Citarum Watershed Research Articles

Financial literacy of SMEs in Citarum Watershed Area, Indonesia.

One aspect of the role of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) is encouraging economic growth and development, domestically, and internationally. This study aims to determine the level of financial literacy of SMEs. This research uses quantitative and descriptive methods. Data were collected from 100 SMEs in the Citarum Watershed, Indonesia. Multivariate analysis techniques and factor analysis are used to process data. Results show that two factors determine the level of financial literacy of SMEs. The first factor is financial products and services. The second factor is the basic financial concepts. Suggestions for future research include other factors that influence financial literacy.

Time series of forest land cover change in the Upper Citarum Watershed, West Java Province, Indonesia

The Upper Citarum Watershed experiences exploitation of space and natural resources problems due to urbanization. Development mismatch based on spatial zoning causes the reduced function of protected areas and degradation of natural resource conservation. Forest, as a water catchment area, has a significant role in environmental sustainability. This study combines literature review methods and spatial analysis to determine the time series of forest land cover change between 2009, 2014, and 2019 by analyzing LULCC in the Upper Citarum Watershed. This study indicates that the time series of forest land cover in the Upper Citarum Watershed has undergone a significant change. Forest increased by 4.63% between 2009 and 2014, and by 32.19% between 2014 and 2019. Based on the mandate of Law no. 41 of 1999 concerning Forestry, the area of forest that must be maintained is at least 30% (thirty percent) of the area of watershed and/or islands with a proportional distribution. With the forest area of 23.61% of the Upper Citarum Watershed, the existing condition has not yet reached the target. So that in the future, collaboration between parties is still needed to achieve forest and watershed sustainability in the Upper Citarum Watershed.

Citarum Harum Project: A Restoration Model of River Basin

‘Citarum Harum’ is a program to restore the Citarum River. The problem of waste and sewage and the existence of the strategic Citarum River by splitting West Java Province are very supportive of economic growth, especially labour-intensive industries that can absorb a lot of labour into serious problems. Citarum, which is known as one of the dirtiest rivers in the world, urges the government to immediately issue regulations to start the restoration of the Citarum River Basin (DAS Citarum). Citarum watershed pollution and damage mitigation measures in an integrated strategic pace for control and law enforcement that integrate authority between government agencies and stakeholders related to Citarum watershed recovery based on Presidential Regulation No. 15 of 2018 concerning Acceleration of Pollution and Damage Control in the Citarum River Basin. Various steps and methods were taken to restore the Citarum watershed, as well as communication and coordination of the central government with various related parties such as the Environmental Service Office (DLH) of the West Java Provincial Government and Kodam III Siliwangi to be enhanced to immediately realize Harum Citarum.

Impact of agricultural crop type and hunting on bird communities of two villages in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia

Abstract. Hakim L, Abdoellah OS, Parikesit, Withaningsih S. 2020. Impact of agricultural crop type and hunting on bird communities of two villages in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 57-66. Land use change has occurred in the Upper Citarum Watershed over time, converting tropical rain-forest to man-made cash-crop gardens dominate the agricultural landscape, leaving mixed-garden (talun), rice fields and smallholder plantation. This changes species composition, community structure and animal diversity, especially bird species. The objective of this paper was to study bird structure community in rural agricultural landscape in Upper Citarum Watershed. We conducted the survey from February to March 2018. We surveyed birds at 36 point counts (PCs), each PC's surveyed six times for 15 minutes along total 6 km of transects in the agricultural landscape in Sukapura and Resmi Tingal Village, consisting of 12 PCs in mixed-garden, 12 PCs in homegarden and 12 PCs in cash-crop garden. Twenty-nine bird species, 17 families and 1.103 individuals were recorded; 2 species being protected by Indonesian law in all sites, three Javan Island endemics and one species migrant bird species. The insectivorous birds are dominant with 15 species in all land-use types. Passer montanus and Javan munia were the most common birds in all land-use types with 820 of 1.103 individual birds (74,9%) were of two bird species. Mixed-garden had higher bird diversity, species richness, and evenness index than the homegarden and cash-crops garden because of the complexity of vegetation structure and canopy cover stratification. There was a significant decrease in some bird species which in the previous study was dominant to be reduced even to local extinctions such as Oriental White-eye (Zosterops palpebrosus), Crescent-chested Babbler (Stachyris melanothorax) and Western Yellow Wagtail (Motacilla flava). Decreased bamboo-tree garden as Crescent-chested Babbler habitat is suspected to be the cause of declination of this bird population. In addition, unregulated bird hunting is also one of the causes of the declining bird populations, especially birds with market value. Some species such as Oriental White-eye (Zosterops palpebrosus), Sooty-headed Bulbul (Pycnonotus aurigaster), Great Tit (Parus major), Bar-winged prinia (Prinia familiaris), Javan myna (Acridotheres javanicus) and Spotted dove (Streptopelia chinensis) have rapidly decreased population because of bird hunting activities.

