Circumstances Of Climate Change Research Articles

Will cinereous vulture (Aegypius monachus L.) become extinct in the forests of Türkiye in the future?

Changing climate conditions and different climate scenarios on a global scale are associated with the shrinkage, fragmentation and even extinction of habitats of important bird species. Based on this, the aim is to conduct habitat suitability modelling and mapping of the cinereous vulture (Aegypius monachus), which has the largest body among the four different vulture species in the world, under the circumstances of climate change in Türkiye. MaxEnt method was performed to reveal the current habitat suitability model of the cinereous vulture, which is an indicator of old and high-quality black pine forests in terms of biological diversity in Türkiye. It was determined that the variables contributing to the current habitat suitability model of the cinereous vulture were bedrock, isothermality, landform classification and seasonal precipitation. Chelsa climate scenarios (SSP126-SSP370-SSP585) for the year 2100 were used to reveal the effects of changing climate conditions on the cinereous vulture. Mapping results according to different scenarios were classified as 0.5 – unsuitable, 0.51-0.8 – suitable and 0.81-1.0 – the most suitable habitat. According to the mapping results based on different year and scenarios, cinereous vulture has suitable habitat in a minimum of 16.13% of the study area in the present state, 13.95% in the year 2100 in the SPP126 climate scenario, 10.11% in the SPP370 climate scenario and 7.36% in the SPP585climate scenario. As a result, when the 2100 SSP585 climate scenario mapping was compared to the current habitat suitability mapping, it was determined that habitat suitability for the cinereous vulture decreased by approximately 55%. Therefore, these results will be a source of information to prevent the extinction of the cinereous vulture, in order to protect its current and potential distributions in advance, and to reduce the impact of changing climate conditions.

Why Patents on Climate Technologies Must Be Cut Short

Abstract This contribution questions the term of protection for patents under circumstances of climate change. Patents typically last for 20 years but, for climate-related technologies, this is arguably too long. Under the 1.5°C scenario of the Paris Agreement, we need to make significant headway before 2030. Luckily, the technologies that need to be implemented broadly to reach the 2030 threshold have been developed already. To save civilisation from the worst impacts of climate change, the roll-out of existing technologies (static efficiency) is more important than the development of new ones (dynamic efficiency). However, patent terms take neither static efficiency nor the climate timeframe into account. Technologies developed today will come off patent only in the 2040s, limiting their free availability when their wide roll-out should be the main concern. Conversely, the climate technologies that come off patent today were developed in the early 2000s, long before climate change acquired its current urgency and investment in climate technologies was ramped up. These developments show that innovation systems for climate change have worked well, but they also show how terms of protection may now curtail the usefulness of past innovations. The contribution will analyse patent terms from a domestic and an international political economy perspective. The contribution will argue that, on balance, the situation requires a change of the TRIPS Agreement to shorten the term of patents on mature climate technologies. The TRIPS-waiver for patents on COVID-19 vaccines provides a partial precedent.

Genetic variability analysis of tomato varieties using rapd markers under heat stress

Heat stress threatens agricultural and food security by reducing yield and causing plant death. The use of intra-genetic diversity in heat stress responses is a potential avenue for harnessing tolerance to climate change circumstances. This study investigated the genetic diversity of twelve tomato genotypes in Bangladesh, focusing on their suitability for summer cultivation using seven Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. The banding patterns obtained from the PCR results were used to identify genetic differences between individuals. The RAPD markers were found to show their effectiveness in discriminating the studied lines through the computation of average Polymorphism Information Content (PIC) values, particularly focusing on dominant markers with PIC values ranging from 0 to 0.5, emphasizing the informative nature of the employed primers. Cluster analysis grouped several genotypes with possible common ancestry. Overall, BARI Hybrid Tomato 4, BARI Hybrid Tomato 8, A12, D13, and RHS1 emerged as promising candidates for further genetic research and breeding programs, particularly in the context of heat-stress conditions during summer tomato cultivation in Bangladesh. Bangladesh J. Bot. 53(1): 91-100, 2024 (March)

