Citric Acid Solvent Research Articles

Pectin extraction from banana pere peel at various extraction times

For many years, West Sulawesi's signature plant, banana pere, has only been eaten as fruit, while its peel is often discarded as waste or used as animal feed. This study provides information on the utilization of banana pere peel in order to increase its economic value through the utilization of pectin content contained in banana pere peel. This study aims to extract pectin from banana pere peel (Loka Pere) by using the citric acid solvent extraction method. The extraction process was carried out using 5 variations of time, namely 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 minutes. The results showed that the use of extraction time for 90 minutes resulted in a yield value of 53.11%, moisture content of 1.15%, ash content of 1.56%, methoxyl content of 2.66% and galacturonic content of 30.88%.

Blackcurrant Pomace as a Rich Source of Anthocyanins: Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction under Different Parameters

The industry is currently trying to manage the waste generated during juice pressing. Berry pomace is an especially rich source of many bioactive compounds. Blackcurrant pomace is particularly valuable because of the large amount of extractable anthocyanins remaining in the fruit skin. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) parameters on the content of anthocyanins and color parameters of blackcurrant pomace extracts. The pomace used for the study was very rich in anthocyanins—an average content of 853.2 mg/100 g fresh weight. The effect of temperature (25, 35, 45 °C), time (15, 30, 60 min) and material/solvent ratio (1:20 or 1:7) on extraction yield was analyzed. The extracts were obtained using two solvents: water–ethanol acidified with HCl and water acidified with citric acid. Either solvent type, as well as the other parameters of the extraction process, have an impact on the level of anthocyanins in the extracts. The lowest range of extraction yield (63–68%) was obtained for a 1:7 ratio with water–citric acid solvent. The highest range of extraction yield (74–93%) was obtained for a 1:7 ratio with water–ethanol solvent. The most efficient method was extraction in a water–ethanol solvent (50/50 v/v) acidified with HCl, at a 1:7 material/solvent ratio, at 35 °C, for 15 min, providing 93% process efficiency. A strong relationship (r > 0.991) was also found between anthocyanin content and color saturation (C*) or hue (h°) in the obtained extracts. Based on the E1% coloring strength results, all the extracts obtained can be considered strong colorants, especially those obtained with the water–citric acid solvent. Ultrasonic extraction can be successfully applied to extract pigments from blackcurrant pomace and obtain, for example, food coloring.

Extraction, foam-mat drying, and physicochemical analysis of Indonesian black glutinous rice (Oryza sativa L. var glutinosa) anthocyanins

Anthocyanins are water-soluble flavonoid that gives a purplish-blue colour to black glutinous rice. Anthocyanins can be degraded by high temperature (>65ᵒC), oxygen, and light during storage. Foam-mat drying is expected to maintain anthocyanins from degradation and prolong their shelf life. This research aimed to obtain the optimum condition for anthocyanins extraction and foam-mat drying with the physicochemical evaluation of anthocyanins extract. The extraction process was done by the maceration method using food-grade solvents, water+citric acid and water, at four different times (6, 18, 24, and 48 hrs). Ethanol+citric acid were used as a control. The results showed that extraction using water+citric acid solvent for 48 hrs yielded higher total anthocyanins content (2.15±0.03 mg/g rice) than using water solvent (0.70±0.01 mg/g rice). Production of anthocyanins powder was carried out using the foam-mat drying method with the variation of maltodextrin (10 and 20%) and egg white (7.5, 10, and 20%) as the encapsulant and foaming agent. The highest anthocyanins content (0.45±0.06 mg/g powder) was obtained from water+citric acid extract mixed with 10% maltodextrin and 7.5% egg white. The solubility of its powder was acceptable (96.23±0.67%), and the water activity fulfilled the water activity standard of the powder drinks (0.33±0.00). In conclusion, the most optimum condition for anthocyanins extraction was using water+citric acid for 48 hrs and foam-mat drying using 10% maltodextrin and 7.5% egg white.

