Circulation Of Knowledge Research Articles

The Untold Story of Oceanic Pilot Bartolomeu Borges who Guided Jean Ribault to Florida in 1562: Document Transcription and Translation, Accompanied by an Historical Introduction

Until now, Portuguese pilot Bartolomeu Borges has remained an obscure figure. A new document—a lengthy letter sent by D. Alonso de Tovar, the Spanish ambassador in Portugal, to King Philip II in 1563—allows us to reconstruct Borges’s career. It suggests that it was Borges (not Jean Ribault) who guided the first French expedition to Florida in 1562, and provides an instructive sixteenth-century case that illustrates the importance of oceanic pilots. The transcription and translation—which make an important but unfamiliar document available to the scholarly community—are complemented by a historical introduction that places Borges’s career in context and considers his overall impact. Additionally, the introduction examines the significance of oceanic pilots more broadly, showing that they were important actors in the creation and maintenance of maritime overseas empires of the sixteenth century, agents involved in the creation and circulation of maritime knowledge.

La Chine : un défi des Lumières techniciennes

A vast circulation of technical knowledge between China and Europe happened during the 18th century. While the circulation of knowledge is well known in the scientific field, it is still little studied in the technical field. Yet Chinese inventions « heritage » (printing, gunpowder, compass, etc.) has long been a received idea and the « transfer » of techniques has been the subject of many simplified accounts. The article analyzes to the complexity of the processes of knowledge circulation and highlights how the kingdom of France organized a huge accumulation of Chinese technical knowledge during the 18th century. It turned China into a central element of the « political technology » of the Enlightenment.

Migration as Mission: Alojz-Alexis Strýček SJ in Belgium (1938–1945)

This article presents a case study of Alojz-Alexis Strýček SJ, a Slovak Jesuit in Belgium during World War II, to examine the complexities of migration, identity, and religious mission within turbulent historical contexts. Strýček’s experiences challenge conventional categorizations in migration studies, demonstrating how individual narratives can intersect with and transcend national and religious boundaries. The study employs social network analysis and philological-historical methods, offering insights into the dynamic roles migrants play in the circulation of knowledge and in shaping transnational connections. Strýček’s case highlights the importance of considering non-national factors, such as religious affiliations, in understanding migration patterns and migrant identities. This research contributes to the emerging field of “migrant knowledge,” which focuses on the role of migrants in global knowledge exchange and the redefinition of identities in times of crisis, thereby enriching our understanding of the multifaceted nature of migration.

Between the Physical Education and the modern sports: circulation of knowledges about hygienic practices on Escola Superior de Agricultura de Viçosa (1940-1948)

RESUMO Objetivamos analisar a circulação de saberes sobre práticas higienistas, tomando como eixo as práticas corporais em um periódico estudantil da Escola Superior de Agricultura de Viçosa, em Minas Gerais (1940-1948). Para isso, tomamos como referência a operação historiográfica na produção de documentos, anunciada por Certeau (2015). Observamos que os pressupostos higienistas assumiram uma dupla função: veicular saberes sobre os cuidados do corpo em conformidade às pretensões dos higienistas brasileiros; e incentivar o uso das práticas corporais como uma ferramenta de cuidado higiênico. Consideramos que os saberes sobre as práticas buscavam circular uma formação higiênica moderna por meio da Educação Física e dos esportes, em favor do progresso nacional.

Guest Editorial: Ecological knowledge co‐production and the contested imaginaries of development in Southeast Asia

Guest Editorial: Ecological knowledge co‐production and the contested imaginaries of development in Southeast Asia

How studies on curare contributed to the development of neurophysiological research in Brazil

Curare is a poison obtained from different species of plants in South America, which was used in arrows by the natives. Its lethal paralyzing potential and mechanism of action began to be explored in the 19th century. In this article, we highlight the research on this poison and the fruitful exchanges between the Brazilian Emperor Dom Pedro II and the researchers João Baptista de Lacerda, Louis Couty and Alfred Vulpian who contributed to the development of experimental neurophysiology in Brazil. Vulpian found that curare does not affect the nerve itself, but acts between the nerves and the muscle, through a "ligand substance" - this Vulpian's pioneering concept is often wrongly attributed to Claude Bernard. These prestigious scientists contributed to the transnational circulation of knowledge that later yielded in the preparation of curare purified extract used for convulsive therapy and anesthesia.

