City Argentina Research Articles

Unveiling the truth about tourism labour precarity in Argentinian cities

PurposeThis paper aims to study the role of tourism specialisation on tourism labour precarity in Argentinian cities, considering urban primacy.Design/methodology/approachThe authors propose an econometric model that iterates between alternative labour precarity measures explained by the economic sector (tourism, rest of services and rest of economy) and tourism specialisation at the city level. They build three geographical groups based on Argentinian urban agglomerates: the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, tourism specialised cities and non-tourism specialised cities. The authors further distinguish between big and small cities according to their urban primacy. The main sources of data are the Permanent Household Survey and the Hotel Occupancy Survey from the Argentinian National Statistics and Census Institute for the period 2007–2017.FindingsThe authors find that as tourism specialisation grows, the incidence of precarious labour conditions in tourism goes down. Working in this sector increases the chances of having a precarious job, particularly for non-legal outcome variables. However, tourism specialisation and urban primacy generate a mitigating effect on these negative results.Originality/valueThe authors focus on tourism labour conditions in Argentinian cities, using different measures of labour precarity from a legal perspective, (namely, legal informality) and a non-legal one (including productive informality, part-time work and non-permanent occupation). The authors follow an innovative approach to this matter in the tourism sector, as they consider both tourism specialisation at the city level and urban primacy. This is the first article addressing these issues not only for Argentina but also for Latin America.

Determinants of Smart City Commitment among Citizens from a Middle City in Argentina

This paper aims to examine the determinants of smart-city commitment across individuals from Bahía Blanca, Argentina. Literature has identified different factors explaining citizens’ commitment to smart cities, such as education, age, labor condition, and other more subjective factors, such as trust and awareness about the smart-city concept. A mediator factor of smart commitment is e-readiness or digital readiness, that is, the level of preparedness to properly exploit internet opportunities such as e-government and e-commerce. To achieve this goal, we used a survey conducted on 97 citizens (followers of the Moderniza Bahía Facebook) from the city of Bahía Blanca, Argentina. By estimating a structural equation model, we found that higher levels of ICT use are associated with higher levels of smart-city commitment and that higher awareness of the smart-city concept is related to higher levels of smart-city commitment. Sociodemographic factors such as age and labor condition also explain ICT use.

An epidemic model for COVID-19 transmission in Argentina: Exploration of the alternating quarantine and massive testing strategies

The COVID-19 pandemic has challenged authorities at different levels of government administration around the globe. When faced with diseases of this severity, it is useful for the authorities to have prediction tools to estimate in advance the impact on the health system as well as the human, material, and economic resources that will be necessary. In this paper, we construct an extended Susceptible–Exposed–Infected–Recovered model that incorporates the social structure of Mar del Plata, the 4°most inhabited city in Argentina and head of the Municipality of General Pueyrredón. Moreover, we consider detailed partitions of infected individuals according to the illness severity, as well as data of local health resources, to bring predictions closer to the local reality. Tuning the corresponding epidemic parameters for COVID-19, we study an alternating quarantine strategy: a part of the population can circulate without restrictions at any time, while the rest is equally divided into two groups and goes on successive periods of normal activity and lockdown, each one with a duration of τ days. We also implement a random testing strategy with a threshold over the population. We found that τ=7 is a good choice for the quarantine strategy since it reduces the infected population and, conveniently, it suits a weekly schedule. Focusing on the health system, projecting from the situation as of September 30, we foresee a difficulty to avoid saturation of the available ICU, given the extremely low levels of mobility that would be required. In the worst case, our model estimates that four thousand deaths would occur, of which 30% could be avoided with proper medical attention. Nonetheless, we found that aggressive testing would allow an increase in the percentage of people that can circulate without restrictions, and the medical facilities to deal with the additional critical patients would be relatively low.