Effect of different solvents on color extraction and comparative study of their color profile and antioxidant profile of Palash and Jaba flower petals

Palash and hibiscus are used in Siddha medicine, a traditional system from India and the Southeast Asian countries of Nepal, Indonesia, Thailand, and Sri Lanka. These plants have natural health benefits that can help to cure diseases naturally. Food color from natural dyes is emerging globally as an eco-friendly colorant. This study is innovative in investigating various Solvents for using color extraction and subsequently conducting a comparative analysis of Different solvents concerning their outcomes. The color, antioxidant activity, and Phytochemicals are also thoroughly examined. There are a total of six samples prepared, and These samples of solutions were respectively 5% Citric Acid 24h (S1), 5% Citric acid 48h (S2), 5% NaOH solution 24h (S3), Glycerin with water (1:3) a time of 24h (S4), Glycerin with Water (1:3) a time of 48h (S5) and pure glycerin solution (S6). Phenolic content was high in The S7 sample in both flowers, and these values were 825.5 mg and 1778.75 mg, respectively, in 100 gm. Free radical scavenging activity (DPPH) was high in the S2 sample in both flowers; these values were 77.41% and 79.16%, respectively. Color parameters, i.e., L*, a*, b*, help to detect the lightness index, redness, and yellowness index. Principle component analysis justifies the correlation of characterization parameters of palash and jaba flower petals. On an overall basis, it was found from the study that 5% citric acid solvent and pure glycerin solvent were considered the most effective and the highest concentration of readily accessible antioxidants and higher antioxidant Activity.

Karakteristik Uji Stabilitas Pigmen dan Antioksida Hasil Ekstraksi Pewarna Alami dari Kulit Buah Naga Merah

This article aims to determine the level of anthocyanins in natural colors derived from dragon fruit, especially on the skin. Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with SPSS was used as the research method for this article, as well as two treatments, namely variations in solvent volume A and immersion time (B). Each treatment consisted of three levels and three repetitions, namely the first factor of variation in solvent volume (A) consisted of (A1) 0.29%, (A2) 0.432%, (A3) 0.576%. The second factor is the immersion time (B1) 42 hours, (B2) 48 hours, (B3) 72 hours. Extraction of anthocyanin pigment from red dragon fruit skin was carried out using maceration extraction. The test parameters in this study were the color stability test, anthocyanin content test and the yield of dragon fruit peel extract. The pH value was measured using a pocket pH meter. In this study, a spectrophotometer was used to determine the brightness level of anthocyanins. Measurement of the weight % yield of anthocyanin pigment was carried out using the yield formula below. The research results show; (1) the best treatment resulted in extraction using citric acid solvent: water which produced an absorbance of 0.479 – 0.439 at λmax 517 nm; (2) radar antioxidant activity in anthocyanins from dragon fruit peels of 76.71%; (3) the stability of anthocyanin dyes is stable at acidic pH from pH 2 – pH 5, at a temperature of 80˚C and the effect of long exposure to the lamp makes the anthocyanin dyes unstable; and (4) dragon fruit syrup was stable at almost the same pH of dragon fruit syrup without coloring and added dragon fruit syrup, namely 3.42 and 3.89.

The effects of solvent–based ultrasonic–assisted extraction of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activities from pigmented rice bran

