Circumstantial Evidences Research Articles

Suicidal strangulation with uncommon ligature material – two case report

Strangulation is one type of asphyxia death in which compression of neck with ligature material without suspension of the body and commonly homicidal in nature. Self-strangulation by ligature is uncommon. It must be differentiated from homicidal strangulation, accidental strangulation and from sexual asphyxia. The ligature material in suicidal strangulation may be knotted or multiple circle around the neck or tightened like a tourniquet. The uniqueness in the present study is the use of ‘self-retaining’ nature of the ligature material. The ligature material was found in situ, completely encircled the neck. Two cases of self-strangulation are discussed here. One case was found inside closed room and other was found on the bank of the river. In both cases two self-locked ligature material was used. Both cases were meticulously investigated by postmortem examination, scene of crime and circumstantial evidences, all are suggestive of suicidal strangulation.

The definitive indefinite cause of death Case series based Evaluation and discussion of Negative and Obscure Autopsy

Medicolegal autopsies are routinely done by forensic pathologist to fulfil the objectives of autopsy and to solve the dilemma of investigating agencies. But the medicolegal autopsy is not always concluding the main objective of it which is cause of death and such autopsies are categorised as obscure and negative autopsy. Acknowledgement of incidence of negative autopsy to the practicing forensic pathologist is necessary. We are discussing here some autopsies conducted by the author(s) after which the final scientific cause of death could not be ascertained. The algorithm-based approach toward the determination of cause of death and importance of other circumstantial evidences has been discussed.

Exploring Psyche of the Gurkha Soldier in Koirala’s Soldier, Rai’s The Murderer and Bista’s The Andhikhola

Lahure, ‘Gurkha soldier’ has a unique image and personage in the World; people around the world characterise and praise the braveness and honesty of Gurkha soldiers. But no one describes and contemplates about the psyche and personality of the lahure outside the barracks and battlefields, and treat accordingly them. This research paper explored psyche, motives and mentality of lahures (“Gurkha soldiers”) in Koirala’s Soldier, Rai’s The Murderer and Bista’s The Anthi Khola. This paper exposed the pre-service, in-service and post-service conditions, thoughts and experiences of lahures, and unveils the psychological motives, intentions and personality of lahure in the stories selected. This research has exploited interpretative qualitative approach and utilised psychoanalysis theory to interpret the data from the stories; this theory exposed the mindset and mentality of a person like a lahure. Three stories of different writers are purposively selected to truly exhibit the psyche, persona and mind of lahures in the pre-service, in-service and post-service. The findings are that Koirala manifests the nature and mind sets of a lahure who is on leave and returns to the cantonment; the self of the soldier is ‘other’ to show people, and he also displays his own provocative character. Rai discloses the temperament and perception of ex-lahure in his village; circumstantial evidences and his subconscious forces him to slander and calumniate the accidental act. Likewise, Bista demonstrates the motivation, rationale and intention of lahure and village boys who wish to join army forces; their paramount intention is to pay off debts and earn for bread and butter as well as social status in the village. Rai also exemplifies how the beloveds are psychologically devastated by the lost lahure in wars. They divulged the psychic conditions, individuals’ unique thoughts and experiences of Gurkha soldiers to the particular problems outside the cantonments and battlefields. This research significantly unveils thoughts, provocation, psyche and motives of lahures to the (academic) publics who have heard and described the braveness and honesty of the Gurkha soldiers in the battle fields.