Gentiluomo armato. Contesti militari della presenza degli studenti polacchi a Padova

Gentiluomo armato. Military Contexts of the Presence of Polish Students in Padua Studies in Padua became firmly established in Polish intellectual culture primarily as a place for the education of eminent representatives of the First Republic, from whom a rich writing legacy remains. Hence, among the wide range of so-called ‘Paduan’ people identified, writers and poets are associated with the Paduan Athenaeum in the first place, followed by medics, especially professors and lecturers at the Kraków Academy, or royal secretaries. The article addresses the hitherto overlooked issue of military education, and in the wider context of military culture, encountered by students arriving from Poland to a university city under the strict control of the Republic of Venice. Research in this area makes it possible to better understand not only, for example, the European circulation of knowledge on the art of fortification, but also the origins of the Zamoyski Academy or the sources of the assimilation of the idea of honour into Polish language and culture.

Key factors of nature-based tourism future development in less-developed nature destinations: Case study: Ardabil province of Iran

The study examines key factors influencing nature-based tourism (NBT) development in less-developed nature destinations, selecting Ardabil province of Iran as a case study. It employed a qualitative approach involving fifteen semi-structured interviews and thematic analysis. The study identified seven factors contributing to the development of NBT: tourism development requirements, new managerial initiatives, political support and planning, democratic approach, destination management, sustainability and awareness. The study highlights the importance of sustainability in shaping the future of NBT, which must be considered in policymaking and planning and environmental and climate change impact management. The study recommends knowledge circulation for effective future-based planning. The findings provide valuable insight into the factors required for NBT development at macro and micro levels and can assist DMOs and policymakers of less-developed nature destinations better underrated NBT destination management, allowing them to be better prepared for the future.

An Untypical Story of an Alsatian at the St Petersburg Court

The book about Louis Henri de Nicolay, a German-speaking poet from Strasbourg, is much more than a reconstruction of the biography of a “German in Russia”. The multi-author book edited by Rodolphe Baudin and Alexandra Veselova reveals the mechanisms underlying the functioning of intellectual ties between Alsace and Russia. Also, it demonstrates the “exemplary” and unique features of the personal history of a graduate of the University of Strasbourg, who became a tutor of the future Emperor Paul I and then president of the Academy of Sciences in St Petersburg. The authors show the life trajectory of Nicolay in the broad context of the tripartite cultural transfer between France, Germany, and Russia and of the “circulation of knowledge and people” in Europe as a whole. The multifaceted image of the Strasbourg intellectual is recreated through the analysis of his epistolary and poetic heritage, sources on the history of Mon Repos Park (Nicolay's estate near Vyborg), and the study of the mythologisation of his personality in Russian and Soviet culture. The publication of sources of personal origin makes the book more valuable. They are letters of Louis Henri de Nicolay, introduced into scholarly circulation and extensively commented on by the authors of the edition. This research appears to be a landmark in the historiography of intellectual connections in Europe during the Age of Enlightenment.

TRENDS IN SUSTAINABLE CIRCULAR EDUCATION TRANSFORMATION: A CASE OF FINLAND

The research presents the case study aimed at in-depth studying of experience of Finland in transition to sustainable circular economy and education. The country is chosen as it has become the first one in taking measures to integrate the Sustainable Development Goals into national economics and education. These two aspects are analysed to seek patterns and determine trends that can be generalised to other countries. The article investigates the currenttrends in the transition to sustainable circular economy and education in Finland on macro (the EU and the EHEA) and micro levels (participants of the educational process – national government, the labour market and higher education). Particular attention is paid to higher education and the labour market interaction – key actors enhancing decent work and economic growth as well as environmental awareness. Among the trends in higher education, there are the following: introduction of the circular economy principles in education, compliance of training with the goals of circular economy transformation, digitalisation of educational services at all levels of education, higher education modification, the new paradigm of teaching and learning,circulation of knowledge and skills, changing the composition and role of participants in the educational process. Finally, the research results in recommendations to encourage higher education importance in developing a high level of environmental knowledge, environmental awareness and culture among students and society in perspective.