Innovation as a factor in successful rural development

The article presents the results of a study devoted to key aspects of the development of rural areas and the agricultural sector of the economy, which are innovative in nature and directly affect the country’s food security in the context of modern challenges and threats. The purpose of the study comes down to the specification of the most important innovations (including digital ones), which are, in fact, necessary prerequisites for achieving local security in terms of, firstly, providing the population with affordable, high-quality and healthy food products, and secondly, the implementation of social and environmental challenges in rural regions. The tasks set to achieve the goal formulated in the work were solved through the use of research methods such as comparative analysis of existing theoretical research in this direction, assessment of the effectiveness of international and domestic practices, as well as relevant political initiatives, forecasting promising trends in the innovative development of the rural economy and rural areas taking into account the existing internal potential and external factors. Important scientific generalizations that have both theoretical and practical significance include the conclusions that (1) the dynamic development of the agricultural sector of the economy in the unfavorable circumstances of climate change and deteriorating geopolitical situation is possible through the active implementation of organizational and technological innovations (including digital) , (2) social innovation and digitalization are important for providing the rural population with essential social and ecosystem services, (3 all types of innovations (technological, social, organizational) are of high importance for the effective involvement of the rural population in the management of local development.

Trehalose Induced regulations in Physio-biochemical attributes of Helianthus annuus under Lead stress

Heavy metal is a substantially severe abiotic environmental stress that is rising in many regions of the world. Current climate change circumstances and rapid industrialization increased heavy metal accumulation in soil and water. Overall, worldwide agricultural production decreased. Trehalose, a well-known plant growth regulator, is crucial in plants' responses to a variety of abiotic conditions. The Morpho-physiological and biochemical parameters were analyzed in hydroponic research to identify the possible role of trehalose in alleviating heavy metal lead acetate stress in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) crops. In the sole and mixed form, two Pb(C2H3O2)2 (Control and 30 micron) and one trehalose (50 M L-1) levels were used, and a half-strength Hoagland solution was used as a nutritional medium. The current study found that heavy metal stress had a significant negative impact on plant growth (root and shoot length), fresh and dry biomass, and plant water relations, as well as poor plant water relations, membrane stability, chlorophyll content, and antioxidant enzyme activities such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxide (POD), ascorbate peroxide (APX), and catalase (CAT). MDA and H2O2 are the stress markers reduced by the application of trehalose. Exogenous treatment of trehalose, on the other hand, significantly mitigates the detrimental effects of metal toxicity by altering plant physiology, enhancing water relations, and providing robust antioxidant defense against heavy metal lead acetate stress. The findings of this study provide a new dimension to scientists' understanding of the beneficial usage of trehalose in plant science and offer up new research opportunities.

Coupled vegetation-climate dominates the evapotranspiration variability of Forest Protection Project

Study regionThe Natural Forest Protection Project area in China (NFPP). Study focusApplying the Pattern-Process-Mechanism theory, we analyzed the spatiotemporal differentiation pattern and change trend of evapotranspiration (ET) in NFPP from 2000 to 2018. We employed methods such as geographical detectors and path analysis to identify the dominant factors and response mechanisms of ET changes in NFPP, specifically those resulting from vegetation recovery and climate change. New hydrological insights for the regionOur study reveals that ET in NFPP exhibits a fluctuating increasing trend, rising from 299.155 mm/yr in 2000–336.805 mm/yr in 2018, with an annual average of 316.486 mm/yr and a change rate of 2.092 mm/yr. The proportion of areas with decreasing ET trend in NFPP (50.944%) is approximately equal to that of areas with increasing ET trend (49.056%). Vegetation restoration (18.959%), water conditions (18.460%), and thermal conditions (56.526%) are the predominant factors that influence the changes and distribution of ET in NFPP. However, the trend of ET and its dominant factors vary by region. We emphasize that, given the circumstances of climate change and the continued increase in ET, future vegetation recovery strategies must consider water usage, as this has critical practical implications for the sustained maintenance of regional ecological engineering outcomes.

