Citrobacter Diversus Research Articles

Bacterial contamination of hospital-prepared enteral tube feeding formulas in Kerman, Iran

Background: Blenderized feedings continue to be used in most parts of Iran, mostly due to economic and cultural reasons. The most important problem of this kind of food is bacterial contamination. Materials and Methods: 54 samples were taken at the first and the last time of their giving to patients from blenderized food. Furthermore, 10 samples were collected from the commercial brand Fresubin® in the same way. Samples were brought to the laboratory and analyzed for the presence of some microbial pathogens. Results: Citrobacter diversus, Enterobacter cloacae, E.coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Proteus sp, Klebsiella oxytoca, Hafnia alvei, Serratia sp, Shigella sonnei were identified from blenderized feeding. The mean bacterial contamination of 54 samples that were collected from 3 intensive care units was 5/5×106 CFU/ml. Bacterial contamination of commercial food was obtained less than 1 organism/ml. According to these results, there are significant differences between these foods. Commercial foods are the best choice for feeding patients in the hospital. Conclusion: The results indicated that a majority of the blenderized enteral tube feedings in those hospitals are not safe. In comparison to the standard limits, these enteral tube feedings are highly contaminated and pose a substantial risk of developing a foodborne disease or nosocomial infection.

Antimicrobial susceptibility in bacterial isolates from water and agricultural products of the Chanchán river, Chimborazo Province, Ecuador

Introduction: river contamination with pathogenic and multidrug-resistant microorganisms is a public health issue due to its impact on health and its potential to transmit infectious diseases. Objective: To determine the presence of multidrug-resistant bacteria in irrigation water samples and agricultural products from the Chachán River. Method: a descriptive, non-experimental study with a quantitative and cross-sectional approach was conducted. Water samples were collected from six different points, and pH and temperature were measured. Additionally, 13 agricultural product samples from the same points were analyzed. The identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of bacteria were performed using the VITEK2 system and amplification and sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Results: a total of 17 bacterial strains were isolated from the water samples, 16 of which (94 %) belonged to the order Enterobacterales, including Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, Morganella morganii, and Citrobacter diversus. From the agricultural products, 24 bacteria were isolated, including species of Klebsiella, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, and Enterococcus faecalis. Antimicrobial resistance was observed in various strains, notably P. mirabilis, C. diversus, and P. vulgaris with multiple resistances. Resistance was also identified in pathogenic strains such as Yersinia enterocolitica, Plesiomonas shigelloides, and Aeromonas hydrophila. Conclusions: the Chachan River and the agricultural products irrigated with its waters contain multidrug-resistant bacteria, posing a significant risk to public health. It is crucial to implement control and monitoring measures to reduce the spread of these pathogens and ensure food safety

Antimicrobial, Cytotoxic and Phytochemical Analysis of Chloroform Extracts of Andrographis paniculata Root (Burm.F) and Parquetina nigrescens (Afzel) Aerial Part

The menace of antibiotic resistance especially multi-drug resistant bacteria is increasing in the clinical setting. Therefore, the study investigated antimicrobial activity and phytochemical constituents of chloroform extracts of Andrographis paniculata root (Burm.F.) and Parquetina nigrescens (Afzel) aerial part. The extracts were screened for cytotoxic activity using brine shrimp (Artemia salina) lethality bioassay. The antimicrobial activity of the extracts was tested against Citrobacter diversus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus vulgaris and Shigella sonnei using tetrazolium microtitre-plate method. Analysis of chemical components of the extracts was done on Agilent Technologies 7890A gas chromatograph system s. GC-MS analysis of A. paniculata root extract and P. nigrescens aerial part extracts revealed a total of 32 and 22 compounds, respectively. The major components identified in these two extracts were fatty acid esters, alkaloids and terpenes. The lowest MIC observed with A. paniculata extract was 6.25 μg/ml for Citrobacter diversus and 12.5 μg/ml for Klebsiella pneumoniae. The lowest MIC recorded for Parquetina nigrescens extract was 3.125 μg/ml for Citrobacter diversus, Shigella sonnei and Proteus vulgaris while it was 12.5 μg/ml for Klebsiella pneumoniae. The susceptibility was compared with a clinical antibiotic (0.02 μg/ml) which served as the positive control. P. nigrescens with LC50 of 89.75 ± 0.18 μg/ml showed higher lethal toxicity than A. paniculata with LC50 of 167.5 ± 0.21 μg/ml. The observed toxicity might be due to presence of fatty acids and alkaloids in the extracts. The extract of the plants investigated in our study showed promising antimicrobial activity. Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 23(1): 43-51, 2024 (June)

