Circumferential Ring Research Articles

Prestressed Ring Beam in the Church of St. Peter’s and Paul’s in Bodzanow, Design and Realization

The present trend in architecture is designing thin. slender and spacious architectural forms. It has become the reason for searching for new solutions and finding new ways of use of the existing construction ones. Recently, the first time in Poland, the post-tensioning has been used in realization of church building. In the Church of St. Peter’s and Paul’s in Bodzanow (near Cracow) was designed circumferential ring beam post-tensioned with 4 unbounded tendons to transfer peripheral tensile forces from the roof. Thanks to the use of a prestressed ring beam hidden in the wall, large cross-section of roof girders was possible to be avoided, as well as a massive reinforced concrete ring or additional steel tie-rods. The paper presents the applied solutions in details with the theoretical calculated results as well as the results of prestressing measured in site during tensioning of tendons. Based on presented results some conclusions have been drawn.

Concurrent Findings of a GIST Tumor and Carcinoid Tumor in an Elderly Female

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) are sporadic growths that account for less than 1% of GI tumors. They are the most common group of mesenchymal neoplasms and can occur in any portion of the alimentary tract. Carcinoid tumors are relatively rare tumors that are well-differentiated neuroendocrine growths, the majority of which arise in the GI tract. Both GIST and carcinoid tumors are potentially malignant and the pathogenesis of concurrent findings in a patient remains unclear. We are presenting a rare case of a patient who had concomitant findings of a GIST and carcinoid tumor. A 70-year-old woman presented with 2 months of progressively worsening abdominal pain associated with early satiety. She also noted increasing abdominal fullness over a period of 2 years. Physical exam revealed a distended abdomen with a lower abdominal central mass that was palpable up to the umbilicus with moderate tenderness to palpation. CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis revealed a large irregular enhancing mass within the pelvis which extended into the lower abdomen, measuring approximately 14.0 x 14.0 x 15.0 cm which may be arising from the right adnexa and was suspicious for a large heterogeneous ovarian mass. A portion of the mass appeared to erode into the wall of the adjacent cecum. MRI of the pelvis revealed mostly necrosis and blood in the center of the mass with a circumferential ring of solid nodules. Colonoscopy and exploratory laparotomy were performed. Colonoscopy revealed 1 cm rectosigmoid polyp and a 2.5 cm ascending colon polyp that were not removed, and no erosion of the mass into the cecum. Laparotomy revealed a large mass originating from the small bowel and adherent to the sigmoid colon. Patient underwent small bowel resection with enterostomy, sigmoid resection with end-to-end anastomosis and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. Pathological analysis of the pelvic mass with immunohistochemical staining revealed GIST tumor. Analysis of tissue from the distal colon donut revealed a carcinoid tumor. The patient tolerated the procedure well and continues to follow up at the specialty clinics. Our case represents a rare finding of coexisting small bowel GIST and carcinoid tumor. To our knowledge, there has been only one reported case of a concomitant gastric GIST and carcinoid tumor. As few cases have been reported in literature, future studies may be used to evaluate a link between the occurrence of a GIST and carcinoid tumor in a single patient.Figure

Evaluation on antiviral activity of coumarin derivatives against spring viraemia of carp virus in epithelioma papulosum cyprini cells

As one of the most serious pathogens in the freshwater aquatic environment, spring viraemia of carp virus (SVCV) induces a high mortality rate in several cyprinid fishes. In this study, we designed and synthesized a total of 44 coumarin derivatives to evaluate the anti-SVCV activity. By comparing the inhibitory concentration at half-maximal activity (IC50), two imidazole coumarins (B4 and C2) were selected, with maximum inhibitory rates on SVCV more than 90%. Mechanistically, B4 or C2 did not affect viral adhesion and delivery from endosomes to the cytosol. Further, B4 and C2 could decline the apoptosis in SVCV-infected cells and the viral activated caspase-3, 8, 9 activities. Other results showed that SVCV induced the cytoskeletal structure to be a circumferential ring of microtubules near the nucleus, with occurring a disrupted microfilament organization. In comparison, cytoskeleton structure in drug-treated cells kept complete. In addition, the cellular microstructure in drug treatments showed no significant change; while SVCV-infected cells were seriously shrunk, and observed typical apoptotic features including cell shrinkage, volume reduction and cell blebbing. More importantly, B4 and C2 enhanced anti-oxidative enzyme gene expression and triggered the Nrf-2 pathway to keep balance of intracellular redox state. Therefore, the use of two imidazole coumarins (B4 and C2) could be a viable way of preventing and controlling SVCV infection.

