Circular Paper Chromatography Research Articles

Evaluation of Vermicompost Maturity Using Scanning Electron Microscopy and Paper Chromatography Analysis

Vermicompost was produced from flower waste inoculated with biofertilizers using the earthworm Eisenia fetida. Principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA) were carried out on the basis of physicochemical parameters of vermicomposted samples. From the results of the PCA and CA, it was possible to classify two different groups of vermicompost samples in the following categories: E2 and E5; and E1, E3, E4, and control. Scanning electron microscopy and biodynamic circular paper chromatography analysis were used to investigate the changes in surface morphology and functional groups in the control and vermicompost products. SEM analysis of E1-E5 shows more fragment and pores than the control. Chromatographic analysis of vermicompost indicated the mature condition of the compost materials.

Nutritional quality and acceptability of organic and conventional foods

Organic agriculture is a production system which excludes the use of synthetically compounded fertilizers, pesticides, growth regulators and livestock feed additives. It is a holistic form of agriculture, incorporating modern science based methods of production as well as ancient knowledge. Organic farming is also known as Eco-farming. The present study compares the selected nutrients like carbohydrate, protein and minerals in the selected organic and conventional nuts (groundnuts, cashew nuts and almonds), dry grapes, sugar and jaggery. Holistic analytical techniques were used to visualize the qualitative difference among organic and conventional foods. Circular paper chromatography method was used for holistic analysis. Their acceptability in terms of overall qualities like, colour, appearance, texture, flavour and taste was also assessed through a panel of 15 judges using a standard score card. The results showed that there was a significant difference in the nutritional quality and acceptability of organic foods selected for the study as compared to conventional counterparts. Holistic analysis showed significant difference in the chromas of organic foods compared to conventional foods in terms of concentric rings, spokes and colour. In conclusion, it can be strongly stated that organic foods showed a significant difference in their nutritional quality and acceptability as compared to conventional foods.

20] Taurine-glutamate transaminase

This chapter provides an overview of taurine–glutamate transaminase. Taurine:α-ketoglutrate aminotransferase catalyzes the transamination of taurine with α-ketoglutarate to yield sulfoacetaldehyde and L-glutamate, and the reverse reaction. The assay method is based on the measurement of glutamate or sulfoacetaldehyde. Glutamate is determined with ninhydrin after the separation by circular paper chromatography. Sulfoacetaldehyde is determined by the reaction with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine, or o-aminobenzaldehyde in the presence of glycine. The purification procedure consists of several steps including preparation of crude extract, diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-cellulose column chromatography, first sephadex G-150 column chromatography, hydroxylapatite column chromatography, and ammonium sulfate fractionation. The crystalline enzyme is homogeneous by the criteria of ultracentrifugation and disc gel electrophoresis. The sedimentation coefficient of the enzyme is determined to be 9.1 S. The taurine transaminase activity is found only in the extracts of Achromobacter superficialis ICR B-89 and Achromobacter polymorph ICR B-88. The enzyme activity is induced by β-alanine, but not by taurine.

The Chromatographic Separation of Some Transitional Metal Ions in the Presence of Organic Hydroxamic Acids

Abstract Use of organic hydroxamic acids for detection and separation of metals by circular paper chromatography was successfully applied to various metals. Salicylhydroxamic acid in the presence of isopropyl and isobutyl alcohols was found to give the best results. No developer to process the chromatograms is necessary because the metal hydroxamic acid complexes separate as distinctly colored bands.

Studies on the phytoplankton ecology of the trondheemsfjord. II. Chloroplast pigments in relation to abundance and physiological state of the phytoplankton

The quantitative composition of the chloroplast pigments of phytoplankton sampled weekly at one station in the Trondheimsfjord was studied by circular paper chromatography throughout 18 months. The concentrations of total chlorophyll a (T-chl a obtained by the trichromatic method) as well as of chromatographically purified chlorophyll a (chl a) followed the variations in phytoplankton concentration. Two spring blooms and a weak autumn flowering of phytoplankton were clearly reflected in the pigment contents found, namely 14–16 mg T-chl a/ m 3 for the spring maxima, corresponding to nearly 300 mg T-chl a/ m 2 for the euphotic zone; and 3–4 mg/m 3 or 32 mg/m 2 for the autumn peak. The concentrations between blooms amounted to ≈ 1 mg T-chl a/ m 3, while concentrations down to 0.03 mg/m 3 were found for winter samples. The content of T-chl a was high in diatom cells prior to a bloom (20–40 × 10 −9 mg/cell). During rapid growth (a more or less exponential phase) the cell content of chloroplast pigments decreased (to 5–10 × 10 −9 mg). No degradation product of chlorophylls could be detected during this phase and the percentage of chl a (of T-chl a) was high (70–80 %). At the peak of the bloom, and especially when the nitrate content in the surrounding water had been exhausted, low values for T-chl a were found ( 0.3–0.5 × 10 9 ̄ mg/cell ). As soon as the cell counts started to fall, or even before the decline could be clearly detected, the percentage of chl a dropped (to 40-20 %) and derived chlorophylls (not phaeophytin a) were present in the samples. Model studies with cultured algae showed a similar behaviour. It is concluded that the proportion of chl a to T-chl a and the occurrence of chlorophyll derivatives in phytoplankton samples can give valuable information on the stage of development of the algal populations involved.