Assessment of Airborne Extended Spectrum β-Lactamase Producing Enterobacteriaceae Isolates from Motor Parks in Benin City, Nigeria

Aim: The study was aimed at assessing airborne bacteria and extended spectrum β-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae isolated from the motor parks in Benin City. Methodology: Airborne bacteria samples were collected in the motor parks (Central, Ugbowo, Agip, 19th Street, and Ekosodin Park), in Benin City using the settled plate method on Nutrient and MacConkey agar. Temperature, relative humidity, and airborne bacteria of the different parks were determined. The bacterial isolates were identified using phenotypic method. The antibiotic susceptibility profile was investigated by the disc diffusion method. The Enterobacteriaceae isolates were screened for Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) production potentials. Virulence factor analysis and detection of ESBL genes (TEM, CTX-M, SHV, and OXA) were carried out on the selected ESBL producers. Results: The relative humidity recorded at the parks at the point of agar plate exposure ranged from 82 ̶ 90%. The airborne heterotrophic bacterial and coliform counts from the motor parks ranged from 9.50±0.63 × 102 ̶ 1.18±0.02 ×103 cfu/m3 and 2,48±0.41×102 ̶ 3.30±0.41×102 cfu/m3 respectively. The identified Enterobacteriaceae were Citrobacter freundii, Serratia marcescens, Citrobacter koseri, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Morganella morganii, Klebsiella oxytoca, Shigella dysenteriae, Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae and Citrobacter diversus. The isolate with highest frequency of occurrence was E. coli with values of 30.48 %. The isolate K. pneumoniae had the highest MAR index of 0.8. The isolate S. marcescens had the highest virulent factor of 60% and possessed all the ESBL genes detected. Conclusion: Strong infection control measures should be put in place because more ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae have emerged in the surroundings of specific parks in Benin City.

Poultry Gastrointestinal-derived Lactic Acid Bacteria (pGIT-d-LAB) Inhibit Multiple Antibiotics Resistance Bacterial and Fungal Pathogens.

To develop a probiotic formulation for poultry feed, a few poultry gastrointestinal derived lactic acid bacteria (pGIT-d-LAB) were isolated from chicken intestinal specimens and in vitro experiment was performed to evaluate their efficacy as potential probiotic candidate. A total of 6 strains of LAB: Lactobacillus brevis (L. brevis), Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus), Lactobacillus casei (L. casei), Pediococci spp, Lactobacillus fermentum (L. fermentum) and Lactobacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) were isolated and cultured for collection of Cell Free Supernatant (CFS). CFS collected was tested against pathogenic bacterial isolated from chicken feces as well as prevalent fungal pathogens, utilizing agar-well diffusion techniques. A preliminary investigation into the susceptibility of the pathogens to diverse antibiotics and antifungal drugs was conducted. Bacterial pathogens exhibiting resistance to a minimum of three classes of antibiotics were subsequently identified for pGIT-d-LAB CFS screening. The observed results revealed that the CFS derived from the isolates exhibited varying degrees of growth inhibition against different pathogens. Among the tested pGIT-d-LAB isolates, L. acidophilus demonstrated the most prominent zone of inhibition, measuring 18 mm against Klebsiella pneumoniae ZTAC 1233. Notably, Citrobacter diversus ZTAC 1255 showed resistance to all tested pGIT-d-LAB. Quantification of the metabolites produced was performed, and peak production levels was determined. L. acidophilus produced the highest amount of lactic acid (1.789g/l), Pediococci spp. produced the highest amount of diacetyl and H202 (1.918g/l) (0.0025g/l) at 48 hr peak values respectively. The test isolates are potential probiotic candidates for controlling pathogens in poultry.