Rice is one of the staple grains that most people consume. Pigmented rice is a highly nutritious rice bran, and it is abundant in bioactive compounds like phenolic compounds, which have antioxidant activities. In order to effectively extract bioactive compounds for adoption, it is essential to select the optimal solvent–based extraction method. The study's objective was to optimize the solvent–based ultrasonic–assisted extraction of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activities from pigmented rice bran. A single factor investigation was used to study the effects of duration time (20–40 min), UAE temperature (30–60 °C), and sample–to–solvent ratio (1:10–1:30 g/mL). The bioactive compounds were determined using total anthocyanin content (TAC), total phenolic content (TPC), and total flavonoid content (TFC) assays. The DPPH radical scavenging activity assay was used to assess antioxidant activities. According to the results of the experiments, extraction conditions had a significant effect on bioactive compound extraction and antioxidant activities. The optimum solvent extraction was 60% (v/v) aqueous methanol with 0.1% citric acid solvent, yielding values of 2.32 ± 0.14 mg C3G/g DW for TAC, 13.36 ± 0.89 mg GAE/g DW for TPC, 2.99 ± 0.87 mg QE/g DW for TFC and 398.29 ± 96.08 µg/mL for 50% inhibition concentration on DPPH (IC50). The ultrasonic–assisted extraction (UAE) of pigmented rice bran bioactive compounds under optimal conditions at 30 °C for 30 min with a material-to-solvent ratio of 1:20 g/mL resulted in an extract with 3.15 ± 0.15 mg C3G/g DW of TAC, 16.13 ± 0.82 mg GAE/g DW of TPC, 4.04 ± 0.11 mg QE/g DW of TFC and 413.90 ± 47.46 µg/mL of IC50. It shows that, under optimal conditions, solvent–based ultrasonic–assisted extraction could be used to maximize the extraction of bioactive phytochemicals from pigmented rice bran.

Pengolahan Limbah Kulit Buah Naga Super Merah (Hylocereus Costaricensis) pada Materi Pelajaran Kimia Kelas XI SMA Negeri Muncar Banyuwangi

Research that was tested, students of class XI at Muncar High School (SMA) were able to identify the hydroquinone content in the bleaching cream. Hydroquinone (HQ) is a phenol-derived compound used in the cosmetic industry as a bleaching agent. This compound is very risky & the limits of its use must be controlled. BPOM has decided that the aporism limit for cosmetics is 2%. Hydroquinone more than 5% is a hard drug, the impact of long-term use can cause skin cancer. Hydroquinone can be identified by using a natural marker, namely anthocyanin which is in the dragon fruit skin, by using the method of extracting the dragon fruit skin using a 1.5 M citric acid solvent, a temperature of 450C, where the results are used to analyze the content of the Hydroquinone content in cosmetic creams face bleaching, based on this research, it is proven that cosmetics that are spread in the community positively contain Hydroquinone.

Extraction and characterization of pectin from the fruit peel of Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) cogn

Pectin is a polysaccharide and a major component of most plant cell walls and the functions as an adsorbent, emulsifying agent, gelling agent, stabilizer, and gelling agent. one of which is by utilizing the skin of Bligo fruit (Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn). This study aims to determine the presence of pectin contained in the skin of Bligo fruit using a completely randomized design (CRD) using 4 variations. concentration of citric acid solvent (5%,7%,9% and 11%) with extraction time consisting of 4 levels (30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes). The characteristics of the pectin produced were determined including water content, ash content, equivalent weight, methoxyl content, galacturonic acid content, and degree of esterification. This type of research is experimental research in the laboratory. The results showed that the highest yield was obtained from 7% citric acid concentration with an extraction time of 60 minutes, the yield value was 9.8%. The characteristics of the pectin obtained included water content of 11.6% and 9.2%; ash content of 8.8% and 8.7%; equivalent weight of 797,448 mg and 761,035 mg; methoxyl content 2.561% and 2.466%; galacturonic acid content 117.088% and 112.281%; esterification degree of 12,417 and 12,469%. FTIR spectroscopy which was used to compare the results of the spectra of extracted pectin and standard pectin showed the similarity of each absorption functional group.

Prucalopride might improve intestinal motility by promoting the regeneration of the enteric nervous system in diabetic rats.

