Circular Mobility Research Articles

Study on electronic properties of diamond/SiNx-coated AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors operating up to 500 °C

We report on the research related to integration and characterization of AlGaN/GaN heterostructure-based circular high electron mobility transistors (c-HEMTs) with diamond thin films. Prior to diamond deposition the transistors were coated by thin SiNx layer in order to protect AlGaN/GaN heterostructure from deposition process impact. The diamond thin film was selectively grown on the top of SiNx-coated c-HEMTs using low-pressure low-temperature microwave plasma deposition equipment with substrate table 20 × 30 cm2 from C/O/H gas mixture. We demonstrate the functionality of the diamond/SiNx-coated and the SiNx-coated AlGaN/GaN-based c-HEMTs in the temperature range from room temperature to 500 °C. The electrical measurements revealed increase of c-HEMTs' leakage currents at reversed gate voltages after diamond deposition, although the transistors remained operable in the tested temperature range. The increase of gate leakage currents and thus more negative pinch-off voltages were attributed to hydrogen penetrated towards AlGaN/GaN interface during the 60 h deposition process despite the SiNx protection. The influence of temperature rise on electronic properties of the diamond/SiNx-coated and the SiNx-coated AlGaN/GaN-based c-HEMTs is discussed.

MOBILITAS SIRKULER DI DESA SEA SATU KECAMATAN PINELENG KABUPATEN MINAHASA

This study aims to determine the circular mobility that occurs in the Sea Satu Village, Pineleng Sub-district of Minahasa Regency, based on several aspects. The data needed to answer for the objectives is primary data and secondary data. Data were collected from direct interviews with respondents, as well as other data taken directly at the Village Head Office. The data were analyzed descriptively and described based on aspects related to circular mobility in this Sea Satu Village. The characteristics of circular mobility practitioners in Desa Sea Satu Village are due to aspects of age, gender, number of family members, education level, occupation type (TNI/POLRI), civil servant, private employee, entrepreneur, Honorer, Craftman, Driver and Ojek) , the number of dependents. The incentive factors are the types of transportation, mileage, and the towing factors are the status of home ownership, and the cost of living.*jnkd*.

Improving Surveys Through Ethnography: Insights from India’s Urban Periphery

How can ethnographic research improve surveys? I illustrate the benefit of sustained qualitative research on survey design and implementation with reference to my own study of a neglected urban population: internal migrants. Such migrants are an important part of expanding South Asian and African cities. The informality and circular mobility of these populations prevent researchers from accessing them through traditional residence-based surveys. Scant existing knowledge weakens our ability to design theoretically precise and contextually appropriate survey instruments for these understudied communities, particularly cognitively demanding survey experiments to assess political attitudes. I argue that ethnographic fieldwork can help researchers address insufficient access and weak ecological and construct validity. I substantiate these arguments with data and insights from 15 months of fieldwork among circular urban migrants in India. First, I show how ethnography can help design context-sensitive sampling strategies that mitigate concerns of inadequate coverage, high non-response, and inefficiency. Second, I show how ethnography can be used to improve the ecological and construct validity of survey-based experiments. Finally, I show how such ethnographic innovations can be applied beyond the study population that inspired them. Sustained qualitative fieldwork can thus improve survey-based research on political behavior on neglected communities across the global south.

Servant mobilities between Fiji and New Zealand: the transcolonial politics of domestic work and immigration restriction, c.1870–1920

In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Europeans travelling beyond Fiji were often accompanied by Melanesian, Indian or Indigenous Fijian servants. Occasionally, families resident in the Australasian settler colonies also hired servants, mostly men, from Fiji. This article traces such patterns of transcolonial domestic labour mobility, and highlights instances of servants challenging employer controls and seeking out more autonomous futures. Viewed together, these fragmentary histories suggest possibilities for juxtaposing and integrating temporary, short-term and circular transcolonial mobilities that tend to be overlooked in nation-centred histories of immigration and colonial domesticity.

Effects of Economic Crisis on International Circulators to Hungary

Circular mobilities have become frequent during the era of globalisation. This contribution provides empirical evidence relevant to the long-term international circular migrants admitted into Hungary in economic crisis period 2009-2012 in comparison with before decline of 2006-2008. The principal aim of this paper is to quantify some socio-demographic effects of economic crisis on the international circulators. Initially, we define the circulation within the conceptual framework between the continuum of transnationalism and translocalism. This is achieved by performing the critical literature review on definitions of circulation followed by the international migration and economic contexts. Then we analyse macro-scale data set on long-term international circular migrants based on an original statistical method. In the light of absolute and relative indicators we study changes in time series of circulators in comparison with first immigrants as reference group. We seek to gain insight into the change of socio-demographic composition of international circulators by gender, age and family status. We embed the empirical results into the recent migratory context and try to find possible explanations and interpretations of the effects measured. Lastly, we guess a new characteristic of multiple movers, namely international circulators are partially resistant to some negative effects of economic crisis.