Prevalence of Pathogenic Enterobacteria in Market Garden Produce Grown in the Peri-Urban Area of Abidjan, Ivory Coast

This study, which is a contribution to national health surveillance of pathogens, was conducted to determine the prevalence of pathogenic Enterobacteriaceae in the market garden environment of Abidjan. To this end, samples of lettuce, irrigation water, manure and soil were taken from three (03) major market gardening sites in Abidjan. Microbiological analyses of these samples were carried out. The enterobacteria obtained after isolation were identified. The results revealed ten (10) bacterial genera belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family, including 15 bacterial species in the samples of lettuce, irrigation water, manure and soil analysed. These included Salmonella enterica with serotypes (Salmonella Gallinarum, Salmonella Arizonae, Salmonella Choleraesus), Salmonella spp, Escherichia coli, Shigella boydii, Shigella sonnei, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter gergoviae, Enterobacter agglomerans, Serratia marcesens, Serratia phymutica, Afnia alvei, Citrobacter freuidii Citrobacter diversus, Providencia alcalifasciens, Proteus vulgaris and Yersinia spp. The presence of these pathogenic Enterobacteriaceae indicates a potential risk associated with the consumption of lettuce produced in Abidjan. The Ivorian authorities should take preventive measures, such as educating market gardeners about the harmful effects of contaminated water used to irrigate vegetables, and the use of animal droppings as fertiliser to fertilise the soil, to avoid the future proliferation of infectious diseases such as typhoid fever and bacillary dysentery among the population of Abidjan.

Identifikasi Bakteri pada Luka Penderita Diabetes Melitus di Rumah Perawatan Luka Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease that occurs due to hyperglycemia. In Indonesia it self, DM has a relatively high prevalence, this is evidenced because Indonesia is in the category of the top 10 countries in the world. The type of research used is descriptive research, namely identifying bacteria and testing sensitivity on wounds of diabetics with diabetes mellitus by performing cultures that are examined macroscopically and microscopically with the number of respondents obtained by as many as 17 people in 4 weeks. The results of this study obtained the prevalence of the types of bacteria that are (82.35%) gram-negative and (17.65%) gram-positive. The gram negatives included Proteus mirabilis (17.65%), Proteus morgani (5.88%), Citrobacter diversus (23.54%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (11.76%), Escherichia coli (5.88%), Enterobacter agglomerans (5.88%) and Enterobacter cloacae (11.76%). While the gram-positive include Staphylococcus aureus (17.65%) with antibiotic sensitivity results whose sensitivity is in the yellow zone, which is around 50-75%, namely ciprofloxacin and meropenem antibiotics are in the green zone, which is around 76-100%.

Enterobacteriaceae isolates from clinical and household tap water samples: antibiotic resistance, screening for extended-spectrum, metallo- and ampC-beta-lactamases, and detection of blaTEM,blaSHV and blaCTX-M in Uyo, Nigeria.

Infections caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria, extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL), metallo-β-lactamase (MBL) and AmpC-β-lactamase (AmpC-βL)-producers are increasing globally. This study identified bacteria in clinical and tap water samples and determined the prevalence of MDR, and β-lactamase enzymes and genes. Isolates were identified by the Vitek 2 (bioMérieux, France) automated system. Antibiotic resistance and screening for β-lactamase enzymes and genes was done using disc diffusion method and Vitek 2 automated system, CHROMagar-ESBL, combined double disc, inhibition-based method and multiplex polymerase chain reaction, respectively. The Enterobacteriaceae isolates obtained were Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Citrobacter freundii, Salmonella spp., Proteus mirabilis, Enterobacter aerogenes, Shigella sonnei, Proteus vulgaris, Enterobacter sakazakii, Klebsiella oxytoca, Citrobacter diversus, and Serratia liquefaciens. Of the 674 isolates from clinical samples, 36.5%, 28.5%, and 19.9% were ESBL, MBL, and AmpC-βL producers, respectively. A low prevalence of AmpC-βL and MBL producers were obtained, with no significant difference (p<0.05) between the prevalence of ESBL and non-ESBL producers. Isolates exhibited varied levels of resistance to gentamicin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, ciprofloxacin, and tetracycline. The results showed that 54.6% of ESBL producers, 57.9% of MBL producers, and 62.8% of AmpC-βL producers were MDR strains. Of the 141 representative isolates tested, 36.9%, 15.6%, and 20.6% had only blaTEM, blaSHV, and blaCTX-M, respectively; 5.7% possessed both blaTEM and blaSHV; 7.1% possessed both blaTEM and blaCTX-M and 4.3% had both blaSHV and blaCTX-M. This study found a high prevalence of β-lactamase producers, indicating the need for further research on the molecular epidemiology of β-lactamase producers and their impacts in the region.