The present study aimed to investigate whether prucalopride, as a 5-hydroxytryptamine 4 (5-HT4) receptor agonist, improved intestinal motility by promoting the regeneration of the enteric nervous system (ENS) in rats with diabetes mellitus (DM). A rat model of DM was established using an intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. The rats were randomly divided into four groups of 6 rats/group: Control, DM (DM model), DM + A (5 µg/kg prucalopride) and DM + B (10 µg/kg prucalopride). The rats in the Control group were given an equal volume of citric acid solvent. After successful model establishment, high blood glucose levels were maintained for 2 weeks before administration of prucalopride. The colonic transit time was measured using the glass bead discharge method. It was revealed that the colonic transit time of diabetic rats was the longest, and this was significantly shortened in the DM + B group. Subsequently, the colons were collected. The expression levels of Nestin, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), SOX10, RNA-binding protein human antigen D (HuD) and ubiquitin thiolesterase (PGP9.5) were determined via immunohistochemical analysis. Immunofluorescence double staining of 5-HT4 + Nestin and Ki67 + Nestin was performed. The 5-HT level was measured using ELISA. Compared with that in the control group, Nestin expression was significantly increased in the DM and DM + A groups, and it was concentrated in columnar epithelial cells and the mesenchyme. Furthermore, the expression levels of Nestin in the DM + A group were higher than those in the DM group. No difference was observed in the expression levels of Nestin between the DM + B group and the Control group. The expression levels of 5-HT protein were highest in the Control group; however, the expression levels of 5-HT protein in the DM group, DM + A group and DM + B group exhibited an increasing trend. Similar trends in the expression of 5-HT4 and Nestin were not observed; however, similar trends in the expression of Nestin and Ki67 were observed. The expression levels of GFAP, SOX10, PGP9.5 and Ki67 in the DM + A and DM + B groups were higher compared with those in the DM group. In the DM + A group, HuD expression was decreased compared with that in the Control group but it was markedly higher compared with that in the DM group. In conclusion, prucalopride may improve intestinal motility by promoting ENS regeneration in rats with DM.

Synthesis of Alginate Oligosaccharide (AOS) Using Different Solvents

Alginate oligosaccharide (AOS) is an oligosaccharide synthesized by depolymerizing alginate and has various industrial applications. This research determines the best solvent and the optimal concentration of the best solvent to produce AOS. Peroxides and hydrochloric acid can be used[L1] as solvents, but the residue might cause some danger if the AOS extract is used for food or pharmaceutical purposes. Citric acid can be used as a solvent, but it is necessary to determine the optimum concentration to synthesize AOS. Citric acid concentration variations are 0.3 M, 0.5 M, and 0.7 M. After that, the type of solvent varies, 3% (v/v) hydrogen peroxide, 0.3 M hydrochloric acid, and 0.3 M citric acid. AOS are measured by measuring the amount of reducing sugar using the DNS colorimetric method. The results were then submitted to a one-way ANOVA test followed by a post hoc Tukey Test (P < 0,05). The result of the Tukey test shows that the 0.3 M citric acid treatment significantly has the highest reducing sugar compared to the other solvents. The 0.3 M citric acid solvent also has the highest AOS yield compared to the other solvents. [L1]Can be used as…, but….

The The Effect of Concentration of Citric Acid Solution on Extraction of Pectin from Watermelon Albedo

Watermelon albedo or the white flesh of watermelon rind contains pectin with high enough content. In this study was conducted the extraction of pectin from watermelon albedo by the liquid-solid extraction method. The citric acid solution was used as a solvent with concentrations varied by 4%, 7%, and 10%. The research steps include the pretreatment of raw material, the extraction, the posttreatment of extraction, and the analysis of pectin. The pretreatment aimed to reduce water content and reduce the size of raw material. The extraction process was the main process in which pectin dissolution occurred in the citric acid solvent. Furthermore, the posttreatment of extraction aimed to obtain pectin solid with the addition of ethanol. The final step was the analysis, including pectin yield, moisture content, methoxyl content, galacturonic acid content, and pectin functional group. Based on research obtained, an increase in the concentration of citric acid increased pectin yield, methoxyl content, and galacturonic acid content. The moisture content of pectin decreased with the increasing concentration of citric acid. Pectin yield, moisture content, methoxyl content, galacturonic acid content resulted from 10% concentration of citric acid solvent are 8.356%, 19.748%, 7.029%, and 69.048%, respectively. Based on FTIR analysis, the functional groups contained in pectin are hydroxyl group, methyl group, carbonyl group, and ether group. This functional groups are main constituents of pectin structure.