The emerging cities in Argentina

The emerging cities in Argentina

Spatial dependencies during multi-criteria analysis for groundwater resource management at a local scale

The growth of emerging and intermediate cities in Latin America and the Caribbean has been one of the main causes of the gaps found in the access to water quality and sanitation services; therefore, there is a pressing need to significantly improve water resources management to ensure a sustainable development is achieved. In fact, Geographic Information Systems and Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis have proven to be very powerful and effective tools, but when the analysis is carried out on the basis of biophysical variables mixed with socioeconomic criteria, problems in the spatial discretization of the data appear, thus making spatialization and rating of variables difficult. The aim of this paper is to compare two types of spatial alternatives in a multi-criteria analysis for groundwater resource management in an intermediate city in Argentina: one made from an hydrological approach (14 watersheds) and the other made from a socioeconomic approach (7 ad-hoc defined zones). Three stages of the multicriteria analysis process were analysed in this paper; firstly the definition of the alternatives to be prioritized, secondly, the sub-criteria rating process using the direct and inferred rating methods, and finally the model results. The map of priorities by watershed and by zones was then generated and the results were classified into first, second and third priority based on groundwater management needs. Furthermore, a sensibility analysis and comparative synthesis between the use of alternatives considering watersheds and ad-hoc zones, were carried out. While the hydrological watershed has demonstrated its usefulness as a land unit for decision-making on water resources issues, it can be noted that this should not be a reason to rule out other alternatives for discretizing a territory that may have socioeconomic rather than physical boundaries, and that may provide a more appropriate outcome for a decision-making process.

Local Media and Political Practices: Notes for Addressing Mediatization

The major issue underpinning this research paper is how to address the fundamental question concerning media, that is, to what extent and how media permeate contemporary society and culture. In this context, we aim to put forward a methodological proposal on how to account for mediatization. This concept emphasizes the networks connecting media actors with actors in the most diverse social spheres. These networks are important given that they comprise the arena in which meaning is constructed. Although in recent years this concept has been very helpful in order to understand theoretically the key role played by media in the process of social and cultural change, there are not many methodological proposals based on it, and some of the existent ones are defined from deterministic macro-approaches, indifferent to the developments of the constructivist paradigm. On the basis of a methodological qualitative design that seeks to reconstruct and analyze the interactions linking media actors (mainly journalists) with politicians and neighborhood associations, we examine the resulting networks and their different levels of communication. Therefore, the paper addresses four main topics: first, a theoretical overview of the category of mediatization. Second, the presentation of an interactional approach grounded in some important categories of the constructivist paradigm. Third, a proposal based on qualitative research covering the mediatization of political practices in a middle-sized city in Argentina. Finally, an epistemological question regarding the major level of media interaction, i.e., the mediatization of the public sphere.

May Measurement Month 2019: an analysis of blood pressure screening results from Argentina.

The Argentinean Society of Hypertension, in agreement with the May Measurement Month (MMM) initiative of the International Society of Hypertension, implemented for the third consecutive year a hypertension screening campaign. A volunteer cross-sectional survey was carried out in public spaces and health centres during the month of May 2019 across 33 cities in Argentina. Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure (BP) ≥140 mmHg and/or diastolic BP ≥90 mmHg based on the mean of the second and third BP measurements, or in those on treatment for high BP. A total of 94 523 individuals (53.9 ± 17.8 years old, 55 231women and 39 292 men), were evaluated. The age and sex standardized mean BP was 124.7/77.2 mmHg. Among participants, 34.7% were overweight (25-29.9 m/kg2) and 28.7% had obesity (≥30 m/kg2). Individuals identified as being overweight had BP 3/2 mmHg higher and individuals with obesity 6/4 mmHg higher than those with normal weight. The prevalence of hypertension was 52.5%. Although 81.1% were aware and 77.7% were on antihypertensive treatment, only 46.0% of all individuals with hypertension had their BP controlled. Moreover, 19.8% of those not on any antihypertensive medication were found with raised BP. The low level of control of hypertension generates the critical need for the development of community-based prevention strategies reinforcing strategies to increase the awareness and control of hypertension.

Illicit tobacco trade: empty pack survey in eight Argentinean cities

ObjectiveTo estimate the prevalence of illicit tobacco trade (ITT) and different ITT modes—tax stamp counterfeiting and smuggling—in Argentina.DesignCross-sectional study using an empty tobacco pack survey with a simple random cluster...