Determine the Ability of Bacterial Isolates from Urinary Tract Infections on L-Asparginase Production

This study was conducted to isolate and identify the pathogenic bacterial species from urinary tract of patients that reviewers to Tikrit hospital education from tow gender and different age periods. It was also the determination of bacterial species isolated in their ability to production of the L-asparginase enzyme and assay the environmental conditions and the production media ingredients for high concentration of enzyme production. Results showed that 142 samples was positive in microbial isolation (91.64%) from the total study samples that were at 150 samples, and high isolation percentage was from female at 58% and from aged period between 15 to 75 years for two gender. It also found that the species of bacterial E.coli was appear as highest in isolation percentage followed by Citrobacter diversus, Enterobacter aerogenes and Klebsiella pneumonia which was at 54.2, 21.1, 17.6 and 7.04% respectively. The assay of bacterial isolates to L-asparginase produce illustrate that the E.coli species appear as the most production and the isolate no. 3 was the top one at 70.4 IU/ml of media. When the assay of environmental conditions and ingredients combination for media to access for higher production from enzyme, shows that the optimal conditions for production of E.coli-Iso.3 was in development at 35 º c, pH 7.0 for 24 hours with agitation at 150 rpm in the media consists of maltose, L-asparginase, NaCl and KH2PO4 at 10, 100, and 5.0 and 0.75 g/l respectively.

Bacteriological and Genetic study of some species of Bacteria that isolated from patients and healthy of Diabetes

The study was conducted in the Laboratories of Teaching Tikrit Hospital and the laboratories of the Biology Department - College of Science –Tikrit University from January 2010 to the January 2011. In this study five hundreds thirty four samples of urine and wounds from patients with diabetes and healthy were collected from both sexes and all ages to isolation and identification of pathogenic bacteria by morphological, cultural and biochemical characteristics then determination of virulence factors and genetic variation between dominant type depending on the isolating source and the type of infection in diabetic patients. The counts of urinary tract infections and wound infection in non _diabetic patients were 118 and 52 respectively.The percentage of positive isolation of bacteria for both of them were 44, and 38.4% respectively and from the same patients with urinary tract Infections and wounds and Insulin Depended Diabetes (IDD) patients were 158 and 68 samples respectively and the percentage of bacterial isolation were at 78.5 and 67.6% respectively. The patients with Insulin Non-dependent Diabetes (INDD) were 69 and 42 samples, where positive isolates from bacteria were 75 and 71.4% respectively. The infections females from the Healthy and Diabetes Patients that (IDD) or (INDD) were larger than that of the males patients and with the same state with the wounds infections state for (IDD) patients, whereas the rate was smaller than of males for wounds infections to patients with the other diabetes infections type. The age group between 41-60 years was the larger percentage with all infections, except with wounds infections to (INDD) patients, while the age group between 16-40 years was the larger, and the infections were the largest means in the Winter and Autumn compare the other seasons. The higher rate of bacteria that isolated from patients with Urinary Tract Infections was Escherichia coli then other types like Citrobacter diversus , Proteus mirabilis, Morganella morganii, and Enterobacter aerogenes. The larger rate of bacteria in patients with diabetes and wounds Infections was Escherichia coli then Citrobacter diversus, Proteus mirabilis, Enterobacter aerogenes, Morganella morganii and Staphylococcus aureus. The rate of diabetes infections with urinary tract infections and wounds increased in winter and autumn seasons more than of summer and spring seasons, Most bacterial isolates where sensitive for chloramphenicol. Other antibiotics were highly variable in their ability to inhibit bacterial isolates. the bacterial isolates were different in their ability to produce virulence factors, the diabetes infections was the reason of increase the variation in their ability to produce that virulence factor and the bacteria that isolated from diabetes patients produced haemolysine factor and capsule .PCR technique was used to show the genetic variations for the more repeats bacterial isolates isolated from all sources infections and used the Specific Primers (KPSMT II) group II capsule, (CNF1) Cytotoxic Necrotizing factor, (CNFs) and (HLY A) haemolysine, the bands appeared after electrophoresis to represent the used Primers, one band was appeared in the sample of diabetes Patients with Urinary Tract Infections (KPSMT II) at molecular weight 270 bp ,and one band appeared in the sample of diabetes with urinary tract infections for Primer (HLY A) and it is molecular weight was 177 bp. One band appeared in the sample of diabetes patients for the primer (CNF1) hg with Wound Infections and it is molecular weight 450bp, and there is not any band in the Primer (CNFs).