Analysis of genetic diversity and population structure of Moroccan date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) using SSR and DAMD molecular markers

BackgroundDate palm, oasis pivot, plays a vital socio-economic part in the southern area of Morocco. However, with climate change and drought intensity and frequency increasing, the Moroccan palm grove is threatened with significant genetic degradation. Genetic characterization of this resource is key element for the development of effective conservation and management strategies in the current circumstances of climate change and various biotic and abiotic stresses. To evaluate the genetic diversity of date palm populations collected from different Moroccan oases, we used simple sequence repeats (SSR) and directed amplification of mini-satellite DNA (DAMD) markers. Our results showed that used markers could efficiently assess genetic diversity in Phoenix dactylifera L. ResultsA total of 249 and 471 bands were respectively scored for SSR and DAMD, of which 100% and 92.9% were polymorphic. The polymorphic information content (PIC = 0.95), generated by the SSR primer was nearly identical to that generated by the DAMD primer (PIC = 0.98). The resolving power (Rp) was higher in DAMD than SSR (29.46 and 19.51, respectively). Analysis of the molecular variance (AMOVA) based on the combined data sets for both markers revealed a higher variance within populations (75%) than among populations (25%). Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) and the ascendant hierarchical classification showed that the population of Zagora and Goulmima regions were the closest populations. The STRUCTURE analysis clustering of the 283 tested samples into seven clusters based on their genetic composition. ConclusionThe results drawn from this study will orient genotypes selection strategies for a successful future breeding and conservation program, particularly under climate change context.

A systematic review of Climate Change related Coral Reef research trend in Malaysia

Climate change related coral reef research has been receiving great interest globally as the world continues to experience worsening catastrophic climate change events, which causes the degradation of the ecosystem. While Malaysia is known for its extensive coral reef coverage, little is known about its coral reef research trajectory, especially related to climate change. Hence, this study aims to address the state of Malaysian coral reef research trend using the Web of Science (WoS; 1987–2022) database with comparison made within four areas in the country (East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia, West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak and Sabah), and explicitly looking into the aspect of climate change using three search strings respectively; (1) Bleach*, (2) Acid*, (3) Climate Change*. The results found the number of such publications in the WoS database is low (total of 31 publications in 36 years), with substantial research location bias dominated at the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Generally, the study subjects of the publications focus on mixed organisms (Coral Reef) and Cnidaria as well as non-biological category ‘Environment’. Overall, the ecological assessment of the study trend shows notable climate change research gap in Malaysian coral reef research (lack of important organism studies; Pisces, Echinodermata, Mollusca). Thus, there is a need for climate change inclusive research direction in Malaysian coral reef research for the understanding, adaptation, prediction, and management of our coral reef ecosystem in an era of accelerated climate change circumstances.

Hydro-Climatic Trends, Variability, and Regime Shifts

Unraveling trends and variability in hydro-climatic parameters (for example, precipitation and temperature) is a fundamental research problem that is of great importance to environmental resource management, especially under the urgent circumstances of climate change [...]

Applying space-for-time substitution to infer the growth response to climate may lead to overestimation of tree maladaptation: Evidence from the North American White Spruce Network.