Influence of Age and Eosinophilic Esophagitis on Esophageal Distensibility in a Pediatric Cohort.

Sequelae of eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) include food impaction and esophageal stricture. Duration of inflammation is a predicted risk factor; however, complications remain unpredictable. Studies using the functional lumen imaging probe (FLIP) have demonstrated decreased distensibility of the esophagus in adult patients with EoE. As the impact of inflammation on the developing esophagus is unknown, we investigated esophageal distensibility in a pediatric cohort to determine the effect of age, ongoing inflammation, and fibrotic features on distensibility. We conducted a prospective observational study at two tertiary pediatric institutions. Subjects underwent FLIP evaluation during endoscopy to determine distensibility of the esophagus. During stepwise distension, simultaneous intrabag pressure and 16 channels of cross-sectional areas were measured. The minimal diameter at maximal esophageal distention at an intrabag pressure of 40 mm Hg was identified. Distensibility was compared between EoE and non-EoE subjects and between clinical variables within the EoE cohort. Potential confounding variables were identified. Forty-four non-EoE and 88 EoE subjects aged 3-18 years were evaluated. Age positively correlated with esophageal distensibility in the non-EoE cohort, but this trend was not observed in the EoE population. Subjects with EoE had reduced distensibility even after adjusting for age. Active inflammation (eosinophils >15 eos/high-power field), histological lamina propria fibrosis, and various features of a fibrotic phenotype (stricture, food impaction, circumferential rings on endoscopy) were associated with decreased distensibility within the EoE cohort. FLIP was safe, feasible, and well tolerated. These findings suggest that remodeling occurs in the pediatric EoE population, warranting early diagnosis and initiation of therapy prior to the onset of disease complications.

Antimicrobial and antitumor activities of 1,2,4-triazoles/polypyrrole chitosan core shell nanoparticles

Combination of natural biodegradable polymer with a synthetic polymer offers excellent properties for the support in drug delivery system. For this purpose, biodegradable conductive nanoparticle polypyrrole based on chitosan (PPC) has been prepared via oxidative polymerization of pyrrole in presence of chitosan using FeCl3 as oxidant in acidic medium and used as a carrier for 1,2,4-triazoles. The resultant nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared analysis, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and thermal gravimetric analysis. The results indicate that spherical nanoparticle of average diameter 52 ± 8 nm was successfully prepared. The spherical particles were composed of dark sphere surrounded by grey shell. A circumferential dark ring is observed in the shell after loading 1,2,4-triazoles into PPC nanoparticles. The loaded triazoles were released almost linearly against time in a sustained fashion into different pH media. The mechanism of triazoles release was determined using different kinetics equations. The antibacterial activities against the gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria were examined. Furthermore, the antitumor activity of PPC nanoparticles loaded 1,2,4-triazoles was also examined against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells and breast cancer cell line (MCF7). Polypyrrole chitosan loaded nanoparticles exhibited higher antitumor activity than 1,2,4-triazoles.

Compartmentation of Mitochondrial and Oxidative Metabolism in Growing Hair Follicles: A Ring of Fire

Little is known about the energetics of growing hair follicles, particularly in the mitochondrially abundant bulb. Here, mitochondrial and oxidative metabolism was visualized by multiphoton and light sheet microscopy in cultured bovine hair follicles and plucked human hairs. Mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨ), cell viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and secretory granules were assessed with parameter-indicating fluorophores. In growing follicles, lower bulb epithelial cells had high viability, and mitochondria were polarized. Most epithelially generated ROS co-localized with polarized mitochondria. As the imaging plane captured more central and distal cells, ΔΨ disappeared abruptly at a transition to a nonfluorescent core continuous with the hair shaft. Approaching the transition, ΔΨ and ROS increased, and secretory granules disappeared. ROS and ΔΨ were strongest in a circumferential paraxial ring at putative sites for formation of the outer cortex/cuticle of the hair shaft. By contrast, polarized mitochondria in dermal papillar fibroblasts produced minimal ROS. Plucked hairs showed a similar abrupt transition of degranulation/depolarization near sites of keratin deposition, as well as an ROS-generating paraxial ring of fire. Hair movement out of the follicle appeared to occur independently of follicular bulb bioenergetics by a tractor mechanism involving the inner and outer root sheaths.