The dynamic model of paddy field conversion control in Citarum watershed

The rate of population growth and the increase in food needs for consumption have made the need for paddy fields higher. On the other hand, the pressure on paddy fields is quite intense so that the conversion of paddy fields is quite challenging to be controlled. Moreover, the concerns about food security and food sovereignty have become critical issues. The high demand for land utilization has caused pressure on paddy fields in the Citarum watershed. The objective of this study is to build a model for maintaining paddy fields in the Citarum watershed. The study was conducted from June to September 2015. The method of this research is a modelling using system dynamics approach by simulating time series data. From the simulation, it can be concluded that the rate of conversion of paddy fields will still be high if there is no specific policy in its protection. This fact can be seen from various scenario conditions, either in existing circumstances, in the optimistic scenario, as well as in a moderate scenario. The strategy that can be done is that paddy fields should be specially protected or owned by the government to minimize the rate of conversion.

The Impact of slope steepness and land use type on soil properties in Cirandu Sub-Sub Catchment, Citarum Watershed

The research was conducted to investigate the relationship between topography (slope steepness) and landuse on soil physical properties. This research was conducted at Cirandu sub-cathment, Citarik Catchment Area, Citarik Sub Watershed, Upper Citarum Watershed, West Java. The study was carried out using a physiographic free survey method, which is a survey based on land physiographic appearance, and soil sampling was carried out into transect on the similarity slope without calculating the point of observation range. Soil sampling was carried onto three classes of slope and three land use type The result of the research showed that there are no effect of slope steepness and landuse on organic matter, hydraulic conductivity and erodibility. The highest erodibility value was found on the forest with 8-15% slope.

DISSEMINATION OF WASTE DANGERS TO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH IN ANGGADITA VILLAGE

The danger of rubbish dump on health is an important thing for residents who live around the Citarum watershed, especially Anggadita Village. In this Community Service, it provides an understanding of the dangers of rubbish dump for health and how to maintain health in the surrounding environment. Barriers are still being experienced from the existence of the community to be caring and aware to maintain health and not to hoard or litter. How to overcome problems that occur in the partner community as described, the Community Partnership Program offers several methods of approach that can help in solving existing problems, Dissemination of the danger of waste dumps on environmental health, Dissemination of ways to protect environmental health, Dissemination of ways to protect environmental health and Assistance to the trainees.

Evaluating The Performance of Flood Prevention Programs in Bandung Regency: Using Logic Model

In this era of, the public gives more attention to the achievements of government performance, including the regional government. One of the problems is the repeated floods in the Citarum Watershed. However, because disaster events can occur at any time with different locations, there are difficulties for regional leaders and their staff to measure and evaluate the quality and performance of the disaster management programs that they have carried out, especially in situations of emergency response. The large flood of Upper Citarum has damaged buildings and disrupted infrastructure functions due to 12,654 buildings submerged and damage such as potholes and foundation damage many local roads and the closure of a number of schools and other social buildings. Evaluation of the performance of disaster management programs is needed in order to know program performance to develop and to increase capacity and services performed. This study will expose what has been done by the Bandung District Government to overcome the problem of flooding in the Upper Citarum watershed during the last 3 years and evaluate the performance of the Bandung Regency Government to tackle the problem of floods that have recurred in that area using Logic Model.

Erosion Potential Based on Erodibility and Plasticity Index data on Cilengkrang, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia

Cilengkrang is a sub-village in the north of Ujung Berung and Cijambe sub-District Bandung Regency, Indonesia. It is located on the west of Cikeruh sub-watershed. This subwatershed is part of greater upstream Citarum watershed. This area has been developed rapidly by new settlement and villa. However, the available data of erosion potential in this area is less convenient. The erosion is a severe problem that has a strong relation to flood potential. This study starts with collected engineering geological data from 14 samples. These samples were taken from different soil types from its engineering characteristics. Based on the field and laboratory observation, this area is form by fine-grained soils as a result of residual soils from young volcanic rocks — the silt and very fine sand content range from 49 to 70 % of the total soil. The erodibility value (K) in this area is from 0.03 to 0.06. These values are indicating moderate soil erodibility class. The plasticity index (PI) also shows value from 9 to 48 %. This value is pointing low to high plasticity behavior of this soil. The regression linear shows strong correlation between PI and K with r = 0.7. This correlation is interpreted that the cohesion controls the soil characteristic in Cilengkrang area and affect the moderate erodibility value. This study hopefully giving new insight that soil mechanic data is can also support data on erosion potential.