Under climate change circumstances, increasing studies have reported the temporal instability of tree growth responses to climate, which poses a major challenge to linearly extrapolating past climate and future growth dynamics using tree-ring data. Space-for-time substitution (SFTS) is a potential solution to this problem that is widely used in the dendrochronology field to project past or future temporal growth response trajectories from contemporary spatial patterns. However, the projected accuracy of the SFTS in the climate effects on tree growth remains uncertain. Here, we empirically test the SFTS method by comparing the effect of spatial and temporal climate variations on climate responses of white spruce (Picea glauca), which has a transcontinental range in North America. We first applied a response surface regression model to capture the variations in growth responses along the spatial climate gradients. The results showed that the relationships between growth and June temperature varied along spatial climate gradients in a predictable way. And their relationships varied mainly along with local temperate condition. Then, the projected correlation coefficients between growth and climate using SFTS were compared against the observed. We found that the growth response changes caused by spatial versus temporal climate variations showed opposite trends. Moreover, the projected correlation coefficients using the SFTS were significantly lower than the observed. This finding suggests that applying the SFTS to project the growth response of white spruce might lead to an overestimation of the degree of tree maladaptation in future climate scenarios. And the overestimation is likely to get weaker from Alaska and Yukon Territory in the west to Quebec in the east. Although this is only a case study of the SFTS method for projecting tree growth response, our findings suggest that direct application of the SFTS method may not be applicable to all regions and all tree species.

Impact of Climate Change on Phenology of Two Heat-Resistant Wheat Varieties and Future Adaptations.

Climate change (CC) is a global threat to the agricultural system. Changing climatic conditions are causing variations in temperature range, rainfall timing, humidity percentage, soil structure, and composition of gases in environment. All these factors have a great influence on the phenological events in plants’ life cycle. Alternation in phenological events, especially in crops, leads to either lower yield or crop failure. In light of respective statement, the present study is designed to evaluate the climatic impacts on two heat-resistant wheat varieties (Sialkot–2008 and Punjab–2018). During the study, impacts of CC on wheat phenology and annual yield were predicted considering six climatic factors: maximum temp, minimum temperature, precipitation, humidity, soil moisture content, and solar radiation using two quantitative approaches. First, a two-year field experimental plot was set up at five different sites of study—each plot a bisect of two sites. Phenological changes of both varieties were monitored with respect to climatic factors and changes were recorded in a scientific manner. Secondly, experimental results were compared with Global climate models (GMC) models with a baseline range of the past 40 years (1970–2010) and future fifty years (2019–2068) under Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5 model analysis. Field experiment showed a (0.02) difference in maximum temperature, (0.04) in minimum temperature, (0.17) in humidity, and about (0.03) significant difference in soil moisture content during 2019–2021. Under these changing climatic parameters, a 0.21% difference was accounted in annual yield. Furthermore, the results were supported by GMC model analysis, which was analyzed by Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT) model. Results depicted that non-heat-resistant wheat varieties could cause up to a 6~13% reduction in yield during future 50 years (2019–2068)) compared with the last 40 years (1970–2010). A larger decline in wheat grain number relative to grain weight is a key reducer of wheat yield, under future climate change circumstances. Using heat-tolerant wheat varieties will not only assist to overcome this plethora but also provide a potential increase of up to 7% to 10% in indigenous environment. On the other hand, it was concluded that cultivating these heat-resistant varieties that are also ripening late culminates into enhanced thermal time chucks during the grain-filling period; hence, wheat yield will increase by 8% to 12%. In changing climatic conditions and varieties, ‘Punjab–2018′ will be the better choice for peasants and farm-land owners to obtain a better yield of wheat to cope with the necessities of food on the domestic and national level.

An Assessment of Climate Change Mitigation via Location-Specific Climate Smart Horticulture: A Review Paper

The first stage in preparing the horticulture industry for creating adaptation plans under climate change scenarios is to quantify the effects of temperature fluctuations, surplus and restricted moisture conditions. Individual crop effects have been studied and assessed throughout the main agro-ecological areas and growing seasons. Scientific validation is required for production methods that may be modified to adapt for climate change. Although production regions for particular crops or the time of sowing and planting may be altered the markets windows as well as infrastructure, like the availability of local packaging as well as the distribution facilities, are important components to consider for many horticultural commodities. It's expected to change key interactions among horticultural plants as well as pollinators, insects, disease, pests, weeds, pests as well as weeds. Because horticulture-based agricultural systems offer a great potential for sequestering carbon for climate change mitigation, there is a need for a fast and clear knowledge of the effect of climate change on horticultural crops in order to develop a solid action plan. Perennial tree work as carbon sinks by sequestering carbon from the atmosphere. The clean development method may be used to get the carbon credits. Based on location-specific climate smart horticulture concepts, an integrated strategy with all available choices will be most successful in maintaining production under climate change circumstances.