Network properties of interstitial cells of Cajal affect intestinal pacemaker activity and motor patterns, according to a mathematical model of weakly coupled oscillators.

What is the central question of this study? What are the effects of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) network perturbations on intestinal pacemaker activity and motor patterns? What is the main finding and its importance? Two-dimensional modelling of the ICC pacemaker activity according to a phase model of weakly coupled oscillators showed that network properties (coupling strength between oscillators, frequency gradient and frequency noise) strongly influence pacemaker network activity and subsequent motor patterns. The model explains motor patterns observed in physiological conditions and provides predictions and testable hypotheses for effects of ICC loss and frequency modulation on the motor patterns. Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) are the pacemaker cells of gut motility and are associated with motility disorders. Interstitial cells of Cajal form a network, but the contributions of its network properties to gut physiology and dysfunction are poorly understood. We modelled an ICC network as a two-dimensional network of weakly coupled oscillators with a frequency gradient and showed changes over time in video and graphical formats. Model parameters were obtained from slow-wave-driven contraction patterns in the mouse intestine and pacemaker slow-wave activities from the cat intestine. Marked changes in propagating oscillation patterns (including changes from propagation to non-propagating) were observed by changing network parameters (coupling strength between oscillators, the frequency gradient and frequency noise), which affected synchronization, propagation velocity and occurrence of dislocations (termination of an oscillation). Complete uncoupling of a circumferential ring of oscillators caused the proximal and distal section to desynchronize, but complete synchronization was maintained with only a single oscillator connecting the sections with high enough coupling. The network of oscillators could withstand loss; even with 40% of oscillators lost randomly within the network, significant synchronization and anterograde propagation remained. A local increase in pacemaker frequency diminished anterograde propagation; the effects were strongly dependent on location, frequency gradient and coupling strength. In summary, the model puts forth the hypothesis that fundamental changes in oscillation patterns (ICC slow-wave activity or circular muscle contractions) can occur through physiological modulation of network properties. Strong evidence is provided to accept the ICC network as a system of coupled oscillators.

Depletion of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species downregulates epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in cervical cancer cells.

In the course of cancer progression, epithelial cells often acquire morphological and functional characteristics of mesenchymal cells, a process known as epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). EMT provides epithelial cells with migratory, invasive, and stem cell capabilities. Reactive oxygen species produced by mitochondria (mtROS) could be of special importance for pro-tumorigenic signaling and EMT.In our study, we used mitochondria-targeted antioxidant SkQ1 to lower the mtROS level and analyze their role in the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton, adhesion junctions, and signaling pathways critical for tumorigenesis of cervical carcinomas. A decrease in mtROS was found to induce formation of β-cytoplasmic actin stress fibers and circumferential rings in cervical cancer SiHa and Ca-Ski cells. It was accompanied by an upregulation of E-cadherin in SiHa cells and a downregulation of N-cadherin in Ca-Ski cells. In SiHa cells, an increase in E-cadherin expression was accompanied by a reduction of Snail, E-cadherin negative regulator. A stimulation of mtROS by epidermal growth factor (EGF) caused a Snail upregulation in SiHa cells that could be downregulated by SkQ1. SkQ1 caused a decrease in activation of extracellular-signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) in SiHa and Ca-Ski. EGF produced an opposite effect. Incubation with SkQ1 suppressed EGF-induced p-ERK1/2 upregulation in SiHa, but not in Ca-Ski cells. Thus, we showed that scavenging of mtROS by SkQ1 initiated reversal of EMT and suppressed proliferation of cervical cancer cells.