Corpus Alienum captured in Post Mortem Computed Tomography, death due to an accidental ingestion of “Momos (Dumpling)”

• The authors have analyzed the risk factors in this case and also compared the common sites of retrieval of the corpus alienum in choking deaths. • The novelty in this case is to increase the awareness of the forensic experts, that a non-radiopaque foreign body can be well interpreted in PMCT. This could be easily missed if the history and the circumstantial evidences are not clear. • An inexperienced forensic pathologist may not suspect the hidden cause of death and easily miss the finding, if thorough dissection is not done. : Choking is a condition where there is obstruction in the airway at any place between pharynx and bifurcation of trachea. The choking is caused by internal and external blockage. A corpus alienum or a foreign body is any object originating from outside the body. If this is too large to gain access into the trachea, then it will lodge in the posterior hypopharynx, resulting in blockage of the respiratory tract. Sudden unexpected deaths due to blockage of the airway by a large bolus of food are not very common. The incidence of asphyxia by food is found to cause 0.66 fatalities per 100,000 of the general population every year. : Here, the authors are reporting a case, where the deceased lost his life suddenly when he was munching a momo (dumpling). India is in the initial stages of virtual autopsy and has only been started in the premier Institute of the country, All Indian Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi. : This case report will help the forensic experts in interpretation and will supplement the medical literature regarding detection of foreign body lodged in upper airway using Post Mortem Computed Tomography (PMCT), and so helps in concluding the cause of death.

“LAZARUS” THE NORTH KOREAN HACKER GROUP

The Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK) is famous for the poverty, destitution and backwardness, however in spite of these negative features it is among the most advanced cyber warfare countries. In the daily news quite often can be read about cyber-attacks against different states, media institutions or banks where the experts assume that the DPRK supported hacker group the “LAZARUS” is behind the attacks. According to the latest news the group in connection with stealing a big amount of crypto currency and money laundering got into the limelight. The state officially denies the existence of the group however cyber analysts and security experts found direct and circumstantial evidences that prove the connection between the North Korean state and the hacker group.

Socio-demographic profile of drowning deaths in a rural region - An autopsy based study

Drowning is one of the forms of violent asphyxial death due to aspiration of fluid into air-passages, caused by submersion in water or other fluid. Fatal drowning cases are subjected to medicolegal autopsy. During autopsy, many times the findings are nonspecific and hence the diagnosis of drowning rests on combination of circumstantial evidences and autopsy findings. The purpose of this study is to analyze socio-demographic factors of drowning deaths in rural region and to suggest the preventive measures. It is a five-year retrospective autopsy based study carried out in the Department of Forensic Medicine, Swami Ramanand Teerth Rural Government Medical College and Hospital, Ambajogai Dist. Beed, Maharashtra, India from 1 January 2014 to 31 December 2018 to study the various socio-demographic factors such as age, sex, seasonal distribution, education, marital status and residence in drowning deaths.Predominance of males was seen i.e. 50 cases (58.8%). Age group 11-20 years was the most commonly involved i.e. 20 cases (23.5%). Maximum deaths were reported from well/pond 37 cases (43.5%). Least deaths (2.4%) were observed in post graduates. Maximum deceased were living in rural region i.e. 62 cases (72.9%).Drowning deaths are commonly encountered in autopsy practice.It was seen commonly in males and in age group 11-30 years, in summer season and in well/pond. Students were more commonly involved. Maximum deceased were married and belonged to rural region. Proper safety precautions and water safety education can decrease incidence of accidental drowning.

Biodegradation of PEEK Piston Rings

Polyether ether ketone (PEEK) is considered a high performance thermoplastic with excellent mechanical, chemical, and thermal properties. It is generally believed that this material is chemically and biologically inert, and is used for various biomedical and industrial applications, especially in the form of fiber reinforced polymeric composites. Contrary to the general belief, the present work reports the biodegradation of PEEK piston rings that were used in a reciprocating CO2 compressor. A series of circumstantial and direct evidences were collected by following various tests and characterization methods to confirm the degradation of the piston rings by bacterial attack. The bacterial cells were extracted from the degraded piston rings, cultured in agar medium and then studied using scanning electron microscope. An experimental simulation was carried out by depositing and incubating a bacterial culture on the pristine surface of a PEEK specimen. The simulation experiment revealed an early stage of bacterial degradation in the form of cracking of the PEEK specimen surface. The results of various tests, characterization, and the experimental simulation presented in the paper suggest that PEEK based composites degrade due to enzymatic hydrolysis process by Myxococcus Xanthus, the rod–shaped soil bacteria.

