Circumstantial Evidences Research Articles

Biology of reproduction in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus): II. The ovary

Gross and microscopic observations on the squirrel monkey ovary is described. The luteal tissues are present in two broadly distinct stages of activity. The degree of follicular development appears to be affected by the level of luteal activity. Circumstantial evidences have been presented to indicate that squirrel monkey females may be an induced ovulator.

1959年の大槌湾における秋ザケ漁獲量の推定

1) The catch of autumn chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) during 1959 season was estimated for 18 trap nets set in the Otsuchi Bay, Iwate Prefecture, northern Honshu (Fig. 1). Data were obtained from 10-day reports of daily catch submitted from each net. For the 10-day periods where reports were not available, statistics kept at the Otsuchi fish mar-ket were applied with correction by the mean percentage of the catch of each net sold at the market. 2) The total number of fish caught from early October to late December amounted to about 20, 000. The catch in Otsuchi and Kotsuchi Rivers (escapement) in the same period was about 5, 000, which is about 20% of the total return. (Table 1). 3) The percentage of the catch sold at the market varied from net to net, some having values of almost 100% and some almost zero. There was a trend for the percentage to decrease during the fishing season. (Fig. 2). 4) There was a resemblance in the pattern of the seasonal change of the catch between adjacent nets (Fig. 3). 5) Although in some cases the percentage sold at the market exceeded 100%, most of these ridiculous values occurred in the beginning or the end of the season and the catch in-volved formed only a negligible part of the total. And this inaccuracy would not negate the validity of the entire results. 6) As no direct evidence was given to verify the reliability of the fishermen's reports, there may be a possibility of erroneous estimates. However, the above mentioned circum-stantial evidences suggested that the actual catches were represented fairly well in the re-ports.

A theory on the ancestry of angiosperms

By inferences from fossil records and circumstantial evidences, it is now generally postulated that angiosperms have a much longer history than hitherto believed and that they have already existed probably in Jurassic time. Studies in vascular tissues and reproductive, structures have negated the possibility of originating angiosperms from various gymnosperm groups. Chronologically, this derivation will be also an impossibility.

Technique of the Painting Process in the Temple of Vijayalaya Cholisvaram in Pudukottah State

THE ruined temple of Vijayalaya Cholisvaram is situated in the village of Narthamalai (10° 30' N., 78° 45' E.) in Pudukottah State in South India, being about five miles to the north-east of Sittanna-vasal1 and about 33 miles, as the crow flies, from Tanjore2. The temple was probably built in the ninth century A.D. during the time of Vijayalaya, a king of the Chola Dynasty of South India. The details of the paintings, however, have either faded or disappeared, due to the vicissitudes of time and environment, so that it is very difficult to judge of the art as such. But circumstantial evidences go to show that the paintings were probably executed during the eleventh–twelfth centuries A.D., and at any rate, their date cannot be later than the fourteenth century A.D. If they belong to the eleventh–twelfth centuries A.D., they should have been contemporaneous with the Chola paintings in the Brihadisvara temple2 at Tanjore.

THE ENDOSPERM OF ZEA AND COIX

The endosperm of the cereal grasses has been the subject of numerous investigations directed from many different points of view, but certain phases of its development, involving the differentiation of its tissues, the accumulation of food material, and the relations between the endosperm and the embryo, have not been thoroughly studied. The application of the principle of the alternation of generations to the higher plants during the latter part of the past century gave to the endosperm a new morphological meaning, which was modified and made more interesting by the discovery of and by the studies on xenia at the very close of the century. In most studies of development, however, the embryo has been the structure emphasized, and the chief interest in the endosperm has been its r6le as a nurse tissue for the embryo. From the work that has been done on various grasses it is evident that there is considerable uniformity in the development of the endosperm. The polar nuclei remain in contact with each other, without fusing, until the time of fecundation. The union of a sperm with them has been observed in Zea (9, I2, I7) and in Triticum (ii), and all circumstantial evidences indicate that double fecundation regularly occurs in other species. After fecundation there is a period of rapid division of free nuclei, with a migration of nuclei toward the antipodal end of the endosperm cell (Randolph, I3). These nuclei are located in a thin wall layer of cytoplasm, and the center of the cell is a large vacuole (P1. XXVIII, fig. I3). The formation of cell walls apparently begins in the peripheral region, for a stage of development is soon to be seen in which the endosperm is a hollow mass of tissue surrounding a central cavity (text figs. I, 2). The steps of development preceding this stage have not been investigated in detail, but it is reasonable to assume that they are similar to those of corresponding stages in the development of the endosperm of typical angiosperms. It would probably be better to regard this hollow endosperm as a cellular mass having a large, multinucleate cell in the middle. This cavity is soon eliminated by further nuclear division and wall formation (text fig. 3 and P1. XXVIII, fig. I4). Of the course of development of the endosperm from this time onward we have only fragmentary information drawn from studies of different grasses. These studies long ago indicated considerable differentiation in the mature endosperm of the cereals. Publication 46 of the Waterman Institute, Indiana University. 37I