Association between ambient PM2·5 and under-5, infant, and child mortality in Latin America, 2010–15: a longitudinal analysis

BackgroundHighly urbanised and rapidly urbanising countries are facing critical air pollution problems. In Latin American cities, the effect of ambient PM2·5 on child health has not been extensively explored. We examined associations between ambient PM2·5 and under-5 mortality (deaths in those younger than 5 years per 1000 livebirths) infant mortality (deaths in those younger than 1 year per 1000 livebirths), and child mortality (deaths in those aged 1–4 years per 10 000 children) in Latin American cities. MethodsIn this longitudinal analysis, we estimated under-5 mortality, infant mortality, and child mortality for the period Jan 1, 2010, to dec 12, 2015, for 1152 subcity units clustered in 337 cities in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Guatemala, and Mexico. We retrieved mean annual PM2·5 for each subcity unit. Using linear mixed-effects models, we estimated the percentage change in under-5 mortality, infant mortality, and child mortality associated with a 1 μg/m3 increase in annual PM2·5, adjusted for city-level and subcity-level predictors (population growth, gross domestic product, living conditions, water and sanitation provision, population education, and mass transit availability). FindingsOver the study period, mean annual PM2·5 was 12·7 μg/m3 (SD 6·3), under-5 mortality was 14·2 deaths per 1000 livebirths, infant mortality was 12·1 deaths per 1000 livebirths, and child mortality was 4·8 deaths per 10 000 children. A 1 μg/m3 annual increase in PM2·5 was associated with 0·4% (95% CI 0·1 to 0·7) increase in under-5 mortality and 0·5% (95% CI 0·2 to 0·9) increase in infant mortality We found no significant association between PM2·5 increases and changes in child mortality (–0·1% [95% CI −0·8 to 0·6]). InterpretationOur findings support the need for environmental protection in the Latin American region for improving both planetary and population health. Transdisciplinary strategies at local levels, including public health practitioners and policy stakeholders involved in urban development, are key for implementing these changes. FundingThe Wellcome Trust initiative Our Planet, Our Health.

Impact of Social Isolation on People with Dementia and Their Family Caregivers.

People with dementia and their family caregivers may face a great burden through social isolation due to the COVID-19 pandemic, which can be manifested as various behavioral and clinical symptoms. To investigate the impacts of social isolation due to the COVID-19 pandemic on individuals with dementia and their family caregivers. Two semi-structured questionnaires were applied via telephone to family caregivers of people diagnosed with dementia in three cities in Argentina, Brazil, and Chile, in order to assess clinical and behavioral changes in people with dementia and in their caregivers. In general, 321 interviews were conducted. A significant decline in memory function has been reported among 53.0%of people with dementia. In addition, 31.2%of individuals with dementia felt sadder and 37.4%had increased anxiety symptoms. These symptoms of anxiety were greater in individuals with mild to moderate dementia, while symptoms of agitation were greater in individuals with severe dementia. Moreover, compulsive-obsessive behavior, hallucinations, increased forgetfulness, altered appetite, and increased difficulty in activities of daily living were reported more frequently among individuals with moderate to severe dementia. Caregivers reported feeling more tired and overwhelmed during this period and these symptoms were also influenced by the severity of dementia. Social isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic triggered a series of negative behavioral repercussions, both for people with dementia and for their family caregivers in these three South American countries.

Environmental Exposure to Glyphosate and Risk of Asthma in an Ecological Study

There is strong evidence of the link between asthma and occupational exposure to pesticides and even glyphosate in agricultural workers, but it is limited on asthma and environmental or residential exposure to these chemicals. This research analyzes the prevalence of asthma in an agricultural town with high use of pesticides, mainly glyphosate. Is an ecological study conducted in Monte Maíz, Argentina, composed of a chemical and environmental analysis to determine the burden of exposure to glyphosate and pesticides in general, and a cross-sectional asthma study that uses the methodological criteria of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC); the prevalence’s found in Monte Maíz are compared with the results of ISAAC in Argentine cities with low exposure to pesticides. In Monte Maíz area 975 tons of pesticides are sprayed (650 are glyphosate) that are also stored inside the town.