ARABIC-ORIENTALIST WILLIAM MUIR AND HIS DEALINGS WITH AL-WAQIDI NARRATIONS IN HIS BOOK "THE LIFE OF MUHAMMAD” STUDY AND CRITICISM

Sir William Muir, the author of the book "the life of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh)" is considered to be the renowned Scottish orientalist. His book is supposed to be the first complete and comprehensive book in English on the life of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) from the original sources. Infect, this book caused uproar in Muslim societies generally and in scholarly (Muslim) circles particularly. Muslim scholars who rejoined the work of Sir William Muir highlighted the aspect that he quoted the historian Al-Waqidi massively. Perhaps, it was due to Al-WAqidi (as they assume) does not present the image of Islam as it is in real, but distorted one. Consequently, they blame Sir William Muir to be not fair in this regard, and citing narratives from those sources which are not reliable even in the circles of Muslim scholars just to present the picture of Islam and Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) distortedly.It is known that Sir William Muir claimed in the preface of his book that he would apply the modern standards of criticism on textual contents of historic narratives considering the internal and external circumstantial evidences. Unfortunately, Sir William Muir could not apply it. His biasness and partiality emerges explicitly when we throw a glance at his work. He was right in his statement that he will consult the only core original principal references of the biography of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) for the citation and quotation of material in his book, But the problem occurred when he tried to prove what is in his mind before from speculations and assumptions irrespective of what is actual and factual and what does appear from exploration and evidences. All his attempts focused on how to prove what western mindset assumes and thinks about Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) evidently. And therefore, Sir William Muir quotes Al-Waqidi and prefers him on Ibn e Ishaq and others from his rivals not on the basis of critical evaluation but due to what does suit him more to prove his hypotheses. In this article, I have tried to highlight the methodological deviation of Sir William Muir in the case of citation from Al-Waqidi's work on the biography of Prophet Muhammad.

The northernmost record of Eriostethus rufus (Uchida, 1932) (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) with an indication of new host, Trichonephila clavata (Koch, 1878) (Araneae, Araneidae) and its web manipulation

Eriostethus rufus (Uchida, 1932) is a polysphinctine ectoparasitoid of araneid spiders (Neoscona spp.) and is endemic to Japan. An individual was collected in Yamagata Prefecture (38º46' N), northern Japan, the northernmost record of the species and also the genus. Its identification was confirmed by morphology and by DNA barcoding. The cocoon was found in a large modified web, which is unique in that the web structure is shaped like an inverted triangle extending to over 50 cm with the cocoon hanging from an ill-defined part of the cocoon web without any organized structure surrounding the cocoon. The host spider of this individual appears to be Trichonephila clavata (Koch, 1878) (Araneidae, Nephilinae) based on several circumstantial evidences. The structure of the modified web suggests that the pre-existing web was partly reused, the orb web was completely removed, and sustaining threads of the barrier web would be newly moored to the substrates. This record means that E. rufus parasitises host spiders of two subfamilies, which is unusual for the group.

The hair stick and blind murder

The investigation of blind murder requires special expertise and cat eye for solving such type of homicide incidences. In such type of cases microscopic inspection of crime scene spot, circumstantial evidences, postmortem report plays an important role and crime scene itself provides several vital information’s. In the present study an important case of blind murder of body without head and identification marks discussed in which the deceased was found in Kolua pathar district Ashok nagar M.P. Keywords: Physical evidences, Blind murder, Homicide, Forensic investigation.

