture, which is a product of the race/ethnicity of the hostesses, the race/ethnicity and ages of the patrons, the policies and ethos of the owner/manager, and the pricing model whereby hostesses get financially rewarded. The Filipina pubs rely upon “ladies’ drinks” whereas the Vietnam pub fosters a tipping system. While the ladies’ drinks model suggests a hyper-capitalist business setting, the tipping model has feudal, honour-based, and debt-based elements. These observations derive from Marx’s historical materialism theory where aspects of feudal or pre-capitalist practices linger into the capitalist epoch.

SDG-11 and smart cities: Contradictions and overlaps between social and environmental justice research agendas.

There is an increased role Information and Communications Technology (ICT) plays in the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This paper focuses specifically on SDG-11 "Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable" and how cities are increasingly incorporating ICT toward this goal. The public discourse on Smart Cities suggests economic, social and environmental benefits are possible through the use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT). However, the increased deployment and use of digital infrastructure and processes in the name of sustainability and optimization itself is the focus of a growing body of critical literature on Smart Cities. This mini-review collates critical literature on digital infrastructures and processes related to SDG-11 and Smart Cities to identify areas of significance for further research. Although many Smart City projects discuss sustainability benefits, the distribution of benefits and risks across different communities is rarely examined. An increased use of ICT in Smart City projects can provide environmental benefits to some communities, while shifting the burden of risks to other communities. An increased use of ICT has its own energy and resource impacts that has implications for sustainability beyond the geography of individual cities to global impacts. The lifecycle and supply chain impacts of advanced ICT projects are being identified and documented. The end user of the Smart City projects may benefit significantly from the increased use of ICTs, while the environmental costs are often borne by disparate communities. In some cases, within the same city where a Smart City project is deployed, the inequities in distribution of environmental resources and services are exacerbated by layering new ICT implementations on top of existing socio-economic inequities. Therefore, this paper combines a broad view of Smart City environmental impacts, as well as a deep examination of the intersection of social justice and environmental justice issues to create more wholistic approaches for analysis of governance of Smart City projects. A more wholistic approach for governance of Smart City projects is required that includes combined social justice and environmental justice frameworks, toward achievement of SDG-11 goals.

Self-Optimization for Parsing Floor Plans

Floor plan vectorization is an emerging research area in geographic information science and computer vision. However, automated recognition of building elements remains a challenge. This work proposes a method that combines the advantages of classical graphics with deep learning. Specifically, a morphological template is introduced to optimize topological relations, enhance completeness, and suppress conflicts. Bezier curves are utilized to represent irregularity contributing to improving visual effects and experimental accuracy. Thus, the proposed method can be directly practiced to boost performance and correct pseudo-samples in self-training. Experiments demonstrate that the proposed method achieves a considerable improvement in CVC-FP and R2V benchmarks. Additionally, our approach outputs instances with consistent topology, enabling direct modeling into Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) or City Geography Markup Language (CityGML). Hopefully, this work can serve as a new baseline for further study.

Gender and Work Patterns in Indian Cities: A Socio-Spatial Analysis

Using an original household survey conducted in Hyderabad and Mumbai that identifies intra-city spatial coordinates of residents, this study presents a socio-spatial analysis of gender and paid work. The results show that the ease of movement through the city, allocation of care work-related considerations and educational attainment are all crucial to understanding the labor force participation patterns of urban women in India. A gender lens identifies key facets of access and mobility characterizing urbanization in developing countries. Spatial heterogeneity of residence has very different outcomes for the labor force participation of women and men. HIGHLIGHTS Gender and city geographies mutually shape each other. Women’s labor force participation varies across and within Indian cities; men’s labor force participation is nearly uniform. Women’s paid work is higher in cities that have women-friendly transportation. Women’s paid work is higher in sub-city zones with superior transportation facilities for all. Policies that ease care or commuting burdens improve women’s participation in the labor force.