Silver nanoparticle filter for domestic wastewater reuse

AbstractBACKGROUNDUnder scarcity of freshwater, the reuse and low‐cost technological solutions applied to wastewaters seek to reduce contamination to the users and freshwater biota.RESULTSA low‐cost cellulose membrane was doped with silver nanoparticles to filter urban wastewater (UW) from a city in Argentina. The total amount of coliforms and Escherichia coli in the filter decreased by 99.6% and 99.9%, respectively. The leak of silver from the filter was 275 ng L−1, analyzed by square wave anodic stripping voltammetry. Silver nanoparticles tested on HepG2 and A549 mammalian cell lines showed no toxicity in a broad concentration range. Calculation of the organic matter provided by dead bacteria post‐filtration was 347 μg L−1 proteins, 148 μg L−1 nucleic acids, 57 μg L−1 lipids, and 53 μg L−1 polysaccharides, indicating high availability of organic matter. The retention of inorganic salts in the filter was 78.5% ammonia, 6.2% nitrates, 97.6% nitrites, and 19.2% phosphates. In post‐filtered UW, the Lactuca sativa germination test showed early seed germination between 90% and 95% in all the dilutions tested. In the range of 6.25% to 50.0%, filtered UW showed no significant differences in the hypocotyl but the difference was significant in the radicle length (mm) compared to the control made of synthetic media (P < 0.05).CONCLUSIONThe development of a low‐cost filter based on cellulose membranes doped with silver nanoparticles allowed the reuse of wastewater for domestic purposes and garden irrigation. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).

Development of equations and software for estimating weight in children with cerebral palsy.

To develop equations and software to estimate weight using segmental measures for children with cerebral palsy (CP). This was a cross-sectional study. Children and adolescents with CP of both sexes from 2 to 19years old from five cities in Argentina were included. Weight, mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), and clinical covariables were collected. Linear regression models with weight as the dependent variable and body segment lengths as predictors were developed and compared for R2 , adjusted R2 , and the root mean square of the error. In total, 381 children and adolescents (mean age 10y 5mo [SD 4y 9mo], range 2-19y; 231 males, 150 females) with a confirmed diagnosis of CP were included. Gross motor function based on the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) was as follows: level I, 59; II, 55; III, 59; IV, 69; V, 139. The interaction between weight and other variables such as MUAC, sex, GMFCS, and age was analysed. The concordance correlation coefficient between estimated and observed weight was 0.94 (95% CI 0.93-0.95). From the results of the equations, a free software tool, named Weight Calculator CP, was developed. Weight in children with CP can be predicted using MUAC, GMFCS, and age. Weight Calculator CP can be used in clinical practice when direct weight cannot be obtained. What this paper adds Equations can be used to estimate weight in children with cerebral palsy via body segments. Weight can be estimated according to age and gross motor function. The average difference between estimated and observed weights was 119g.

Routing in waste collection: A simulated annealing algorithm for an Argentinean case study.

The management of the collection of Municipal Solid Waste is a complex task for local governments since it consumes a large portion of their budgets. Thus, the use of computer-aided tools to support decision-making can contribute to improve the efficiency of the system and reduce the associated costs, especially in developing countries, which usually suffer from a shortage of resources. In the present work, a simulated annealing algorithm is proposed to address the problem of designing the routes of waste collection vehicles. The proposed algorithm is compared to a commercial solver based on a mixed-integer programming formulation and two other metaheuristic algorithms, i.e., a state-of-the-art large neighborhood search and a genetic algorithm. The evaluation is carried out on both a well-known benchmark from the literature and real instances of the Argentinean city of BahȪa Blanca. The proposed algorithm was able to solve all the instances, having a performance similar to the large neighborhood procedure, while the genetic algorithm showed the worst results. The simulated annealing algorithm was also able to improve the solutions of the solver in many instances of the real dataset.

El museo como proyecto artístico

El museo como proyecto artístico habita un terreno poroso entre las prácticas instituyentes, la gestión y la producción artística que habilita la práctica contemporánea en arte. En este trabajo se analizan tres experiencias que se nombran como museo, surgidos entre 2010 y 2017 en diferentes ciudades de Argentina: La Ene. Nuevo Museo Energía de Arte Contemporáneo de la ciudad de Buenos Aires, Unidad Básica. Museo de Arte Contemporáneo de Córdoba y MUCA. Musea Constructora de La Plata. Para el análisis se partirá de la definición de museo acuñada por el ICOM, así como de los debates sobre el rol de los museos de arte y las prácticas museales contemporáneas. A su vez, se trazaron posibles genealogías alternativas de museos y filiaciones con proyectos artísticos de la crítica institucional a nivel internacional, regional y local. Se considera que estos proyectos constituyen experiencias críticas y proponen otros modos posibles de ser museo.