Application of Circumstantial Evidence in Criminal Laws in Indonesia

Introduction to the Problem : Indonesia is a constitutional state; therefore, all citizens must obey the applicable regulations. If someone commits a criminal act and is required to be brought to the court, evidence is an important thing to resolve the criminal case. A judge can determine whether the accused is guilty or not, one of the ways to determine is to consider the evidence. The law of evidence is known to have two types of evidence, namely direct evidence and indirect evidence (circumstantial evidence). Circumstantial evidence is a kind of evidence in which the relationship between the facts that occur and the available evidence can only be seen after drawing some certain conclusions. Circumstantial evidence can be very important if the other evidences are not sufficient to prove a criminal case in a court. However, the circumstantial evidences must be in accordance with the other evidences. Purpose/Objective of the Study : The purpose of this study is to understand the circumstantial evidence in the perspective of criminal law and how it is applied in criminal cases. Design/Methodology/Approach : The research method used in this study is a normative juridical research method, with the statutory approach and conceptual approach. The type of data used in this study is the secondary data using three legal materials, namely primary legal materials, secondary legal materials and tertiary legal materials. Findings : Indirect evidence or Circumstantial evidence is one of the legal evidences according to Law Number 8 of 1981 concerning Criminal Procedure Law Article 188, namely the indication. However, Circumstantial Evidence is still rarely used by the system of criminal evidence in the courts in Indonesia because its validity is often questioned by the public. Paper Type : Research Article

Skin and heart histopathology in fatal electrocution with otherwise inconclusive autopsyfindings: A case series

The macroscopic evidence of low voltage electrocution in the skin is seen in the form of a crater with raised areolar edges and a surrounding pale area. This typical picture ofskin is mostly minimal or altogether absent in many cases of electrocution. The issue gets complicated in the absence of any eye witnesses or circumstantial evidences. Under such a scenario, it is advisable to do a histopathological examination of the suspected skin wounds. Since cardiac arrest is the most common mechanism of death following electrocution, heart histopathology may also yield vital evidence. We report three cases of electrocution. In one case, there were eye witnesses to the electrocution incident. In the second case the body was recovered from a swimming pool with no direct eye witness. In the third case the victim suddenly collapsed while welding. All the three cases were received dead in our hospital with inconclusive skin findings during autopsy examination.The histopathological examination of heart along with the skin wounds provides the vital evidence in favor of electrocution. Through these case reports we stress the importance of histopathologically examining the skin and heart in alleged cases of electrocution with inconclusive autopsy findings.

Study of the QCD phase structure at HIAF

High-energy nuclear collisions offer a unique opportunity for studying the properties of the nuclear matter under extreme conditions, the evolution of the universe soon after the big bang as well as the inner structure of stars. Quantum chromodynamics (QCD), the theory for strong interaction, has predicted the existence of the new form of matter, where the de-confined quarks and gluons move “freely” in a volume that is much larger than that of an ordinary nucleon, the quark-gluon plasma (QGP). After more than thirty years of searching, scientists have collected circumstantial evidences of QGP from the relativistic heavy-ion collisions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) and the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Thermodynamically one might expect phase boundary or/and critical point that accompany the new phase of matter. Nowadays the QCD phase structure, especially in the high baryon density region, has become the focus in order to search for the QCD phase boundary and possible critical point. In this article, the experimental status on the QCD phase structure will be reviewed. Discussion will include the collectivity, chirality and criticality in high-energy nuclear collisions. These will be followed by the discussion of the main physics programs for the future experiment. The CSR-External-target Experiment (CEE) at both HIRFL and HIAF accelerator complexes, will be discussed.