DYNAMIC AND WEB-BASED 4D VISUALIZATION OF STREETSPACE ACTIVITIES DERIVED FROM TRAFFIC SIMULATIONS AND SEMANTIC 3D CITY MODELS

Abstract. Semantic 3D city models can serve as anchor points for different components of urban digital twins. In addition to static 3D models such as buildings, transportation infrastructure, vegetation, or city furniture, this can also include dynamic processes such as traffic movement or changing traffic signals. Integrating these aspects into a dynamic, realistic, and accessible 4D visualization presents a number of requirements and challenges, which are discussed. While the City Geography Markup Language (CityGML) is a well established OGC standard for modeling and exchanging semantic 3D city models, the Cesium Language (CZML) provides capabilities for visualizing time-dependant properties that can be displayed in the Cesium virtual globe. Results of the open-source microscopic traffic simulation tool SUMO include information on locations and orientations of vehicles, bicycles, pedestrians and other traffic members as well as traffic signal information and can be exported as a CSV table. In order to allow a 4D visualization of these simulation results, a scheme for deriving 3D + t CZML documents from data given as 2D + t CSV files is presented. Additionally, dynamically changing traffic lights are integrated. Based on data available for the city of Munich, a CityGMLcompliant streetspace model is generated. This enables the combination of traffic simulation results and semantic 3D city models within a common Cesium based web-visualization and allows a direct and platform independent access to realistic visualizations of streetspace activities. Since this often results in a huge amount of data, a spatio-temporal tiling strategy enabling the visualization of large CZML data is presented.

Conquering cities phenomenon and its impact on enlarging Koya town. (a study on city geography)