Effect of soil solarization on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) growth and impact on native microbial diversity of farm soil in Nigeria

BackgroundTomato plant leaves can be wilted by the presence of various species of soil-residing bacteria, especially Ralstonia solanacearum. Soil solarization has proven to be an environment-friendly method for disease management in various crops. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate solarization as an effective and non-chemical way to control R. solanacearum population in farm soil cultivated with tomato plants. The tomato variety UC 82 was raised on a nursery bedding for 3 weeks, after which four solarization-based treatments were applied to the field plots where tomato plants were cultivated subsequently. Agronomic, pathological, and soil temperature data were recorded from the soil samples, while isolation, Gram staining, morphological, biochemical, and physicochemical analyses were carried out on the same soil samples.ResultsThe bacterial species identified from the pre-experiment soil included Enterobacter cloacae, Serratia marcescens, and Proteus mirabilis, while for the post-experiment were Citrobacter freundii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, P. mirabilis, Salmonella sp., and Citrobacter diversus. Occurrences of bacteria and fungi populations in solarized soils were R. solanacearum, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium, Rhizopus spp., Actinomycetes, and yeast.ConclusionsThe results obtained showed that solarization reduced the native soil microbial populations since the solarized soils had a lower occurrence of bacteria and fungi than the non-solarized soils. Thus, the present study suggests that solarization is effective in reducing the pathogenic bacteria population on farm soils.

Bacterial Occurrence in Wild And Cultured Clarias Gariepinus From Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria

An important cause of contamination in fisheries and aquaculture products is bacteria. They continue to be a major impediment towards obtaining sustainable fisheries and aquaculture production. They cause several public health hazards that producers, marketers, and consumers of food fish are deeply concerned about. The current study assessed the occurrence of bacteria in Clarias gariepinus from Yola, Adamawa state, Nigeria. Thirty (30) C. gariepinus were collected from the wild and a fish farm. Physicochemical measurements of the water were made at the time of the fish collection. The fish samples collected were transported to the laboratory for bacteriological analysis. Tissues were collected from the stomach, liver, and gills of the sampled fish and isolated for the occurrence of bacteria in them. The isolated bacteria were identified and characterized. The data that were collected were subjected to descriptive statistics analysis. The tissues of the examined C. gariepinus contained bacterial species including Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacter aerogenes, Staphylococcus sp., Enterobacter cloacae, Streptococcus iniae, Citrobacter diversus, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas mallei, and Yersinia entrocolitica. The occurrence of these bacteria in the tissues of the fish samples examined raises possible public health concerns about fish and fish products from the lake and fish farm under investigation.

Potential of cattle rumen waste as a source of antibioticresistant bacteria dissemination in the environment