Aluminon as an organic reagent

Studies on the qualities of seventeen samples of aluminon, including those synthesized by the authors, have been made by comparing their absorption characteristics involving the linearity of calibration curves obtained, by their use in Al determination. The stability of their aqueous solutions against time and light has also been examined, and their chromatographic behaviors have been compared for impurities.It has been found that the quality of aluminon can be improved by the extraction of impurities with hot ethanol, and that it becomes quite stable against time and light. According to the results of circular paper chromatography, the impurities contained in the samples are believed to have come from side reactions in their preparation.

The determination of 4-aminobiphenyl in refined aniline

A method has been developed for the determination of from 2 mg per litre, upwards, of 4-aminobiphenyl in refined aniline. The bulk of the aniline is separated by distilling the sample in the presence of paraffin wax, which retains 75 per cent. of the 4-aminobiphenyl. An acid extract of the distillation residue is diazotised and coupled with sodium 2-naphthol 3, 6-disulphonate (R-salt). The dyestuffs resulting from 4-aminobiphenyl and residual aniline are separated by circular-paper chromatography, and the former is determined by visual comparison of the corresponding ring on the chromatogram with standards prepared from aniline containing known concentrations of 4-aminobiphenyl.

Semiquantitative Determination of Impurities in Bisphenol A by Circular Paper Chromatography.

Semiquantitative Determination of Impurities in Bisphenol A by Circular Paper Chromatography.

STUDIES ON CHOANEPHORACEAE. VI. THE UTILIZATION OF MONO- AND OLIGOSACCHARIDES.

The utilization of some mono- and oligosaccharides by the members of Choanephoraceae has been studied in detail. The filtrate was analysed by using circular paper chromatography. Amongst the seven monosaccharides tested, viz., glucose, galactose, fructose, mannose, xylose, sorbose and rhamnose, the first five were completely utilized within the specified period, while sorbose and rhamnose remained in the medium throughout the incubation period. A mixture of glucose, galactose and fructose was found to support better growth of all the present species, than that when these sugars were supplied singly. Out of the four oligosaccharides tested, only maltose could be hydrolysed, and it was completely consumed within the specified period. The other three oligosaccharides, viz., sucrose, lactose and raffinose were not hydrolysed and they remained in the medium throughout the incubation period.

HIGH-RESOLUTION SCREENING OF AMINO-ACIDURIAS.

Hereditary defects in amino acid metabolism are involved in several neurological disorders, 1,5,7,14,17,22 and the urinary excretion pattern has been shown to be a useful diagnostic aid. 9 Qualification of the amino acid content of a sample can best be done on an automatic analyzer. However, this technique requires 24 16 to 48 hours 19 for each assay for physiological fluids, with only one sample being examined at a time. This approach is unsuitable for the large-scale study of clinical populations. A screening procedure is necessary so that large numbers of patients can be routinely examined and those with a frankly normal distribution pattern eliminated without time-consuming quantitative analysis. Rapidity and small expense have encouraged the use of circular paper chromatography as a screening technique, 6 but this approach sacrifices resolution for speed. The group separation that is achieved is often inadequate. Thin-layer chromatography, 20 as a routine tool

STUDIES ON ASPERGILLI X.: UTILIZATION OF POLYSACCHARIDES

The utilization of starch, dextrin, inulin, and glycogen by A. clavatus Desmazieres, A. sclerotiorum Huber, A. indicus Mehrotra and Agnihotri, and A. allahabadii Mehrotra and Agnihotri was studied through circular paper chromatography. These polysaccharides were evidently assimilated through transglycosidation. It was noticed that these fungi, during the process of utilization of these polysaccharides, produced some additional oligosaccharides some of which could not be identified.All four molds showed better growth on starch, dextrin, and glycogen than on glucose (final hydrolytic product of these polysaccharides); however, these organisms showed better growth on fructose than on inulin.

The Detection of Amino-acids, Free and Combined, in Certain Marine Algae by the Use of Circular-Paper Chromatography

The Detection of Amino-acids, Free and Combined, in Certain Marine Algae by the Use of Circular-Paper Chromatography

NUTRITIONAL STUDIES OF SOME MEMBERS OF MUCORALES. IV. 1. SUGARS, AMINO- AND ORGANIC ACIDS OF THE MYCELIUM.