به‌هۆی دیارده‌ی به‌دیلگرتنی شار بۆ ئاڕاسته‌ جیاوازه‌كانی شار، ژماره‌یه‌ك گوند و نشینگه‌ دێنه‌ ناو سنوری شاره‌وانی و شار به‌دیلیان ده‌گرێت. به‌م شێوه‌ش تایبه‌تمه‌ندییه‌كانی شاره‌كه‌یان به‌سه‌ردا ده‌سه‌پێت، به‌مه‌ش ده‌بنه‌ به‌شێك و گه‌ڕه‌كێكی شاره‌كه‌. سه‌باره‌ت به‌ ناوچه‌ی لێكۆڵینه‌وه‌ ئه‌م دیارده‌یه‌ له‌ قۆناغی مۆرفۆلۆجی یه‌كه‌م ودووه‌م وسێیه‌م سه‌ریهه‌ڵنه‌داوه‌، به‌ڵام له‌ قۆناغی مۆرفۆلۆجی چواره‌مدا دیارده‌كه‌ سه‌ریهه‌ڵداوه‌، بۆ یەكه‌مجار گوندی كێله‌خواره‌ به‌دیلگیراوه‌ ، هاتۆته‌ ناو سنوری شاره‌وانی له ‌باكوری شاره‌كه‌ و ڕوبه‌ری ده‌گاته‌ (32,26) هێكتار و به‌ ڕێژه‌ی (3,2%) به‌شداری له‌ ڕوبه‌ری شار كردووه‌. ژماره‌ی دانیشتوانیش (223) كه‌س بووه‌ به ‌ڕێژه‌ی (0,4%) به‌شداری له‌ ژماره‌ی دانیشتوان كردووه‌، هه‌روه‌ها له ‌قۆناغی مۆرفۆلۆجی پێنجه‌م ژماره‌یه‌ك گوند و نشینگه‌ی تر به‌دیلگیراون وهاتوونه‌ته‌ ناو سنوری شاره‌وانی، وه‌ك گوندی هه‌واوان له ‌ڕۆژهه‌ڵاتی شاره‌كه‌ و ڕوبه‌ری ده‌گاته ‌(158) هێكتار به ‌ڕێژه‌ی (7,4%) به‌شداری ڕوبه‌ری شاری كردووه‌، زه‌وییه‌سپی به‌ هه‌مان شێوه‌ نشینگه‌یه‌كی بچوكه‌ له‌ باشوری شاره‌كه‌ و ڕوبه‌ری ده‌گاته (124) هێكتار و به‌ڕێژه‌ی (6%) به‌شداری له ‌ڕوبه‌ری شاردا كردووه‌، گوندی ماممەحموده‌ له‌ ڕۆژهه‌ڵاتی شاره‌كه ‌و بناری چیای هه‌یبه‌تسوڵتان، ڕوبه‌ری ده‌گاته‌ (26,6) هێكتار و به ‌ڕێژه‌ی (1,2%) به‌شداری له‌ ڕوبه‌ری شار كردووه‌، هه‌روه‌ها گوندی هه‌رمۆته‌ له ‌باشوری ڕۆژئاوای شاره‌كه‌ له‌م قۆناغه‌دا به‌دیلگیراوه‌، ڕوبه‌ری ده‌گاته ‌(93,4) هێكتار و به ‌ڕێژه‌ی (4,4%) به‌شداری له ‌ڕوبه‌ری شاردا كردووه‌. به‌م شێوه‌یه‌ له ‌ماوه‌ی لێكۆڵێنه‌وه‌ ژماره‌یه‌ك گوند و نشینگه‌ هاتونه‌ته‌ ناو سنوری شاره‌وانی وه‌ك (كێله‌خواره‌، هه‌واوان، هه‌رمۆته‌، زه‌وییه‌سپی، ماممەحموده‌) ڕوبه‌ریان ده‌گاته‌ (433,8) هێكتار و به‌ڕێژه‌ی (20,44%) به‌شدارییان له ‌ڕوبه‌ری شاردا كردووه‌، كه‌ ڕوبه‌ری گشتی شار ده‌گاته‌ (2122,2) هێكتار. ژماره‌یه‌ك هۆكار گاریگه‌رییان له‌سه‌ر ئه‌م دیارده‌یه‌ وه‌ك سروشتی، دیمۆگرافی، ڕامیاری و كارگێری، پلانڕێژی، ...هتد هه‌بووه‌. له ‌داهاتوو ژماره‌یه‌ك گوندی تر دێنه‌ ناو سنوری شاره‌وانی وه‌ك عەوداڵان، شیله‌، تۆبزاوا، قه‌یسه‌ری كه‌ ڕوبه‌ریان ده‌گاته‌ (17012,25) هێكتار. ئه‌م توێژینه‌وه‌ له ‌سێ باس پێكهاتووه‌ ئه‌وانیش باسی یه‌كه‌م تایبه‌ته‌ به‌ناساندنی به‌دیلگرتنی شار‌ و ناوچه‌ی لێكۆڵینه‌وه‌، باسی دووه‌م تایبه‌ته‌ به‌ قۆناغه‌ مۆرفۆلۆجیه‌كانی به دیلگرتنی شاری ناوچه‌ی لێكۆڵینه‌وه‌، باسی سێیه‌م تایبه‌ته‌ به‌ هۆكار و اهاتووی به‌دیلگرتنی شار و كاریگه‌ری له‌سه‌ر فراوانبوونی شاری كۆیه‌

Analyzing STRUCTURE OF ALZAHRAA QUARTER MARKET IN MOSUL CITY STUDY IN URBAN GEOGRAPHY

The area of traditional markets is not considered the only focus of the only marketing which received the population of Mosul and its region . but the functional and structural exchanges have faced the city especially after the expansion of its size and area . but many commercial focuses which appear in Mosul city especially the commercial market of al Zahra quarter after 1986. The variation in the pattern and the distribution of the marketing center in al Zahra quarter requires the city geography researchers to do distinct work through analyzing such a geography to focus on determining its locations by studying its geographicall distribution and to try determining the levels of its importance which services the goals of urban planning when trying to plan for it inside urban space . The commercial market of al Zahra contains 230 functional units and patterns the shops of sale and purchase are dominant over other patterns that about 172 commercial shops with 47,8 % the percentage from the total of shops is then the service shops which reach to 36 commercial shops and their percentage from the total shops ,Finally the other patterns from only just 9,5% from the total of the commercial shops in the markets.