The identification of possible sources of antibiotic-resistance dissemination in the environment is one of the ways to tackle the menace of globally challenging antibiotic resistance. This study reported the antibiotic-resistance pattern of bacteria isolated from fresh rumen waste of cattle culled at four privately-owned abattoirs in Osogbo, the Southwestern part of Nigeria. Bacteria were isolated and identified using standard cultural techniques and biochemical characterization tests. The bacterial isolates were tested against twelve antibiotics using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. The totalheterotrophic bacterial count obtained for the four different abattoirs ranged between 2.95 x 109 ± 1.14 CFU g-1 and 1.01 x 1011 ± 1.02 CFU g-1. Bacterial isolates presumptively identified include Brevundimonas diminuta, Chryseomonas luteola, Citrobacter diversus, Enterobacter intermedius, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca, Providencia rettgeri, Pseudomonas sp., Shigella dysenteriae, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, and Tatumella ptyseos. Thirty-seven (92.5%), eighteen (45%), fourteen (35%), and ten (25%) out of the total 40 bacteria isolated were resistant to augmentin, tetracycline, cotrimoxazole, and gentamicin respectively. The percentage resistance to nalidixic acid (5.9%) and ofloxacin (2.9%) was low among the Gram-negative bacteria, while the percentage resistance to nitrofurantoin was 23.5%. All the Gram-positive bacteria were sensitive to streptomycin while 66.7% were resistant to erythromycin. Multidrug-resistant bacteria isolated were 23 (57.5%). The results of the study showed that rumen waste generated from cattle culled for human consumption at abattoirs in Osogbo metropolis, Nigeria can be a possible source of spreading antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the environment.

Chemically Characterized Essential Oils of Citrus reticulata and Thymus vulgaris L. and Their Nanoemulsions Inhibited the Pathogenic Microbes Causing Mastitis in Cattle

Essential oils (EOs) of Citrus reticulata (C. reticulata, mandarin) peels and Thymus vulgaris (T. vulgaris) are well known active microbial inhibitors. Nanoemulsion preparation is a modern technique for enhancing antimicrobial potentialities. EOs of both plants were prepared and chemically characterized using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Methyl-N-methyl anthranilate (non terpenoidal compound) and monoterpene hydrocarbons are the main components of mandarin peels EO with relative concentrations of 61.07% and 35.15%, respectively. Whereas, T. vulgaris was characterized by abundance of oxygenated monoterpenes and monoterpene hydrocarbons with relative concentrations of 66.89%, and 25.74%, respectively. The antimicrobial potentialities of EOs and their nanoemulsions were assayed. Mandarin EO exhibited strong activities against Citrobacter diversus (ATCC 13315), Proteus vulgaris (ATCC 13315), and Escherichia coli (resis.) with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 12.5 and 25 μg mL−1, respectively. On the other hand, mandarin nanoemulsion showed potentialities against all strains with MIC and MBC of 3.13 and 6.25 μg mL−1, respectively. T. vulgaris EO showed antibacterial potentialities against C. diversus, P. vulgaris, Staphylococcus aureus, and E. coli (resis.) with MIC of 0.19 μg mL−1 and a moderate activity against the other strains. Also, its nanoemulsion exhibited better growth inhibition against C. diversus, P. vulgaris, and E. coli (resis.) at 0.19 μg mL−1. Mandarin EO possessed significant antifungal activities against Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, and Candida glabrata with MIC of 0.19, 0.78, and 1.56 μg mL−1, respectively. The mandarin nanoemulsion had a significant activity against C. glabrata and C. tropicalis with MIC of 0.39 and 1.56 μg mL−1, respectively. T. vulgaris EO and its nanoemulsion are significant antifungals for all strains with MIC of 0.19 and 0.39 μg mL−1, respectively. The findings deduced the significant role of EOs of both plants and their nanoformulations as antimicrobial agents in food and pharmaceutical industries.

Formulation and Evaluation of Patchouli Oil Microemulsion and Microemulgel for Inhibit the Bacterial Growth

Patchouli oil from patchouli leaves (Pogostemon cablin, Benth) is known as the antimicrobial effect. Patchouli oil has been formulated into a gel dosage form. But the appearance of the gel could be improved to microemulsion and microemulgel. The aims of this study are to formulate the patchouli oil to microemulsion and microemulgel form and to determine the effect of the different dosage form to the ability of the patchouli oil to inhibit bacterial growth. Patchouli oil has been formulated to microemulsion (M) and microemulgel (MG) with three different concentrations i.e., 2%, 4%, and 6%. Evaluation of the resulting formulas included examining its general appearance, homogeneity, pH, stability test, spreadability test, and inhibition of bacterial growth. The results showed that patchouli oil microemulsion thinner than patchouli oil microemulgel. Microemulsion and microemulgel dosage forms were not affecting the ability of patchouli oil to inhibit of Citrobacter diversus and Staphylococcus .aureus bacterial growth.