The impact of climate change on visitor destination selection: A case study of the Central Drakensberg Region in KwaZulu-Natal.

Many variables influence visitors’ destination choices, for example, affordability, attractions, health and safety, and expectancies. Amongst the indirect influences in destination choice by tourists, climate change is perhaps the greatest factor because of its negative impact on the ecological landscape of tourist destinations. Using the Central Drakensberg Region (CDR) as a case study, this article seeks to investigate the influence of climate change on visitors’ destination choices. A quantitative descriptive survey was conducted on a sample of n347 participants who were selected using purposive and convenience sampling procedures under the auspices of non-probability. The statistical analyses were performed using the latest edition of the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (Version 25.0). Based on the study’s results, climate change was found to be a key influence on tourists’ decision-making, behaviour and spending habits at tourist destination like the Central Drakensberg Area. The most significant climatic parameter for tourists was determined to be pleasant and warm temperatures, as well as the summer season. Furthermore, owing to the current climate change circumstances, visitors were found to be less likely to return or recommend future visits to the region. To that end, tourism officials in the CDR should swiftly implement adaptation measures to counter the effects, and explore alternatives such as soft tourism and non-climate-dependent activities to accommodate visitors year-around. Further research is recommended to establish the extent to which socio-demographic characteristics influence destination choice in the area, as well as to ascertain the current state of climate change impacts.

The Climate Conflict Trap: Examining the Impact of Climate Change on Violent Conflict in Sub-Saharan Africa

As recently as 2019, international security officials reported that international state sponsors of terrorism, such as ISIL, were moving into Sub-Saharan Africa. The causal links between climate change and conflict, especially in an understudied and misunderstood region such as Sub-Saharan Africa, are often complicated and ill-defined. In reality, climate change does not unilaterally or unconditionally strengthen terrorist organizations and, by extension, civil conflict. The circumstances of climate change impact the trajectory of violent non-state armed groups in Sub-Saharan Africa through three primary mechanisms that intersect and interact with one another: natural resource instability, colonialism, and the intensity of intra-state tensions throughout a particular region. Through these three primary lenses, it is evident that, in Sub-Saharan Africa, the effects of climate change exacerbate conditions that, in turn, provide a unique, fertile environment for violent non-state armed groups to develop and thrive.

Practical implementation of in vitro culture of Lanice conchilega (Polychaeta) in a coastal defence context

ABSTRACT Current coastal protection measures become increasingly insufficient under circumstances of climate change and increasing anthropogenic pressures. Aggregations of the ecosystem engineer Lanice conchilega (Pallas, 1766) stabilize the sediment bed of sandy shorelines. Therefore, this polychaete is considered an interesting target species in the search for nature-inspired designs in coastal zone management. This study investigated the potential of L. conchilega as a resilient coastal builder by trying to cultivate them and enhancing the larval settling process by using artificial substrata. A closed Recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) combining spawning induction and larval rearing was designed and tested. The tanks with adults were exposed to different photoperiods prior to water temperature rise. A spawning and fertilisation event was recorded in the 0:24 Light:Dark (LD) tank up to the trochophore stage. Additionally, the temperature-shock spawning induction method was experimentally proved effective. All practical experience on the in vitro spawning induction and larval rearing of L. conchilega is discussed and summarized as a guideline for future culturing trials. In vitro substratum settlement experiments with aulophore larvae sampled with plankton hauling revealed the potential of artificial substrata to trap larvae. Nonetheless, a preference in substratum type is not to be excluded yet.