Extraction and Characterization of Pectin from Lemon Waste for Commercial Applications

The objective of this paper was preliminary to extract and characterization of purified pectin from lemon wastes. Dry lemon waste was extracted applying citric acid solvent or water at various concentrations under a similar condition (85 ºC for 4 h). It was found that the highest yield of pectin (20.8% dry basis) was achieved using hot water extraction with an esterification degree of 47.8%. It contained 63.2 ± 0.74% galacturonic acid, followed by 17.4 ± 0.76% total sugar. The monosaccharides found in pectin were arabinose (2.7 ± 0.20%), galactose (2.3 ± 0.01%), glucose (1.4 ± 0.09%), mannose (0.4 ± 0.01%), fructose (0.4 ± 0.05%), and xylose (0.1 ± 0.01%). The found pectin had a high atomic weight of 2060 kDa with a wide polydispersity index of 4.41, decided by high-Performance Size Exclusion Chromatography (HPSEC). The extricated lemon waste pectin was grouped into low methoxyl pectin, depends on the methoxyl content and degree of esterification affirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and rheological properties. In conclusion, the discoveries of the study show that lemon waste can be investigated as a promising elective for the commercial manufacturing of pectin.

Effect of acetic and citric acid solvent combination with cinnamon oil on quality of edible packaging from chitosan

Chitosan is one of the fishery by-products, which is extracted from shrimp and crab carapace. Chitosan can be processed into edible packaging. The nature of chitosan edible packaging is depended on the type of solvent used while extraction. Acetic acid produces a strong coating with good barrier properties but less elastic, while citric acid produces an elastic layer but has relatively low barrier properties and weak coating. Cinnamon essential oil can inhibit bacterial growth. This study aimed to obtain the best proportion combination of acetic and citric acid solvents which can improve mechanical properties and permeability of the edible packaging, also determine the effect of cinnamon essential oil in inhibiting Salmonella and S. aureus bacteria. The experimental design used a completely randomized design (CRD), with solvent combination treatment in preliminary research initially followed by chitosan and cinnamon essential oil addition in the subsequent research. Data showed that the best edible packaging properties were obtained from a combination of acetic and citric acid (2:2) with 30.67 MPa tensile strength, 65.35% elongation, 0.0422 mm thickness, and moisture permeability 3.02x10−10 g.m.m−2.s−1.pa−1. The concentration of 1.5 g of chitosan with 1.5% cinnamon essential oil can produce an antibacterial with 10.15 mm inhibition zone diameter in Salmonella sp. and 9.53 mm in Staphylococcus aureus

Co-hydrothermal carbonization of pomelo peel and PVC for production of hydrochar pellets with enhanced fuel properties and dechlorination

Extremely high volatiles and excessive chlorine contents remained bottlenecks for the conversion of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) into eco-friendly solid fuel. In our work, we proposed the co-hydrothermal treatment (co-HTC) of pomelo peel (PP) and PVC under citric acid solvent at 220 °C. Properties of the PP/PVC blended hydrochars were assessed by elemental and proximate analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and single pellet combustion. In addition, gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and FTIR were used to analyze the chemical features of process water obtained after the co-HTC process. Results showed that hydrochar obtained after co-hydrothermal carbonization by using 50% PP and 50% PVC (CA-HC-5:5) demonstrated the best higher heating value (22.58 MJkg−1), energy yield (51.76%) and dechlorination efficiency (93.50%). Moreover, CA-HC-5:5 was characterized by a finer texture suitable for pelletization, which could be due to PVC particles inserting into the pores of PP. In support of this phenomena, BET results showed that the surface area and quantity of N2 gas absorbed by PP were significantly reduced when co-treated with PVC. Hence, the results implied that PVC could be effectively co-valorized with lignocellulosic biomass to produce eco-friendly solid fuel.