Epistemology of the side effect: anecdote and evidence in the digital age

Through the history of rxisk.org, this article explores some of the Web’s effects on the production and circulation of pharmaceutical knowledge. RxISK is an independent website that solicits reports from patients in order to uncover drug-induced harms which clinical trials and national pharmacovigilance schemes fail to identify. The first part of the article locates the origins of the project in the nearly 15-year struggle to obtain recognition and redress for one particular side effect of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants—their ability to trigger violent or suicidal behavior. That struggle, I show, brought to light the ways in which modern evidence-making practices obscure the harms of pharmacological treatment. The second part, based on interviews with the site’s creators, examines how RxISK’s data collection practices seek to convert the Web from a site for the circulation of misinformation into a usable source of new knowledge about drugs. The project’s originality, I argue, lies in its effort to reframe the relation between anecdote and evidence so as to liberate the patient’s voice from the burden of representativeness. Within this reframed epistemology, the project is also freed from the imperative of large-scale data extraction that increasingly dominates the economy of digital health.

Relocating education in the history of science and technology

ABSTRACT This paper reviews the current position of the history of education within the existing historiography of science and technology, and argues for the relocation of education from the periphery of the history of science and technology to its centre. It claims that it is essential to study science education in its entirety and complexity if we want to understand the generation, reproduction, circulation and transformation of scientific and technological knowledge, practices, practitioners and objects inside and outside of scientific institutions and communities. Four relocations are proposed: first, placing the history of education at the centre of our understanding of history of science and technology; second, acknowledging the diversity and heterogeneity of science and technology education; third, placing material culture at the centre of our histories of science and technology education; and, finally, provincialising Europe and North America in the history of science and technology education.

Technology as a Woman’s Call: The Efforts of the Fredrika Bremer Association to Promote Women’s Education in Technology 1978–1999

In 1978, Sweden’s oldest women’s organisation, the Fredrika Bremer Association (FBF), organised an event on women and technology. This was the first event of its kind in Sweden and it was met with great interest. Consequently, it became a recurring annual event until the late 1990s. At a time when the computerisation of society precipitated a response from the Swedish state, labour market parties and civil society, the FBF became an authority in the area of technology and gender equality. Framed within the field of history of knowledge, this article claims that the FBF sought to redefine the concept of technology to include what they considered to be female features. They circulated this new definition in the school system and among the broader society. The FBF has been overlooked as a relevant actor in the circulation of technology knowledge, even though it played a significant role in the discussion of women and computer technology in Sweden from the late 1970s to the late 1990s.

American Fiction and Cultural Transfer: An Arabic Perspective to Alan Lightman, Ernest Hemingway, and Mark Twain

Our article deals with the complexities of the process of reception of American fiction in the Arab world, viewed as cultural transfer, closely related with the circulation of knowledge between the Arab countries and the Western world, in which the Arabic rendering mediates between cultures by a process of interpretation and paraphrasing of the text in the sourcelanguage. We carefully consider the process of Arabization, and the strategies of domestication and foreignization as defined by Lawrence Venuti. Ample space is devoted to the contributions of two emblematic translators from English into Arabic: dr. Ali Al-Qasimi and his theory of translation as naturalization, and Ihsan Abbas. The practical examples have been chosen from the Arabic renderings of Alan Lightman’s Einstein’s Dreams, Ernest Hemingway’s The Old Man and the Sea, Mark Twain’s The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.

Forced Migration of Displaced Scholars in the 20th Century and Its Impact in the Circulation of Knowledge and Ideas

Forced Migration of Displaced Scholars in the 20th Century and Its Impact in the Circulation of Knowledge and Ideas

The Storm Map as Digital Ambiguity

This article focuses on how digital platforms mediate disasters in the form of storm maps generating struggles over knowledge and authority. We focus on the dissemination of storm maps during Hurricane Dorian, one of the most severe hurricanes on record, as an example of an environmental disaster event that was widely circulated for public consumption. The storm map has become one of the most significant artifacts of the information age. Digital means now transcend the typical uses of the storm map as a guide to disaster planning, leading to two forms of digital ambiguity: hegemonic ambiguity and popular ambiguity. Hegemonic ambiguity refers to the uses of political power through digital tools to disrupt knowledge circulation and scientific legitimacy. Popular ambiguity involves digital technologies increasing the sheer number of perspectives by localizing representations. Actors incorporate smart phones, drones, and photogrammetric, remote-sensing, and GIS software into heterogeneous manifestations of the storm map. The comparison between these two forms of ambiguity demonstrates how digital platforms transform the underlying structure of authority, alter connections between knowledge production and dissemination, and multiply how disaster-related events are represented and interpreted throughout society.