Simulating and Predicting Crop Yield and Soil Fertility under Climate Change with Fertilizer Management in Northeast China Based on the Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer Model

The risks of climate change and soil degradation for the agricultural environment and crop production are increasingly prominent. Based on the limitations of land resources, it is important to explore a sustainable and effective fertilization strategy to reduce risks and ensure there is a high yield of grain and sustainable development of agriculture. Soil fertility underpins cultivated land, which is the most important resource of agricultural production, and is also the key for maintaining agricultural sustainability. The central elements of soil fertility are soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil nitrogen (SN). This study applied the Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer-Cropping System Model (DSSAT-CSM) and the CENTURY-based soil module to simulate the trends of crop yields, SN storages and SOC storages until the end of this century under different climate change circumstances, based on a 36-year long-term experiment established at Shenyang site, China. Four fertilizer practices were applied: control (CK), combined chemical fertilizer of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK), NPK with manure (MNPK), and NPK fertilizers plus a high application rate of manure (hMNPK). The outcomes indicated that the DSSAT model can fully simulate the yields of maize and soybean as well as the dynamic stocks of the SN and SOC. Three Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP 2.6, RCP 4.5, RCP 8.5) for future development were chosen from the fifth assessment report of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Moreover, a baseline was installed. Crop yields, SN, and SOC storages from 2016 to 2100 were estimated under four climate scenarios (RCP 2.6, RCP 4.5, RCP 8.5, and Baseline). The RCP scenarios in some treatments reduced SN and SOC stocks and maize yield, and had no effect on soybean yield. However, the application of NPK with manure could improve crop yields, while it increased SN and SOC storages substantially. To some extent, the negative effects of climate scenarios could be mitigated by applying manure. In the RCP 4.5, maize yields of NPK, MNPK, and hMNPK treatments declined by 14.8%, 7.7%, and 6.2%, respectively, compared with that of NPK under Baseline. The NPK fertilizers plus manure treatments could cut the reduction of maize yield caused by climate change in half. Additionally, the SOC storage and SN of chemical fertilizers plus manure treatments under RCP scenarios increased by 20.2%–33.5% and 13.7%–21.7% compared with that of NPK under baseline, respectively. It was concluded that a rational combination of organic and inorganic fertilizer applications is a sustainable and effective agricultural measure to maintain food security and relieve environmental stresses.

Something Super-Wicked This Way Comes: Genre, Emergency, Expectation, and Learning to Die in Climate-Change Scotland

This article approaches the issue of climate change and the response to it in Scotland from the perspective of genres of expectation and normality, focusing in particular on the relationship between genre, the political imagination, and calls for ‘climate realism’. Functioning partly as provocation and partly as a piece of critical theory on the problematic aspects of contemporary genres of expectation in Scotland, it discusses the push for normality as a driving force in the construction of imagined futures in the context of climate change, problematising how this fits with established expectations of the Scottish political imaginary and its futurity. Using the work of the scholar of genre and affect Lauren Berlant and her identification of genre as a means of ‘moving on’, it considers the idea of materially contingent narratives as an exit strategy from the present moment. To illustrate this, it briefly discusses Jenni Fagan’s contemporary climate change novel The Sunlight Pilgrims as an example of ‘irrealist’ confrontation of climate change and how this relates to the concept of the Anthropocene as an everyday experience. Ultimately, it concludes that contemporary attempts at climate realism require engagement with the irreal material circumstances of climate change and the fundamentally ‘super-wicked’ nature of climate processes in order to escape the constraints of progress, restoration, and normalisation as genre structures in discussion of climate futures.