Pengaruh Perubahan Luas Tutupan Lahan Hutan Terhadap Karakteristik Hidrologi DAS Citarum Hulu

The decline in water resources and the occurrence of various hydrological disasters in the Citarum watershed indicate the need to restructure the components inside the watershed, especially land cover in the upper watershed area. This study aims to determine the effect of forest land cover on the hydrological parameters of the upstream Citarum watershed through simulations of the SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) model. The results showed that the forest cover in the Citarum watershed was only 15.96% of the watershed area and only 4.94% was located in the Upper area. The Flow Rate Coefficient of the upstream Citarum watershed is 31.4, the annual average surface flow and annual erosion are 933.03 mm and 517.9 tons/ha respectively. The simulation from several scenarios shows that a decreasing in forest area can increase discharge and surface runoff, whereas an increase in forest area will increase soil infiltration and evapotranspiration. Decreasing forest area by 10% from existing conditions caused 58% of rainwater to become surface runoff. The large number of discrepancies between the existing conditions and the directions in the RTRWP will require a long time and large costs to adjust so that the short-term alternative that can be done is to convert dryland agricultural cover to the forest to reach forest cover of at least 45% of the land area in the upstream area and can optimize the hydrological function of the watershed.

How land use/land cover changes can affect water, flooding and sedimentation in a tropical watershed: a case study using distributed modeling in the Upper Citarum watershed, Indonesia

Human activity has produced severe LULC changes within the Upper Citarum watershed and these changes are predicted to continue in the future. With an increase in population parallel to a 141% increment in urban areas, a reduction of rice fields and the replacement of forests with cultivations have been found in the past. Accordingly, LCM model was used to forecast the LULC in 2029. A distributed model called TETIS was implemented in the Upper Citarum watershed to assess the impact of the different historical and future LULC scenarios on its water and sediment cycles. This model was calibrated and validated with different LULCs. For the implementation of the sediment sub-model, it was crucial to use the bathymetric information of the reservoir located at the catchment’s outlet. Deforestation and urbanization have been shown to be the most influential factors affecting the alteration of the hydrological and sedimentological processes in the Upper Citarum watershed. The change of LULC decreases evapotranspiration and as a direct consequence, the water yield increased by 15% and 40% during the periods 1994–2014 and 2014–2029, respectively. These increments are caused by the rise of three components in the runoff: overland flow, interflow and base flow. Apart from that, these changes in LULC increased the area of non-tolerable erosion from 412 km2 in 1994 to 499 km2 in 2029. The mean sediment yield increased from 3.1 Mton yr−1 in the 1994 LULC scenario to 6.7 Mton yr−1 in the 2029 LULC scenario. An increment of this magnitude will be catastrophic for the operation of the Saguling Dam.

Environmental management in Citarum Watershed inter-institutional cooperation approach

Some environmental issues in Indonesia are remaining problems that cannot be resolved. One among the environmental concern is a growing interest in the Watershed (DAS) area management. Various attempts had been made to manage the areas but has not resulted in optimal outcomes so far. The aim of this study is to determine the implementation of environmental management in Indonesia, especially in Citarum Watershed area. Through this research, it is expected in the future inadequate supervisory system that had been developed within the community can be converted into better management, such as integrated management of watersheds with the culture of everyday life. This research uses a mixed method approach consist of quantitative and qualitative analysis. The data is obtained from the modification approach of previous research on Kutai National Park combined with an interview with experts from government and academics. Furthermore, the data is analyzed using AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process) and ANP (Analytical Network Process) Superdecision software Ver. 2.6. The study resulted that the strategy of environmental management should be changed into civil-military based management. To be able to map out a strategized effort the military involvement is required at the stage of planning, implementation, coordination, and supervision.

Assessment of NCEP-CFSR Precipitation Products in Meteorological Drought Monitoring for The Citarum Basin

The availability of various satellite rainfall data potentially be used in monitoring meteorological droughts. In this study, products from the NCEP-CFSR (National Centers for Environmental Prediction Climate Forecast System Reanalysis) were analyzed to estimate meteorological drought in the Citarum Watershed, West Java, Indonesia. Assessment was carried out using NCEP-CFSR data from 1988 to 2013 and was applied to meteorological droughts using the SPI (Standardized Precipitation Index) index. The results showed that rainfall products from the NCEP-CFSR were not recommended to use in meteorological droughts because of the low correlation values of around 33%, MAE (Mean Absolute Error) 17.88 and RMSE (Root Mean Square Error) 22.73. This research can be utilized as a reference to assess rainfall products from better satellite data in the future to monitor meteorological droughts.