Superparaelectric (Ba0.95,Sr0.05)(Zr0.2,Ti0.8)O3 Ultracapacitors

AbstractAnalogous to the superparamagnetic state, a superparaelectric state is both scientifically intriguing and technologically important. In this state, a ferroelectric material shows a high dielectric constant and a nonhysteretic response to an external electric field, ideal for high k and capacitive energy storage applications. Despite many explorative studies, only circumstantial evidences for its existence are reported. Here, the existence of a superparaelectric state is directly proven in engineered nanocrystalline perovskite films of (Ba0.95, Sr0.05)(Zr0.2,Ti0.8)O3, which are grown on Si at a low temperature and consist of many well‐dispersed, nanometer‐size polar clusters. These nanoparticles are locally polar, and only lose their short‐range order after being heated up to ≈460 °C, above which they become paraelectrics. Furthermore, they collectively present a pseudo‐linear, frequency‐insensitive dielectric response, which is characterized by a close‐to‐zero remnant polarization and a large relative dielectric constant (≈65–70). Capacitors based on these superparaelectric films display high recyclable energy densities (≈100 J cm−3) and efficiencies (≈90%) at room temperature, as well as a reliable high field endurance and good frequency (up to ≈15 GHz) and temperature (up to ≈300 °C) stabilities in their dielectric properties.

Complement inhibitor Crry expression in mouse placenta is essential for maintaining normal blood pressure and fetal growth.

Many circumstantial evidences from human and animal studies suggest that complement cascade dysregulation may play an important role in pregnancy associated complications including preeclampsia. Deletion of rodent specific complement inhibitor gene, Complement Receptor 1-related Gene/Protein y (Crry) produces embryonic lethal phenotype due to complement activation. It is not clear if decreased expression of Crry during pregnancy produces hypertensive phenotype. We downregulated Crry in placenta by injecting inducible lentivialshRNA vectors into uterine horn of pregnant C57BL/6 mice at the time of blastocyst hatching. Placenta specific downregulation of Crry without significant loss of embryos was achieved upon induction of shRNA using an optimal doxycycline dose at mid gestation. Crry downregulation resulted in placental complement deposition. Late-gestation measurements showed that fetal weights were reduced and blood pressure increased in pregnant mice upon downregulation of Crry suggesting a critical role for Crry in fetal growth and blood pressure regulation.

Presence or Absence of Ras Dimerization Shows Distinct Kinetic Signature in Ras-Raf Interaction

Initiations of cell signaling pathways often occur through the formation of multiprotein complexes that form through protein-protein interactions. Therefore, detecting their presence is central to understanding the function of a cell signaling pathway, aberration of which often leads to fatal diseases, including cancers. However, the multiprotein complexes are often difficult to detect using microscopes due to their small sizes. Therefore, currently, their presence can be only detected through indirect means. In this article, we propose to investigate the presence or absence of protein complexes through some easily measurable kinetic parameters, such as activation rates. As a proof of concept, we investigate the Ras-Raf system, a well-characterized cell signaling system. It has been hypothesized that Ras dimerization is necessary to create activated Raf dimers. Although there are circumstantial evidences supporting the Ras dimerization hypothesis, direct proof of Ras dimerization is still inconclusive. In the absence of conclusive direct experimental proof, this hypothesis can only be examined through indirect evidences of Ras dimerization. In this article, using a multiscale simulation technique, we provide multiple criteria that distinguishes an activation mechanism involving Ras dimerization from another mechanism that does not involve Ras dimerization. The provided criteria will be useful in the investigation of not only Ras-Raf interaction but also other two-protein interactions.

Profile of unnatural deaths in a teaching hospital of West Bengal, India

Background: Enquiry into unnatural deaths with all its manners being, suicidal, accidental or homicidal depends on circumstantial evidences for acceptable judgment in court of law. Objectives were to study socio-demographic characteristics of the study and to find out influencing factors, if any, behind these sudden, suspicious, undesirable deaths.Methods: A record-based, descriptive study with cross-sectional design was conducted for first six months of 2017 in NRS medical college hospital among 1603 unnatural deaths undergone police inquest. Besides the records obtained from medical record section, findings were corroborated from mortuary. Data were analyzed in SPSS 22.0 and Epi Info 7.0.Results: Mean age of the deceased was 37.18±17.42 years. Regarding cause of injury, more than 1/3rd (36.6%) was attributed to poisoning, followed by burn injury (24.8%), road traffic accidents (22.8%), fall from height (6.9%) and others the rest. Majority (68.3%) died within twenty hours of reaching the health care facility. More than half of the deceased committed suicide followed by accident and suicide the least. Binary logistic regression revealed, unnatural deaths inflicted by selves or others, i.e. suicide or homicide respectively, had statistically significant (p<0.05) association to productive age, urban residence, burn and RTA, longer survival and conservative nature of management.Conclusions: As suicide was found to comprise lion share of unnatural deaths, development and implementation of addressing the issue at all the levels, starting from individual to community is the need of the hour.