Small holder farmers’ perception and response mechanisms to climate change: Lesson from Tekeze lowland goat and sorghum livelihood zone, Ethiopia

Though climate change is a global agenda since the last few decades, local and regional changes are not well documented in third-world nations. Therefore, understanding the local circumstances of climate change is vital to exert context specific responses to allay its adverse effects. This study hence assessed small holder farmers’ perception and response mechanisms to climate change and their determinants in Tekeze lowland goat and sorghum livelihood zone, Northeast Ethiopia. Data collected from 260 sample respondents were analyzed in descriptive statistics and econometric model. Results revealed that 86.5% of the respondents observed changes in main climatic patterns, whereas 92.3% of them recognized variability in daily weather. Indeed, 76.8% and 83.5% of respondents perceived a rising temperature and decreasing rainfall, respectively. This finding is in line with the regression results of meteorological data recorded for 20 study years in the area. Among respondents who perceived the climate change, nearly two-third were responded through crop, livestock and nonagriculture-based livelihood initiatives. The probit model also discovered that educational status, farm/nonfarm income, extension contact, access to climate information and training were significant factors behind farmers’ response decision. As a result, future development interventions should provide prominent training and extension, local meteorological service and agricultural inputs on top of creating nonagricultural income generating opportunities, would play significant role in climate change adaptation.

URRENT STATE OF THE ECOSYSTEM OF LAKE UROZERO, KARELIA, ASSESSED THROUGH PRIMARY PRODUCTION AND DESTRUCTION INDICATORS

Lake Urozero has the status of a regional-level state hydrological nature monument in the Republic of Karelia. Up until the mid-2000’s, the lake have been noted for very high water transparency and the ultra-oligotrophic state of the ecosystem. In 2018, the prima-ry production and destruction characteristics of the Urozero ecosystem were studied as integral indicators of the current state and direction of its functioning. Such assessments are necessitated by the modified climatic conditions in Karelia, which affect catchments. These changes result in enlarged flow of allochtonous organic matter to water bodies. The values of photosynthesis (average 22 μg C/l per day), chlorophyll a(average 1.6 μg/l), daily assimilation number (on average 21 μg C/μg Chl), P/B factor (average 1.2 days-1) and water transparency (average 9.8 m) were measured in May, July and September. These measurements confirm that the lake ecosystem has retained its ultra-oligotrophic state. In spring and summer, when solar radiation is excessive and water transparency is high, the vertical distribution of chlorophyll ashowed a pattern unusual for Karelia, with maximum values found at the depth of one transparency. The change in the values of or-ganic matter destruction down the water column corresponds to the vertical dynamics of chlorophyll a. This vertical distribution of the values of destruction, as well as the con-sistently high transparency of the lake water, indicates that allochtonous organic mat-ter does not affect the water ecosystem. The natural ecological state of Lake Urozero in the current circumstances of climate change in the catchment area and human pres-sure is retained owing to the absence of surface inflows and nature conservation mea-sures to counteract pollution.

The Case against Carbon Prices

Professor Dr. Anthony Patt is head of the Climate Policy Group in the Department of Environmental Systems Science at ETH Zurich, Switzerland. His research focus is on technological pathways and public policies for climate change mitigation and adaptation. He is a Coordinating Lead Author in Working Group III of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. He obtained his PhD at Harvard University's Kennedy School of Government. He is the author of “Transforming Energy: Solving Climate Change with Technology Policy” (Cambridge University Press, 2015). Download : Download high-res image (204KB) Download : Download full-size image Professor Dr. Johan Lilliestam is head of the Renewable Energy Policy Group in the Department of Environmental Systems Science at ETH Zurich, Switzerland. His research focus is policies and strategies for a transition to a completely renewable energy system, including the effects of interactions between different energy policies. He obtained his PhD at the Central European University in Budapest, Hungary. Before joining the ETH, he worked at the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK) in Potsdam, Germany, and the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) in Laxenburg, Austria. He currently holds a grant from the European Research Council for his work on policy interactions. Download : Download high-res image (202KB) Download : Download full-size image