Is it possible to obtain food consumption information through children's drawings? Comparison with the Free Listing

The aims of this research were 1) to study the children's drawings to obtain scientific information about food consumption; 2) to compare this method with an existing one (Free Listing); and 3) to compare fruits- and vegetables-consumed by children of different cultural groups within a same country. Children (n = 105) from two Argentinian cities (Salta in the northwest and 9 de Julio in the Pampean region), reported the fruits and vegetables they consumed, with the Free Listing and the new Free Drawing methods. Contingency tables were built and cognitive saliency indexes (CSI) were calculated. Children evoked 57 fruits and 54 vegetables by both methods, which were then grouped into 31 fruit and 27 vegetable categories. The advantages and limitations of the methods are discussed. Throughout Free Drawing, each food was defined by its name, shape and colour, which allowed better discrimination between varieties. Children from Salta reported consuming more fruits (63.7%) and vegetables (68.6%) than those from 9 de Julio (p < 0.05). Differences between cultural groups were found in 10 fruits and 7 vegetables, mentioned more frequently in Salta, where regional crops arose principally by Free Listing. The CSI did not depend on the method used but, for vegetables, they were affected by the cultural group. The fruits with the greatest CSI were banana and apples followed by orange (CSI≥0.19). Tomatoes, carrot and pumpkins showed the highest CSI in 9 de Julio; while carrot, tomatoes, varieties of lettuce and potatoes had the highest CSI in Salta (0.17 ≤ CSI≤0.33). Free Drawing is a qualitative alternative to study food consumption in children populations through a fun activity without the need for assistants.

Comparison of OMI-DOAS total ozone column with ground-based measurements in Argentina

&lt;p&gt;Total ozone column (TOC) measurements through the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI/NASA EOSAura) are compared with ground-based observations made using Dobson and SAOZ instruments for the period 2004–2019 and 2008–02/2020, respectively. The OMI data were inverted using the Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy algorithm (overpass OMI-DOAS). The four ground-based sites used for the analysis are located in subpolar and subtropical latitudes spanning from 34°S to 54°S in the Southern Hemisphere, in the Argentine cities of Buenos Aires (34.58°S, 58.36°W; 25 m a.s.l.), Comodoro Rivadavia (45.86°S, 67.50°W; 46 m a.s.l.), Río Gallegos (51.60°S, 69.30°W; 72 m a.s.l.) and Ushuaia (54.80°S, 68.30°W; 14 m a.s.l.). The linear regression analyzes showed correlation values greater than 0.90 for all sites. The OMI measurements revealed an overestimation of less than 4 % with respect to the Dobson instruments, while the comparison with the SAOZ instrument presented a very low underestimation of less than 1 %.&lt;/p&gt;