Investigation of Reduction in Buckling Capacity of Cylindrical Shells Under External Pressure Due to Partially Cut Ring Stiffeners

Circumferential ring stiffeners are commonly used to improve the buckling strength of cylindrical shells. Under special circumstances, stiffener ring needs to be partially cut in order to avoid interference with vessel attachments or surrounding structures. No clear guideline is available in rule-based method to deal with such case. This paper investigates the extent of reduction in buckling capacity for a range of cylindrical shell geometries with stiffener rings having different cross sections and different extents of circumferential cut. Finite-element (FE)-based analysis as per ASME Section VIII, Division 2, Part 5 has been employed to determine the permissible external pressure in each of the cases. Effects of ring cross section and extent of circumferential cut of stiffening ring on the maximum permissible external pressure have been presented. A total of 63 combinations of shell-stiffening ring configurations of different L/D, D/t ratios, cross section shape, and extent of cut have been investigated. Geometrical parameters for these combinations under study are so chosen that normal working range in industries is covered. The results obtained provide guidelines to design shells with partially cut stiffening rings.

A Consistent Implementation of Inelastic Material Models into Steady State Rolling

ABSTRACT Rolling contact is an important aspect in tire design, and reliable numerical simulations are required in order to improve the tire layout, performance, and safety. This includes the consideration of as many significant characteristics of the materials as possible. An example is found in the nonlinear and inelastic properties of the rubber compounds. For numerical simulations of tires, steady state rolling is an efficient alternative to standard transient analyses, and this work makes use of an Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) formulation for the computation of the inertia contribution. Since the reference configuration is neither attached to the material nor fixed in space, handling history variables of inelastic materials becomes a complex task. A standard viscoelastic material approach is implemented. In the inelastic steady state rolling case, one location in the cross-section depends on all material locations on its circumferential ring. A consistent linearization is formulated taking into account the contribution of all finite elements connected in the hoop direction. As an outcome of this approach, the number of nonzero values in the general stiffness matrix increases, producing a more populated matrix that has to be solved. This implementation is done in the commercial finite element code ANSYS. Numerical results confirm the reliability and capabilities of the linearization for the steady state viscoelastic material formulation. A discussion on the results obtained, important remarks, and an outlook on further research conclude this work.

Murine Fam65b forms ring-like structures at the base of stereocilia critical for mechanosensory hair cell function.

Cochlear hair cells convert sound-induced vibration into electrical signals. FAM65B mutations cause hearing loss by an unknown mechanism. Using biochemistry and stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM), we show here that Fam65b oligomers form a circumferential ring near the basal taper of the mechanically sensitive stereocilia of murine hair cells. Taperin, a second protein near the taper, forms a dense-core-like structure that is disrupted in the absence of Fam65b. Stereocilia of Fam65b-deficient murine hair cells start to develop, but mechanotransduction is affected and stereocilia deteriorate. Yeast-two-hybrid screens identify RhoC as a Fam65b binding partner. RhoC co-localizes with Fam65b in stereocilia and regulates Fam65b oligomerization. Binding to RhoC and oligomerization are critical for Fam65b function. Our findings thus reveal a highly organized compartment near the base of stereocilia that is critical for hair cell function and affected in disease.

Emissivity of a multibeam electron gun with a glassy carbon field-emission cathode

A multibeam triode electron gun with a glassy carbon field-emission cathode that is intended for an O-type microwave amplifier is studied. The electric field strength and the current density at the microtips versus the distance to the center of a cell of the cathode–grid unit are calculated. Calculation data are compared with experimental results. It is shown that about 70% of the cathode current in each cell is accounted for by microtips arranged in a circumferential ring no wider than 20 μm. The field-emission current density inside the ring exceeds 40 A/cm2, and the current per microtip equals 43.1 μA.

Haustral boundary contractions in the proximal 3-taeniated rabbit colon.

The rabbit proximal colon is similar in structure to the human colon. Our objective was to study interactions of different rhythmic motor patterns focusing on haustral boundary contractions, which create the haustra, using spatiotemporal mapping of video recordings. Haustral boundary contractions were seen as highly rhythmic circumferential ring contractions that propagated slowly across the proximal colon, preferentially but not exclusively in the anal direction, at ∼0.5 cycles per minute; they were abolished by nerve conduction blockers. When multiple haustral boundary contractions propagated in the opposite direction, they annihilated each other upon encounter. Ripples, myogenic propagating ring contractions at ∼9 cycles per min, induced folding and unfolding of haustral muscle folds, creating an anarchic appearance of contractile activity, with different patterns in the three intertaenial regions. Two features of ripple activity were prominent: frequent changes in propagation direction and the occurrence of dislocations showing a frequency gradient with the highest intrinsic frequency in the distal colon. The haustral boundary contractions showed an on/off/on/off pattern at the ripple frequency, and the contraction amplitude at any point of the colon showed waxing and waning. The haustral boundary contractions are therefore shaped by interaction of two pacemaker activities hypothesized to occur through phase-amplitude coupling of pacemaker activities from interstitial cells of Cajal of the myenteric plexus and of the submuscular plexus. Video evidence shows the unique role haustral folds play in shaping contractile activity within the haustra. Muscarinic agents not only enhance the force of contraction, they can eliminate one and at the same time induce another neurally dependent motor pattern.