Pollution load of Cisangkan River: The domestic sector

Cisangkan Sub-watershed is one of the watersheds located in Cimahi City and is part of the Citarum Watershed. In 2018, the water quality of Cisangkan Sub-watershed was in severe condition. The domestic sector is one of the sectors which has the potential to contribute to the pollution of the river. These conditions explain that a study is needed to calculate the pollution load from the domestic sector in Cisangkan Sub-watershed. The purpose of this research was to study the pollution load from the domestic sector of Cisangkan Sub-watershed based on its existing population condition and projection for the next 5 years. The pollution load calculations used domestic waste emission factor, city equivalent ratio, and load transfer coefficient. The results show that the pollution load of the Cisangkan Sub-watershed in existing conditions are 5967.92 kg/day BOD; 8205.89 kg/day COD; 5669.52 kg/day TSS; 290.94 kg/day Total-N; and 31.33 kg/day Total-P and as for the projected conditions are 6149.94 kg/day BOD; 8456.17 kg/day COD; 5842.45 kg/day TSS; 299.81 kg/day Total-N; and 32.29 kg/day Total-P.

Spatial Analysis of Erosion of the Upstream Citarum Watershed in Kabupaten Bandung

Environmental degradation is increasing the vulnerability of Bandung Regency to erosion. One of the activities that cause environmental degradation, among others, is that waste in Bandung Regency is produced by land use patterns. Changes in land use patterns can have an impact on watershed functions. Citarum watershed is the main watershed in West Java, encompassing an area of 6, 080 km2 and reaching 300 km in length, covering the city and regency of Bandung. At the top there is the Saguling Reservoir, in the middle, there is the Cirata Reservoir and below there is the Jatiluhur Reservoir. The continuity of its function depends on the condition of the Citarum watershed. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of erosion hazard that occurred in the Upper Citarum watershed, especially in Bandung Regency. The results of this study map the level of erosion hazard so that it can be used as a reference in land control and conservation efforts for local governments and river area managers. The Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) method allows planners to predict erosion hazard levels. The influential parameters are rainfall erosivity (R), soil erodibility (K), slope and slope length (LS), cover crop (C), and land management (P). Geographic Information System (GIS), is used to calculate and analyze each USLE parameter and perform overlay techniques. Most of the Upper Citarum watershed is still in class of erosion hazard level II with soil loss of 16-60 tons/ha/year and class of erosion hazard level III with 60-180 tons/ha/year of soil loss.

Majalaya as the center for textile industry in spatial historical perspectives

At the beginning of the 1930s, the Majalaya region located in Bandung Regency became one of the largest textile producers in West Java, around 60 percent of which was produced by Majalaya. The interesting thing to study, why land conversion functions, from agricultural land to industrial area.Whereas the geographical area of Majalaya in the Citarum watershed was originally known as a fertile agrarian region.This study used the historical method. The historical method had four stages of work, namely heuristics, criticism, interpretation, and historiography. The analysis carried out based on a spatial and anthropological approach. The results of the study show Malajaya as the center of the textile industry since the era of the Dutch East Indies government until the beginning of the New Order experienced its own ups and downs and dynamics. However, indigenous textile entrepreneurs managed to overcome various difficulties such as limited capital, equipment, and various government regulations from the colonial period to the New Order. Even in its limitations the entrepreneurs and workers have creatively diversified their products, and managed to market them to various cities, so they can survive today.

Citarum Authority Agency as the Commitment of the Government in the Conservation of Water Resources to Realize the System of Environmental-Based Water Management

Water resources management requires the support of all parties involved in the commitment to jointly maintain sustainable and beneficial water resources and requires a focused and comprehensive institution so that the benefits of water availability are felt by the community. The goal is to analyze the Institutional Management of the Citarum Watershed; and Effectiveness of Government Policy in Conservation of Water Resources to Realize the System of Environmental-Based Water Management. The results of the study are that government policies in Citarum must be equipped with more comprehensive regulations, especially strengthening the permits for housing development must pay attention to the concept of conservation of water resources; Government commitment is strengthened, namely 1 (one) policy in the management of the Citarum River, namely the Citarum Authority Agency that replaces the function and role of agencies that have been managing the Citarum River, then with 1 (one) water resource management. Keywords: government; citarum authority agency; conservation of water resources.