Prevalence, risk factors and emergence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase producing-, carbapenem- and colistin-resistant Enterobacterales isolated from wild boar (Sus scrofa) in Tunisia

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is recognized as an emerging and growing public health problem worldwide. In Tunisia, knowledge is still limited to domestic animals and humans, and only few data are available regarding the role of wildlife. This research determined the antibiotic susceptibility profiles of Beta-lactamase producing Gram-negative bacteria isolated from the faeces of 110 wild boars (Sus scrofa) in northern Tunisia. Fecal samples, obtained post mortem from boar carcasses, were cultured on MacConkey agar and MacConkey agar containing 2 mg/L of cefotaxime. A total of 102 Enterobacterales isolates were identified from 94(85%) fecal samples. Escherichia coli (56, 54%), Citrobacter freundii (14, 13%), Klebsiella oxytoca (11, 10%), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (7, 6%) were the most predominantly identified Enterobacterales. However, Pantoea spp. (4, 4%), Enterobacter spp. (3,3%), Enterobacter cloacae (1, 1%), Enterobacter gergoviae (2, 2%), Proteus mirabilis (2, 2%), Yersinia sp. (1, 1%), and Citrobacter diversus (1, 1%) were rarely identified. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests revealed that 55% (57/102) of the identified strains were multidrug resistant (MDR). A total of 30% (31/102) of the tested isolates were recognized as Extended Spectrum β-Lactamase (ESBL)-producing strains and blaCTX-M-G1, blaTEM, blaSHV β-lactamases were the main encoding genes revealed. Furthermore, identified isolates showed a high level of AMR, especially for amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (77.67%), ticarcillin-clavulanic acid (71.85%), streptomycin (76.69%), amoxicillin (75.73%), and cephalotin (74.76%). Alarming levels of resistance to colistin (2.9%) and ertapenem (9.7%) were revealed and confirmed by the detection of mcr-1, and blaIMP and blaVIM genes, respectively. Various phenotypes of AMR were obtained in this study highlighting the important role of wild boars as hosts and even carriers for several resistant Enterobacterales isolates. This may represents a focal risk factor allowing the transmission of these strains between domestic, wild animals, environment and humans.

Aetiology and risk factors of bacterial gastroenteritis among febrile outpatients at the Dschang District Hospital, West Region of Cameroon: a cross-sectional study

ObjectivesTo investigate the bacterial aetiologies and associated risk factors of gastroenteritis among typhoid suspected cases.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingThis study was conducted at Dschang District Hospital of the Menoua Division, West Region of...

Effect of Antimicrobial Contact Lenses on Corneal Infiltrative Events: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

PurposeTo determine whether Mel4-coated antimicrobial contact lenses (MACLs) can reduce the incidence of corneal infiltrative events (CIEs) during extended wear.MethodsA prospective, randomized, double-masked, single-center, contralateral, extended contact lens wear clinical trial was conducted with 176 subjects. Each participant was randomly assigned to wear a MACL in one eye and an uncoated control contact lens in the contralateral eye or an extended-wear biweekly disposable modality for 3 months. The main outcome measures were the incidence of CIEs per 100 eye-months, identification of the microbial types colonizing the contact lenses or eyes at the time of the CIEs, and their susceptibility to Mel4.ResultsNine participants (5.1%) experienced unilateral CIEs; six participants had contact lens acute red eye, and three participants had infiltrative keratitis. The incidence rate for CIEs (0.4 events per 100 participant months; 1.7%) in the Mel4-coated lenses (test) was 69% less than that of the control lenses (1.3 events per 100 participant months; 3.4%; P = 0.29). All Gram-negative bacteria isolated from lenses and lids of participants with CIEs (Citrobacter diversus, Acinetobacter haemolyticus, and Acinetobacter lwoffii) were susceptible to Mel4 peptide; minimum inhibitory concentrations ranged from 15.6 to 62.5 µg/mL. Reduction of adhesion of these bacteria by Mel4-coated lenses ranged from 2.1 to 2.2 log10 colony-forming units/lens.ConclusionsMACLs had the capacity to reduce CIEs by at least 50% compared with uncoated control lenses during extended wear over 3 months; however, due to the relatively low rates of CIEs, the reduction was not statistically different compared with control lenses.Translational RelevanceThis study provides evidence that antimicrobial contact lenses have the potential to reduce the incidence of corneal infiltrative events during extended wear.