CIUDAD/COMUNICACIÓN/CULTURA HACIA UNA PERSPECTIVA TRANSDISCIPLINARIA

espanolEste articulo se orienta hacia la construccion de una perspectiva transdisciplinaria para reflexionar sobre el campo de debates que convergen en su titulo: Ciudad/Comunicacion/Cultura. En este sentido, las reflexiones parten de retomar algunas producciones que van en esta orientacion, previo reconocimiento de la convergencia historica que se viene realizando en la region de America Latina en particular entre los estudios urbanos, por un lado, y los estudios en comunicacion por el otro. Luego proponemos la referencia a dos tendencias que van produciendo las ciudades de manera creciente: la mercantilizacion y la mediatizacion de la experiencia de los actores. Intentaremos, recuperando distintos autores del campo de la comunicacion, dar cuenta de los rasgos y las dinamicas que prevalecen en la produccion de escenarios urbanos contemporaneos, indicando el caracter productor de la ciudad. Recuperamos, asi, las intimas relaciones entre ciudad capitalista/turistificada, comunicacion mercantil/publicitaria, y la construccion de lazos sociales subsumidos por la logica del capital. Al avanzar en el articulo, reflexionamos fenomenologicamente sobre dimensiones de la vida urbana actual, en Cordoba y otras ciudades del pais: sujetos con dispositivos pegados al cuerpo, en barrios cerrados, con trayectorias fijas de movilidad, con ninos asesinados para cuidar las mercancias; conformando nuestra sensibilidad y el sensorium colectivo. Para nosotros la ciudad no solo se considera como escenario o continente, como marco o encuadre; sino que en la actualidad la ciudad tiene un rol activo en la produccion de formas de estar juntos/estar separados. Asi tambien, de dar luchas contra el capitalismo. EnglishThis article is oriented to build a transdisciplinary perspective to study the area of knowledge and debates that converge in the title of this text: City/Communication/Culture. Therefore, our proposal begins by recovering some former productions which aim towards that goal, recognizing the historical convergence that has occurred in Latin America between urban and communication studies. After that we refer to two tendencies which cities are gradually producing: commodification and medialization of actor’s experiences.By recovering different authors, we will try to present the features and dynamics that prevail in the production of urban sceneries, indicating the productive character of cities. We refloat the intimate relations between capitalist/touristified cities, market/publicity oriented communication and the construction of social bonds subsumed by capital’s logic.After such a presentation, we will reflect fenomenologically about some current dimensions in urban life, particularly in Cordoba and other cities of Argentina: subjects with devices attached to their bodies, in closed neighborhoods, with fixated trajectories, with childrenbeing killed to guard commodities, and forming at the same time our sensibilities and collective sensorium.From our point of view, the city is not only scenery or a continent, a picture or a frame. Instead, the city has an active role in the production of ways of being together/being apart. But also, in the ways of fighting capitalism.

Incorporación y desarrollo de tecnologías informacionales en ciudades Argentinas

El objetivo del trabajo es analizar el lugar que ocupan las tecnologías informacionales en la agenda de las ciudades argentinas, en el contexto de la segunda oleada informacional. A partir del análisis de la literatura especializada en la temática, se identifican diversos modos en los que se impulsa la incorporación y desarrollo de estas tecnologías en las ciudades, considerando los distintos objetivos que persiguen y los enfoques teóricos que los sustentan. A continuación, se analizan los casos de dos ciudades que, desde hace alrededor de 15 años, se encuentran desplegando iniciativas relacionadas con el tema analizado. El estudio de casos adopta un enfoque cualitativo, sustentado en el análisis de fuentes secundarias, que es complementado con entrevistas semi-estructuradas a informantes clave. Los resultados de la investigación sugieren que las iniciativas vinculadas a la incorporación y desarrollo de tecnologías informacionales en las ciudades, constituyen un fenómeno sumamente heterogéneo y dinámico, caracterizado por el uso de distintos instrumentos que pueden variar a lo largo del tiempo. Las relaciones entre diversos actores sociales y el rol que asumen los gobiernos locales en los procesos de innovación socio-tecnológica, ejercen una fuerte influencia tanto en la trayectoria del desarrollo informacional, como su orientación urbana y vínculo con las ciudades. Palabras clave: Capitalismo Informacional. Innovación. Software. Ciudades. Políticas Públicas.

Spread of COVID-19, Meteorological Conditions and Air Quality in the City of Buenos Aires, Argentina: Two Facets Observed during Its Pandemic Lockdown

This work studied the spread of COVID-19, the meteorological conditions and the air quality in a megacity from two viewpoints: (1) the correlation between meteorological and air quality (PM10 and NO2) variables with infections and deaths due COVID-19, and (2) the improvement in air quality. Both analyses were performed for the pandemic lockdown due to COVID-19 in the City of Buenos Aires (CABA), the capital and the largest city in Argentina. Daily data from temperature, rainfall, average relative humidity, wind speed, PM10, NO2, new cases and deaths due COVID-19 were analyzed. Our findings showed a significant correlation of meteorological and air quality variables with COVID-19 cases. The highest temperature correlation occurred before the confirmation day of new cases. PM10 presented the highest correlation within 13 to 15 days lag, while NO2 within 3 to 6 days lag. Also, reductions in PM10 and NO2 were observed. This study shows that exposure to air pollution was significantly correlated with an increased risk of becoming infected and dying due to COVID-19. Thus, these results show that the NO2 and PM10 levels in CABA can serve as one of the indicators to assess vulnerability to COVID-19. In addition, decision-makers can use this information to adopt strategies to restrict human mobility during the COVID-19 pandemic and future outbreaks of similar diseases in CABA.