The bacterial divisome: ready for its close-up.

Bacterial cells divide by targeting a transmembrane protein machine to the division site and regulating its assembly and disassembly so that cytokinesis occurs at the correct time in the cell cycle. The structure and dynamics of this machine (divisome) in bacterial model systems are coming more clearly into focus, thanks to incisive cell biology methods in combination with biochemical and genetic approaches. The main conserved structural element of the machine is the tubulin homologue FtsZ, which assembles into a circumferential ring at the division site that is stabilized and anchored to the inner surface of the cytoplasmic membrane by FtsZ-binding proteins. Once this ring is in place, it recruits a series of transmembrane proteins that ultimately trigger cytokinesis. This review will survey the methods used to characterize the structure of the bacterial divisome, focusing mainly on the Escherichia coli model system, as well as the challenges that remain. These methods include recent super-resolution microscopy, cryo-electron tomography and synthetic reconstitution.

TCT-708 Progressive Mitral Annuloplasty with Implantation of an Adjustable Complete Circumferential Ring: A Method for Chronic Cinching and Annular Reduction

TCT-708 Progressive Mitral Annuloplasty with Implantation of an Adjustable Complete Circumferential Ring: A Method for Chronic Cinching and Annular Reduction

Vibro-acoustic analysis of coupled spherical–cylindrical–spherical shells stiffened by ring and stringer reinforcements

A semi-analytical method is developed to predict the vibration and acoustic responses of submerged coupled spherical–cylindrical–spherical shells stiffened by circumferential rings and longitudinal stringers. The structural model of the coupled stiffened shell is formulated using a modified variational method combined with a multi-segment partitioning technique, whereas a spectral Kirchhoff–Helmholtz integral formulation is employed to model the exterior fluid. The stiffened rings and stringers, which may be few or many in number, non-uniform or uniform in size, and non-uniformly or uniformly spaced, are treated as discrete elements. The displacement and sound pressure variables are expanded in the form of a double mixed series using Fourier series and Chebyshev orthogonal polynomials. This provides a flexible way for the present method to account for the individual contributions of circumferential wave modes to the vibration and acoustic responses of coupled stiffened shells in an analytical manner. The application of the method is illustrated with several numerical examples, and comparisons are made with available solutions obtained from the coupled finite element/boundary element method. The contributions of different circumferential wave modes to the vibration responses, sound power and the directivity of radiated sound pressure for coupled shells bounded by light or heavy fluid are examined. Effects of the rings and stringers on the vibration and acoustic responses of the coupled shells are investigated.

Numerical investigation of a pump-jet with ring rotor using an unstructured mesh technique

In the present study, the hydrodynamic characteristics of a pump-jet were numerically investigated using an incompressible RANS flow solver based on pseudo-compressibility. The focus of the study is the assessment of the flow characteristics and performance, particularly of a ring rotor with the rotor blades interconnected with a circumferential ring at the tip. For this purpose, a vertex-centered finite- volume method on unstructured meshes was used in conjunction with second-order Roe’s FDS to discretize the inviscid fluxes, while the viscous fluxes were computed based on central differencing. For the unsteady time integration, a dual-time stepping method and the Gauss-Seidel iteration were employed. An unstructured overset mesh technique was adopted to treat the relative motion between the rotor and the main body of the pump-jet. For the closure of turbulence, the Spalart-Allmaras one equation model was employed. To validate the flow solver, the calculations were initially made for the High Reynolds number pump (HIREP) configuration at several advancing ratios. Reasonable agreements were obtained between the present results and the experiment in terms of the pressure coefficient on the blade surface, velocity distribution, and integrated blade loadings. To investigate the effect of the ring on the flow characteristics and propulsion performance of the pump-jet, additional calculations were made for the HIREP configuration installed with the circumferential ring at the rotor blade tip, and the results were compared with those of the original HIREP configuration. The addition of the ring at the blade tip helped reduce the tip vortex strength, which might be beneficial in suppressing the formation of water vapor. Furthermore, the cavitation performance on the suction surface of the rotor blades was degraded by the reduced axial velocity because of the passage area reduction after the ring was attached. With the addition of the ring, the blade loadings of the pump-jet, such as the thrust and torque, were reduced even though the efficiency, defined as the ratio of thrust and torque, was maintained.