The sugars and amino acids of the fungal mycelium of six species of the order Mucorales were determined with the use of two-dimensional as well as circular paper chromatography. A critical survey of the above conclusions revealed that aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine and serine and α-alanine were found in either free and bound form. Glutamine and arginine were absent in bound form. Threonine, histidine, isoleucine and tryptophane were absent in the ethanol soluble fraction. The presence and absence of certain amino acids in these species are good subsidiary characters for distinguishing one of them from the other.

Periodic Studies of the Proteins, Peptides, and Free Amino-Acids in Enteromorpha prolifera f. capillaris and Ulva lactuca var. rigida

The technique of circular paper chromatography was used in the analysis of free amino-acids and amino-acid constituents of proteins and peptides in Enteromorpha prolifera f. capillaris and Ulva lactuca var. rigida collected from Bombay at fortnightly intervals. The amino-acids present in the proteins at different stages of algal grwoth remained the same; but quantitative variations in composition were usually observed, and these were independent of the age of the plant. Significant quantitative and qualitative variations were observed in the amino-acids of the peptides and in the free state, but variations were usually independent of the age of the plant. However, in Enteromorpha prolifera f. capillaris, leucine(s), proline, and valine in the peptides, and serine in the free state were found to increase with the age of the plant. Of the amino-acids recorded in the proteins, homocystine was not found in the peptide hydrolysates or among the free amino-acids. Tryptophan was absent from the peptides. Cysteric acid was found in the peptides and in the free state, and asparagine in the free state only.

An antibiotic complex (A4788) containing Streptothricin and having activity against powdery mildews

AbstractA number of Streptomyces strains producing streptothricin‐like antibiotics have been examined, and their products compared with known members of this group. Circular paper chromatography has indicated that these antibiotics are mixtures of up to six components with high antibacterial and antifungal activity. Components separated by column chromatography and tested against powdery mildews on plants showed eradicant and protective action. Very high antimildew activity was found in a major component D and also in component F which corresponded to streptothricin. More detailed work showed that some of these components could be fractionated further. Details of the cultures and methods of fermentation and extraction are given.

Separation of Amino-Acids by Circular Paper Chromatography

Separation of Amino-Acids by Circular Paper Chromatography

Studies on Aspergilli (V.) Utilization of Monosaccharides by Some Ascosporic Members of the Aspergillus nidulans group.

The utilization of seven monosaccharides by A. nidulans (E idam ) W int , A. rugulosus T hom and R aper , A. quadrilineatus T hom and R aper , A. variecolor (B erk , and B r .) T hom and R aper and A. violaceus F ennell and R aper was studied in detail. Circular paper chromatography was employed for daily analysis of the medium. Most of the monosaccharides were found to be favourable sources of carbon. Sorbose, when supplied in combination with different monosaccharides sufficiently slowed down the rate of utilization of rhamnose and arabinose of all the species tried. However, by its presence the rate of utilization of xylose by A. nidulans, A. rugulosus and A. quadrilineatus and glucose by A. variecolor and A. quadrilineatus was enhanced.

Wick systems in circular paper chromatography

Wick systems in circular paper chromatography

Application of reversed phase circular paper chromatography to the analysis of higher fatty acids

A detailed study of various reversed phase systems for the qualitative analysis of fatty acids has been made and it has been shown, among other things, that the liquid paraffin-aqueous methanol system is a most convenient one.The details of a fairly simple and rapid method for the quantitative estimation of higher fatty acids have also been discussed.

Circular Paper Chromatography as a Simple Analytical Method for Fatty Acids and Glycerides

A simple and rapid method for the separation and identification of fatty acids and glycerides has been developed by using circular paper chromatography. Petroleum hydrocarbon, dodecylbenzene, and tetralin were used as the stationary solvents. As the developing solvents, 90% acetic acid and methanol-acetic acid, both saturated with a stationary solvent, were suitable for the separations of fatty acids and of glycerides respectively. The fatty acids were detected on paper by successive treatment with 0.5% lead acetate, water, and ammonium sulfide solution. The selective detection of unsaturated acids by spraying with a 2% solution of iodine in ethanol was also applied. The separation of various “critical partners” of fatty acids was achieved by the method of double development, involving the first low-temperature development with petroleum ether under dry ice and the second reversed-phase development with the usual solvent systems at room temperature. The unsaturated glycerides were chromatographed as their mercuric acetate addition compounds, and were detected by spraying with a 0.2% solution of diphenylcarbazone in ethanol or by soaking in a Sudan black solution. The clear-cut separations of fatty acids and glycerides into their homologs can be attained by these circular chromatographic techniques, since the separation of unsaturated triglycerides mainly depends on their unsaturation and that of mono-, di-, and triglycerides mainly depends on the number of their free hydroxyl groups. This method was successfully applied to the analysis of various fats, fatty acids, and their products, and was confirmed to be of great value as a simple, rapid, and practical method for their analysis.