Circular Mobility and Neo-Paganism (Estonian Case)

Circular Mobility and Neo-Paganism (Estonian Case)

Rural-urban migrants, translocal communities and the myth of return migration in Vanuatu: the case of Paama

Urbanization in Vanuatu has increased rapidly in recent decades. Circular mobility has gradually given way to urban permanence as second and third generations grow up in urban centres. Migrants from the small outer island of Paama are numerically significant in the capital Port Vila with more Paamese living there than in their ‘home’ island. Few have returned to Paama, despite a substantial proportion of all generations professing intentions to do so, ‘one day’, after other goals had been realised, while maintaining economic and social ties with island residents. Constraints to return included secure urban employment and housing, access to education and health services, the location of kin, fear of sorcery and intermarriage with people from other islands, while few welcomed the challenges of returning to more subsistence–oriented livelihoods and lifestyles. Those who had returned to Paama were mainly individuals with particular social status in island life, rather than people seeking to develop economic opportunities, on an island where employment and other economic activities are scarce, and carrying capacity limited.

Managing intra-EU mobility\u2014do WHO principles of ethical recruitment have relevance?

BackgroundThe WHO Global Code of Practice on the International Recruitment of Health Personnel provides for guidance in health workforce management and cooperation in the international context. This article aims to examine whether the principles of the voluntary WHO Global Code of Practice can be applied to trigger health policy decisions within the EU zone of free movement of persons.MethodsIn the framework of the Joint Action on European Health Workforce Planning and Forecasting project (Grant Agreement: JA EUHWF 20122201 (see healthworkforce.eu)), focus group discussions were organised with over 30 experts representing ministries, universities and professional and international organisations. Ideas were collected about the applicability of the principles and with the aim to find EU law compatible, relevant solutions using a qualitative approach based on a standardised, semi-structured interview guide and pre-defined statements.ResultsBased on implementation practices summarised, focus group experts concluded that positive effects of adhering to the Code can be identified and useful ideas—compatible with EU law—exist to manage intra-EU mobility. The most relevant areas for intervention include bilateral cooperations, better use of EU financial resources, improved retention and integration policies and better data flow and monitoring.Improving retention is of key importance; however, ethical considerations should also apply within the EU. Compensation of source countries can be a solution to further elaborate on when developing EU financial mechanisms. Intra-EU circular mobility might be feasible and made more transparent if directed by tailor-made, institutional-level bilateral cooperations adjusted to different groups and profiles of health professionals. Integration policies should be improved as discrimination still exists when offering jobs despite the legal environment facilitating the recognition of professional qualifications. A system of feedback on registration/licencing data should be promoted providing for more evidence on intra-EU mobility and support its management.ConclusionsWorkforce planning in EU Member States can be supported, and more equitable distribution of the workforce can be provided by building policy decisions on the principles of the WHO Code. Political commitment has to be strengthened in EU countries to adopt implementation solutions for intra-EU problems. Long-term benefits of respecting global principles of the Code should be better demonstrated in order to incentivise all parties to follow such long-term objectives.

Ir/Al multilayer Gates for High Temperature Operated AlGaN/GaN HEMTs

The fabrication and characterization of the sequentially evaporated Ir/Al multilayer gates of AlGaN/GaN circular high electron mobility transistors formed by high temperature oxidation is reported. Annealing at temperature of 800 °C, for 60 s in O2 ambient makes possible to form a sharp gate interface with a high Schottky barrier height at RT (φb = 1.2 eV). It is also shown that high temperature oxidation can be an effective approach in reducing of both the gate and drain leakage currents of high electron mobility transistors (more than six orders). A comprehensive microstructural, electrical, and electro‐thermal characterization of the Ir/Al gates is carried out to study the thermal stability of the gate interface and high temperature performance of the devices. Stable operation of the devices with multilayer Ir/Al gates in the temperature range up to 500 °C is demonstrated. Here, it is proposed that the thermal stability of the interface is controlled by the formed aluminum oxide interfacial layer. Finally, perfectly clear pinch‐off characteristics and thermally induced threshold voltage (Vth) instability as low as −0.58 mV °C−1 are achieved.