Procedure of Circumstantial Evidences in Islamic Criminal Law

Qara’in - usually translated as circumstantial evidence - is a derived form of Arabic word " " قر ن which literally means a fact associated or accompanied with an event or circumstances. But when an event or circumstances discloses such associated or accompanied fact then such a fact becomes circumstantial evidence. Both proto-juristic and modern legal terms held circumstantial evidence for an evidence which is offered to prove certain attendant circumstances from which the existence of the fact at issue may be inferred. In Islamic Law, majority of jurists do not endorse Qara’in as an authoritative evidence, particularly, in offences leading to corporal punishments. On the other side, Ibn Farhun from Malikites and Ibn Qayyem from Hanbalites terms it equal to the direct evidence of Iqrar and Shahadah. It is not very strange that Dr. Anwarullah, a prominent Muslim scholar and Prof. Robert Preach are of the opinion that circumstantial evidence is, after all, more authentic even than the aforesaid two evidences. Herbert Broom- a western legal expert- also says that certain hidden facts can be deducted from the mode of a relevant act or to some extent it is modus operandi which gives birth to a circumstantial evidence. In this shortened article the juristic opinion of some early and contemporary legal experts has been discussed as to judge the legal mode and authenticity of circumstantial evidence.

Model-Based Evaluation of Hydroelectric Dam’s Impact on the Seasonal Variabilities of POC in Coastal Ocean: A Case Study of Three Gorges Project

Particulate organic carbon (POC) plays an important role in the global carbon cycle. The POC in the Changjiang Estuary and adjacent coastal region of the East China Sea (ECS) is dominated by riverine input and marine production and is significantly influenced by the three gorges project (TGP). A coupled physical–biogeochemical model was used to evaluate TGP’s impact on POC. The results demonstrate that TGP regulates the area influenced by diluted water and POC through direct river and sediment discharge and affects the ecosystem. From the early to later TGP construction periods, the surface region with high-POC concentration (>40 μmol L−1) decreases by 20.5% in area and 11.5% in concentration. Meanwhile, POC in the whole water column decreases from 19.5 to 17.8 μmol L−1. By contrast, the concentrations of chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) and related nutrients increase. A three end-member mixing model based on quasi-conservative temperature and salinity is used to quantify relative contributions of different water sources to POC in our research area. We also estimate the biological POC production by the difference between the physical-biogeochemical model predicted POC and three end-member model mixing POC. The result demonstrate that under the regulation of TGP in the later period, the decrease of sediment load increases water transparency, which favors photosynthesis and oceanic biological produced POC. In addition, over 70% of the areas have C/Chl-a > 200 and high C/N ratios, which are circumstantial evidences that organic detritus and terrestrial input sources still dominate in the Changjiang Estuary and adjacent coastal ECS but are influenced by TGP’s regulation.

Opinion to: Design, Synthesis, Antimicrobial, and Antioxidant Activities of Novel {4,5-(substituted diphenyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-ylthio}acetyl Chloride

To discover novel triazole-based antimicrobial agents, design and synthesis of acid chlorides possessing a 1,2,4-triazole core was reported in this journal in 2018. However, we found that the reported spectroscopic data did not show any agreement with the proposed acid chloride structure. Herein, we described our opinion, which was supported by IR data, circumstantial evidences, and mechanistic insight, that the products obtained in the topical paper would be thioesters.