Molecular Analysis of Antimicrobial Resistance among Enterobacteriaceae Isolated from Diarrhoeic Calves in Egypt.

Simple SummaryBacterial antimicrobial resistance is a serious global health challenge. This study investigated the occurrence of major antimicrobial resistance genes, including integrons, ß-lactamases, and florfenicol in Enterobacteriaceae that were isolated from diarrhoeic calves in Egypt. From 120 calves, 149 isolates of bacteria were recovered, identified, and screened phenotypically against 12 antimicrobials, and molecularly for the presence of the resistance determinants of integrons, ß-lactamases and florfenicol. The findings revealed that 24.8% of the isolates exhibited multidrug resistance. Escherichia coli was found to be the most prevalent multidrug resistant species. Class 1 integrons, blaTEM, and floR genes were detected at incidence rates of 18.8%, 24.8%, and 1.3%, respectively, whereas class 2 integrons and blaCTX-M were not detected in any isolates. The higher incidence of the antimicrobial resistance genes indicate the importance of regular monitoring of the antibiotic susceptibilities of isolated bacteria to minimise the risk of human exposure to pathogens that are resistant to antimicrobials.The present study was designed to investigate the presence of genes that conferred resistance to antimicrobials among Enterobacteriaceae that were isolated from diarrhoeic calves. A total of 120 faecal samples were collected from diarrhoeic calves that were raised in Kafr El-Sheikh governorate, Egypt. The samples were screened for Enterobacteriaceae. A total of 149 isolates of bacteria were recovered and identified; Escherichia coli was found to be the most overwhelming species, followed by Citrobacter diversus, Shigella spp., Serratia spp., Providencia spp., Enterobacter spp., Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus spp., Klebsiella oxytoca, and Morganella morganii. All isolates were tested for susceptibility to 12 antimicrobials; resistant and intermediately resistant strains were screened by conventional polymerase chain reaction for the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes. Of the 149 isolates, 37 (24.8%) exhibited multidrug resistant phenotypes. The most prevalent multidrug resistant species were E. coli, C. diversus, Serratia spp., K. pneumoniae, Shigella spp., Providencia spp., and K. oxytoca. Class 1 integrons were detected in 28 (18.8%) isolates. All isolates were negative for class 2 integrons. The blaTEM gene was identified in 37 (24.8%) isolates, whereas no isolates carried the blaCTX-M gene. The florfenicol gene (floR) was detected in two bacterial isolates (1.3%). The findings of this study reveal that calves may act as potential reservoirs of multidrug resistant bacteria that can be easily transmitted to humans.

Antibacterial activity and characterisation of some Egyptian honey of different floral origin

The aim of the current study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity and to analyse the physicochemical properties of some Egyptian honey of different botanical origin in comparison with Manuka honey from New Zealand. Antibacterial activity of Egyptian honey of different floral origin was evaluated against five reference bacterial strains including both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria using well diffusion method. Pollen analysis was used to confirm the floral origin of honey. Meanwhile, the physicochemical parameters including total phenolic and total flavonoid contents were measured to assess the quality of honey. Some honey types including Flowers, Aashab, Bardakosh, and Black seed honey showed significant antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) when compared with clindamycin. The same types of honey, except Black seed honey exhibited significant antibacterial activity against Citrobacter diversus (ATCC 13315). The total phenolic and total flavonoid contents ranged from 130.5±9.0 to 175.3±11.3 mg GAE/100 g honey and 22.3±1.7–30.9±2.6 mg RE/100 g honey, respectively. The results indicated that Egyptian honey is a promising natural product that can be potentially used as an alternative to synthetic antibiotics. Authentication of honey through the investigation of its physicochemical characteristics is a very important determinant of its biological activity. Separation and investigation of the antimicrobial activity of each of the active compounds of honey will provide more information on the efficacy and the mechanism of its biological activity. Further studies are still needed to identify and standardise protocols for the use of honey either in the protection against or the treatment of microbial infections.