Displaying Archaeology and Circulating Knowledge

Abstract This article explores the role of archaeological exhibitions organized at international archaeological congresses in the circulation of scientific knowledge in the nineteenth century. It does so through the case study of the exhibition organized at the 8th Congrès international d’anthropologie et d’archéologie préhistoriques (CIAAP; International Congress of Prehistoric Anthropology and Archaeology) which was held in the Hungarian National Museum in Budapest, Hungary, in 1876. The article discusses the exhibition’s curation and impact by analyzing key publications, newspaper articles, and archival documents. It examines the exhibitors’ backgrounds, along with the selection and arrangement of the displayed objects. It also highlights the exhibition’s press coverage and the discussions it generated among the international and domestic participants. The article concludes that the exhibition contributed to creating international scholarly networks, multi- and pluridisciplinary collaborations, as well as international visibility and public support for prehistoric archaeology in Hungary.

Between the History of the Earth and the History of Men

Abstract This article aims at deconstructing the transdisciplinary circulation of knowledge between scientists and society in Liberal Italy. More specifically, I discuss the diffusion of human prehistoric studies in the first decades after the Unification of Italy (1861) and the important role thereby played by mountaineering. Particular attention will be paid to the following issues: 1) the mediating role played by geologists in the process of spreading knowledge about prehistoric archeology; 2) the impact of this interdisciplinary link between prehistoric archeology and geology in the creation of the interchange between archeologists and society.

Analysis of Open Science Policy Recommendations Proposed in India’s 5th Science, Technology & Innovation Policy Draft

One of the core principles of science is to aid socio-economic growth. Open science is a movement that reinforces the primacy of science in the direction of economic and social welfare. UNESCO's recommendation on open science aims to provide an international framework for open science policy and practice. It endorses unrestricted access to scholarly publications and data, the use of digital technologies to drive scientific processes, more collaboration and cooperation among the actors in the scientific ecosystem, sharing of research infrastructure, acknowledgment of diverse knowledge systems, and science for society. Open science could enable a productive science ecosystem in global south countries through efficient knowledge circulation, resource sharing, and collaboration. Analysis of open science policy from a global south country can provide valuable insights. India is preparing to adopt an open science framework recommended in the 5th Science, Technology, and Innovation Policy (STIP) draft, released in December 2020. The STIP draft recommends open access to articles and research data from publicly funded projects, access to research infrastructure beyond the boundary of academic and research institutions, strengthening of Indian journals, and open educational resources. However, the draft lacks an exhaustive implementation plan. The draft falls short in devising strategies to foster collaboration between actors of the STI ecosystem, the inclusion of traditional knowledge systems, and society's role in knowledge creation processes. The science policymakers and advisers of the Department of Science and Technology and the government of India should probe these areas to develop a more effective and inclusive open science framework.

Restoring the river, restoring relations: on Anishinaabe artist Michael Belmore’s stone series, Replenishment

In his work and creative practice, Anishinaabe artist Michael Belmore shows that materials have language and rock tells a story. Belmore’s land-based installation on Manitoulin Island, a three-part granite series titled, Replenishment, tells a story about place that is activated by relationship and reciprocity between people and with the Earth. It reinscribes Indigenous presence on the land, rewrites settler-colonial narratives about place, and broadens the scope and intent of ecological restoration. Drawing on my interactions with the artist and his work during the 2017 Manitoulin Island Summer Historical Institute, a field school on Anishinaabe history, I explore the circulation of knowledge and agency in an Anishinaabe world and consider relationship as essential to decolonizing geography’s engagement with Indigenous peoples and territories. Through rock as mnemonic device, Belmore demonstrates the restorative power of subtle and not so subtle acts of interconnection and relationship.