ANALISIS DAN PREDIKSI PERUBAHAN TUTUPAN LAHAN DI DAS CITARUM HULU

Land cover is one of factors which is important in watershed management. The changes of land cover in a watershed can affect the hydrology abstraction. Land cover of upstream Citarum watershed is potentially changes. Economy, social, population, and natural hazard are factors that affect the change in land cover. The aim of this research were to analyze spatial change of land cover in upstream Citarum watershed period 2006-2014 and predicting future land cover of 2030 as usual and applying a policy to conserve paddy field and forest. Analysis was carried out applying Cellular automata markov chain of land cover spatial model. The result showed that Kappa and total accuracy for image classification were 0.89 and 0.92. Dominant land cover type in upstream Citarum watershed was paddy field of 25.99 – 26.06%. The average of land cover changes approximately < 1% with conversion of paddy field to built up area is the dominant change. Model validation of 2014 predicted land cover was 0.992, while Kappa for optimum iteration of 7 was 0.994. The land cover for period 2006-2030 was change approximately < 1%. The types of land cover that increase in 2030 were built up area and mixed farming of 0.21% and 0.11%, respectively, while plantation forest, moor, paddy field, and bareland were decreasing approximately 0.17, 0.23, 0.62 and 0.02%. The predicted land cover of 2030 under protection of paddy filed and forest scenario was trigger the increasing of mixed farming 0.36%, while moor and bareland were decrease of 0.22 and 0.10%.

Spatial Pattern of Rice Field Productivity based on Physical Characteristics of Landscape in Citarum Watershed, West Java

This research to analyse the pattern of rice field productivity that is identified through landscape perspective. Identification of productivity pattern has been done partially based on each typology of land components into several segment of the Citarum watershed, West Java Province, Indonesia. Spatial autocorrelation through GIS tool is used as the method in this research. By using moran’s I (index) measurement, degree of dependency of these variables are generated to find the spatial pattern. The result of this study is separated the value of productivity based on segments of watershed, the values of the average of productivity are upstream (6,39 ton/Ha), middle stream (6,52 ton/Ha), and downstream (7,17 ton/Ha), sequentially. The highest productivity is in the downstream area (9,83 ton/Ha) and the lowest is in the upstream area (4,55 ton/Ha). In accordance with physiographic typology showed the rice field in the middle stream has more variation than the upstream or teh downstream area. The highest of average rice field productivity is on alluvial plain. Overall, the rice field productivity on the hills is higher rather that other types of landform the stuctural formation is more dominant, in addition. The spatial pattern shows the distribution of rice field productivity most likely to clustered based on the similarity of physiographic type. Statistically, it has p-value &lt;0,01 and z-score &gt;2,58 (239,26) correspond to Spatial Autocorrelation (Moron’s I). This positive value means a less than 1% likelihood that this clustered pattern could be result of random choice, which the rice field productivity value has similar pattern to others. Thus, it can be generated that the pattern of rice field productivity has a very close relation with the physical characteristics which associated of each typology of land components.

SPATIAL PATTERN OF RICE FIELD PRODUCTIVITY BASED ON PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LANDSCAPE IN CITARUM WATERSHED, WEST JAVA, INDONESIA

This research analyse the pattern of rice field productivity. It was identified from the characteristics of the land component based on physiographic condition through landscape perspective. Identification of productivity pattern has been done partially based on each typology of land components into several segment of the Citarum watershed, West Java Province, Indonesia. Spatial autocorrelation through GIS tool was used as the method in this research. By using moran’s I (index) measurement, degree of dependency of these variables are generated to find the spatial pattern. The result of this study is separated the value of productivity based on segments of watershed, the values of the average of productivity are upstream (6.39 ton/Ha), middle stream (6.52 ton/Ha), and downstream (7.17 ton/Ha), sequentially. The highest productivity is in the downstream area (9.83 ton/Ha) and the lowest is in the upstream area (4.55 ton/Ha). In accordance with physiographic typology showed the rice field in the middle stream has more variation than the upstream or teh downstream area. The highest of average rice field productivity is on alluvial plain. Overall, the rice field productivity on the hills is higher rather that other types of landform the stuctural formation is more dominant, in addition. The spatial pattern shows the distribution of rice field productivity most likely to clustered based on the similarity of physiographic type. Statistically, it has p-value &lt;0.01 and z-score &gt;2.58 (239.26) correspond to Spatial Autocorrelation (Moron’s I). This positive value means a less than 1% likelihood that this clustered pattern could be result of random choice, which the rice field productivity value has similar pattern to others. Thus, it can be generated that the pattern of rice field productivity has a very close relation with the physical characteristics which associated of each typology of land components.