PEMANFAATAN LIMBAH KULIT BAWANG MERAH SEBAGAI KANDIDAT INGRIDIEN MINUMAN FUNGSIONAL ANTIOKSIDAN

Shallot is widely used in culinary purpose. However, the use of shallot produces a lot of waste. Shallot skin contains anthocyanin, which has antioxidant activity. This study aimed to evaluate different solvents and extraction times for anthocyanin extraction from shallot skin, to evaluate different drying methods, and to evaluate the physicochemical properties of the anthocyanin powder. Chemical tests were conducted before and after drying, including total anthocyanin content, antioxidant activity using DPPH, total phenolic, and total flavonoid content. Physical tests were undertaken only after drying, including moisture content, water activity, viscosity, solubility, and colour. Extraction with citric acid solvent in 72h extract resulted in the highest total anthocyanin than water and acetic acid solvent. After drying, the highest total anthocyanin was obtained from foam mat drying method, which extracted using citric acid solvent. While antioxidant activity was not significantly differenced among samples. Physical test for the powders showed low moisture content and water activity, red colour index, as well as suitable viscosity and solubility results. In conclusion, anthocyanin powder from shallot skin has a potent as a functional antioxidant ingredient that can be applied in beverage products.

Response surface methodology for the extraction of bioactive compound from black glutinous rice

This study was aimed at the extraction of total phenolic compounds, as well as, the antioxidant activity of black glutinous rice (Oryza sativa L.). Black glutinous rice of three varieties consists of Leum Pua, Doi Saket, and Phayao were extracted using citric acid solvent. The influences of temperature, time and pH value on total phenolic content and antioxidant activity (percentage of inhibition of DPPH free radical) were investigated. A central composite design was employed to determine the optimum extraction condition to obtain the highest total phenolic content and antioxidant activity. The regression models of total phenolic content were significant (p0.05) and determination coefficients values were 0.8028, 0.8089, and 0.8603 of Leum Pua, Doi Saket, and Phayao, respectively. The regression models of DPPH inhibition were significant (p0.05) and determination coefficients values were 0.8084, 0.8928, and 0.8243 of Leum Pua, Doi Saket, and Phayao, respectively. The selected optimum conditions were 72°C, 91 mins at pH 1.44 for Leum Pua, 72.5°C, 83 mins at pH 1.39 for Doi Saket, and 66.3°C, 75 mins at pH 1.32 for Phayao. Under the optimum condition, total phenolic content and percentage of inhibition of DPPH free radical of extract from Leum Pua, Doi Saket and Phayao were 0.3814 mg GAE g-1 DW with 89.36%, 0.2607 mg GAE g-1 DW with 73.33%, and 0.2617 mg GAE g1 DW with 75.27%, respectively. The results showed that the total phenolic content of the extract indicated a highly positive correlation with antioxidant activity.

PEMANFAATAN PEKTIN KULIT NANGKA (ARTOCARPUS HETEROPHYLLUS) SEBAGAI ADSORBEN LOGAM CU (II)

One method to reduce levels of heavy metals from the waters is adsorption method by utilizing organic waste such as jackfruit peels. This research aims to utilize jackfruit peels pectin (Artocarpus Heterophyllus) as Cu (II) metal adsorbent the first to extract with 5% citric acid solvent for 120 minutes and characterize pectin from jackfruit peels as well measure the optimum contact time required pectin to adsorb Cu (II) metal with variations in time for 1, 2, 3 hours. The results showed the characterization pectin from jackfruit peels obtained was a yield of 9.9%, ash content 4.04%, moisture content 8%, equivalent weight 641.026 mg, methoxyl content 6.82%, galacturonic acid 45.76%, and the optimum contact time required pectin to adsorb Cu (II) metal, which is 2 hours with the precentage of absorption is 82,80%.