Toughness measurement of thin films based on circumferential cracks induced at conical indentation

In the present study, circumferential ring cracks were produced in two types of alumina coatings under conical indentation. The alumina coatings were produced using reactive dual pulsed magnetron sputtering. The coatings were deposited at 150 and $$530\,^\circ \hbox {C}$$ which resulted in coatings with hardness values of $$9.1\pm 0.2$$ and $$20.7\pm 1.1$$ GPa, respectively. The coating fractures were studied using scanning electron microscopy and the critical parameters for fracture: load, depth and crack radius, were determined for a range of coating thicknesses for both series. The crack behavior is compared to a numerical finite element model of the system. The model assumes the coating to be linear elastic while plasticity was included in the substrate. The critical parameters for different values of fracture toughness were extracted from the FEM stress field using closed-form expressions. The behavior of the simulated data and the experimental data was found to follow similar trends for all the investigated critical parameters. Furthermore, it was found that the critical load is the fracture parameter from which a measure for the fracture toughness is most accurately obtained. The hard coatings were observed to have higher fracture toughness than the softer coatings (200 vs. $$75 \, \hbox {J/m}^{2}$$ ).

Computational and biophysical approaches to protein-protein interaction inhibition of Plasmodium falciparum AMA1/RON2 complex.

Invasion of the red blood cell by Plasmodium falciparum parasites requires formation of an electron dense circumferential ring called the Moving Junction (MJ). The MJ is anchored by a high affinity complex of two parasite proteins: Apical Membrane Antigen 1 (PfAMA1) displayed on the surface of the parasite and Rhoptry Neck Protein 2 that is discharged from the parasite and imbedded in the membrane of the host cell. Structural studies of PfAMA1 revealed a conserved hydrophobic groove localized to the apical surface that coordinates RON2 and invasion inhibitory peptides. In the present work, we employed computational and biophysical methods to identify competitive P. falciparum AMA1-RON2 inhibitors with the goal of exploring the 'druggability' of this attractive antimalarial target. A virtual screen followed by molecular docking with the PfAMA1 crystal structure was performed using an eight million compound collection that included commercial molecules, the ChEMBL malaria library and approved drugs. The consensus approach resulted in the selection of inhibitor candidates. We also developed a fluorescence anisotropy assay using a modified inhibitory peptide to experimentally validate the ability of the selected compounds to inhibit the AMA1-RON2 interaction. Among those, we identified one compound that displayed significant inhibition. This study offers interesting clues to improve the throughput and reliability of screening for new drug leads.

A review on the safety of one-stage circumferential ring constriction release.

The study was undertaken to investigate the use of one-stage circumferential ring-constriction release with Z-plasties regarding the safety, aesthetic appearance, and limb function. A thorough review was conducted on all English publications in PubMed during the period of 2001 through 2011. Titles and abstracts were identified using online search engine from National Library of Medicine's PubMed database under the keywords "limb constriction ring," "limb constriction band," "amniotic band," "annular constriction," and "circumferential constriction." We used Boolean operator and field of title. Evaluation was done to search indications, timing of the first surgical intervention, time interval between surgeries, patients' gender, anatomic location of the ring, wound healing problems, and scar quality. Fourteen publications met the criteria. There were 17 patients with 25 ring constrictions in total. Sixteen ring constrictions (64%) were circumferential; nine (36%) were semi-circumferential. Mean age of 14 patients treated with one-stage release was 4.8 years. Six articles mentioned about normal development of postoperative limb function. Mean age of three patients treated with staged release was 10.5 months. Two articles mentioned regained distal muscle function postoperatively. It is confirmed that surgeons may continue the practice to release circumferential CRS in one stage.