Extraction and Stability of Natural Dyes From The skin of Red Dragon Fruit

Dragon fruit skin contains anthocyanin dyes which are quite high. Anthocyanins are dyes that give red color and can be used as natural dyes for food. This study aims to determine the ratio of the 10% citric acid solution with the time of maceration to obtain the highest anthocyanin levels and to determine the stability of the red dragon fruit peel extract. The research design used was a factorial completely randomized design (CRD) with two factors, namely the ratio of red dragon fruit peel pulp with 10% citric acid solvent consisting of three levels: 1: 3; 1: 6; 1: 9. The second factor is the length of maceration of the red dragon fruit skin which consists of three levels: 3 days; 3.5 days; 4 days. Analysis of red dragon fruit peel extract includes: yield, anthocyanin levels, pH value, color intensity, and stability test. The best treatment of red dragon fruit peel extraction was obtained in the sample ratio of 10% citric acid solution (1: 3) and the duration of maceration for 4 days with a yield of 22.92%; pH value of 1.84; anthocyanin levels of 52.27 mg / L; L * color intensity of 16.54; color intensity a * of 75.57; color intensity b * was 9.63 and the best anthocyanin dye stability test was obtained at a pH of 3 and a temperature of 7 ° C.

Anticancer Activity of a Novel High Phenolic Sorghum Bran in Human Colon Cancer Cells.

Human colon cancer is the third leading cause of mortality in the United States and worldwide. Chemoprevention using diet is widely accepted as a promising approach for cancer management. Numerous population studies indicate a negative correlation between the incidence of colon cancer and consumption of whole grains with a high content of bioactive phenolic compounds. In the current study, we evaluated the anticancer properties of a high phenolic sorghum bran extract prepared using 70% ethanol with 5% citric acid solvent at room temperature. A significant dose-dependent suppression of cell proliferation was observed in human colon cancer cells treated with the high phenolic sorghum bran extract. Apoptosis and S phase growth arrest were induced, while cell migration and invasion were inhibited by this treatment; these effects were accompanied by altered expression of apoptosis, cell cycle, and metastasis-regulating genes. We also found that the high phenolic sorghum bran extract stimulated DNA damage in association with induction of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and c-Jun-NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) and subsequent expression of activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3). The present study expands our understanding of the potential use of high phenolic sorghum bran to prevent human colon cancer.

Pemanfaatan ekstrak kulit buah manggis (Garcinia mangostana L.) sebagai pewarna alami jaringan daun dan batang krokot (Portulaca oleracea L.)

The dye functions to clarify the plant tissue that will be observed with a microscope, the dye that is commonly used is synthetic dyes that are carcinogenic, the price is expensive and can pollute the environment. Natural dyes are an alternative to synthetic dyes because they are safe, inexpensive and environmentally friendly. natural dye sources obtained from plant parts such as fruit peels. Efforts to use mangosteen rind waste as an herbal remedy can also be used as a natural dye because it has a high enough anthocyanin content. Anthocyanins in mangosteen peel can be obtained through extraction. Maceration is an easy extraction method where the results are only affected by the type of solvent and the extraction time. Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) is used as research material because currently purslane has been widely used because of its nutritional content including high metabolic and antioxidant regualting substances. This study aims to determine the ability of mangosteen rind extract in coloring the leaf and stem tissue of purslane, and to determine the type of solvent and optimal immersion time to produce mangosteen rind extract so that it can color the leaf tissue and stems purslane well. The study was conducted experimentally using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 2 factors: factor 1 was the type of solvent using ethanol 96% and citric acid 14%, the second factor was immersion time, namely 26, 27 and 28 hours. The data obtained were analyzed descriptively qualitatively including the contrast and clarity of the preserved tissue preparation of leaf and stem purslane. The results showed mangosteen rind extract has the ability to dye leaf tissue and stems. The type of 14% citric acid solvent with 28 hours soaking time was optimal in producing mangosteen rind extract so that it was able to dye the leaf and stem tissue of purslane.