The intra-EU mobility regime: Differentiation, stratification and contradictions

This article analyses the contested nature of the contemporary intra-EU mobility regime after the EU enlargement of 2004 and 2007. Migration from the new EU member states in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) has evolved into one of the main migration flows within Europe, especially to Northern and Western European countries. We will analyse three dimensions of the contested nature of the intra-EU mobility regime. Firstly, we show that the current regime has contributed to a highly diverse and complex nature of contemporary labour migration. Research shows that CEE labour migrants engage in circular and temporary labour mobility, but also in midterm and long-term settlement migration. This diversity challenges contemporary (local) integration policies. Secondly, we address forms of civic stratification, which has become an important dimension of social inequality in Europe. Civic stratification is the result of inequalities in de jure entitlements to social and economic rights or in de facto access to EU citizens' rights. Thirdly, we deal with the contradictions between governance responses to intra-EU mobility at different levels of government. In particular, a paradigm conflict has emerged between the intra-EU 'mobility' frame, which defines free movement primarily as a neo-liberal, economic form of mobility by EU citizens to address temporary unbalances in European labour markets, and the local governance strategies driven by a more 'settlement' frame of intra-EU 'migration' which focuses on integration-related concerns.

In and out from the European margins: reshuffling mobilities and legal statuses of Romani minorities between the Post-Yugoslav space and the European Union

ABSTRACTThis paper traces the mobilities of Romani minorities between the ‘old’ EU Member States and the non-EU Post-Yugoslav space. It unravels how the mobilities of Romani individuals, who are Non-EU Post-Yugoslav citizens, were different from the mobilities of Roma coming from other post-socialist spaces, now EU Member States. Instead of focusing on motivations for mobility of Romani individuals as some previous work has done, this paper investigates the treatment of these mobilities by different states and the legal statuses these states ascribe to those labelled as Romani migrants. By using the combination historical and socio-legal analysis, this paper diachronically examines the precarious migrant statuses of Post-Yugoslav Romani minorities in the old EU, such as Yugoslav labour migrants, Post-Yugoslav forced migrants and subsequently the ‘bogus’ asylum seekers. The paper points to the interconnectedness of these statuses, but also to their interminable liminality: they are constantly on the verge of being rendered ‘illegal’ and are hence subject to deportability. I claim that while their legal statuses are being reshuffled, their liminality and interconnectedness also contribute to circular mobilities between the Post-Yugoslav space and the EU. I investigate how these mobilities are not only socially produced, but are also legally and politically conditioned by the hierarchical relationship between the Post-Yugoslav space and the EU. As a side effect of this relationship, Roma are positioned as a racialized minority, treated only as temporary migrants in their ‘host country’ and without prospects of inclusion in their ‘country of origin’ as minority citizens.

„Hát megpróbálunk küzdeni”: átalakuló boldogulási stratégiák Kárpátalján az Euromajdan után

Ukrajna közelmúltbeli viharos története politikai, gazdasági és társadalmi válsághoz vezetett az ország egészében és vizsgálati terepünkön, Kárpátalján is. A katonai konfliktus, a behívók, valamint az egyre mélyülő gazdasági válság jelentősen átalakította a 2014 előtti boldogulási stratégiákat, felerősítve a külföldre irányuló migrációt – etnikai hovatartozástól függetlenül.Tanulmányunk mintegy gyorsjelentésként arra vállalkozik, hogy átfogó képet adjon Kárpátalja jelenlegi helyzetéről, valamint az elmúlt három évben végbement, a magyar közösséget érintő markáns változásokról. Fő célunk annak bemutatása, hogy az Ukrajna területén bekövetkezett bel- és geopolitikai események (Euromajdan, a Krím elvesztése, kelet-ukrajnai fegyveres konfliktus) hogyan alakították át Kárpátalján az egyéni és családi boldogulási mintázatokat, köztük a tanulmányunk fókuszában álló migrációs stratégiákat és a magyar–ukrán határon átnyúló informális kapcsolatokat. Írásunkban külön kitérünk Magyarország támogatáspolitikájának migrációt ösztönző avagy fékező hatásaira.A 2016 tavaszán végzett terepmunkánk alapján kijelenthetjük, hogy a korábban sem elhanyagolható mértékű mobilitás és a határhoz kötődő informális gazdasági stratégiák – mint önálló vagy kiegészítő bevételszerzési lehetőségek – felerősödtek Kárpátalján. A helyiek mobilitási stratégiáinak meghatározó jellemzője a cirkularitás, mind a külföldi munkavállalás, mind a határon átívelő rendszeres mozgások (pl. ingázás, csempészés, kiskereskedelem) esetében, de egyre erősödő forma a végleges kitelepedés is. Mindezen mozgásokat jelentősen megkönnyítették a magyar nemzetpolitika egyes lépései, különösen a magyar állampolgárság egyszerűsített megszerzésének lehetősége.

Gender and youth migration for empowerment: migration trends from Tanzania

Migration remains a central concern in urbanisation, especially in Africa. With mobility, and migration, articulated as norms of the twenty-first century this paper introduces a focus on trending realities. The paper describes the migration to and from the rural hinterland of a medium-sized African city in Tanzania. By asking questions on migration trends within livelihoods, this project identifies the emerging demographic patterns, and geographies, within Tanzania. Analysis was carried out on a Health and Demographic Surveillance Site (HDSS) database. The HDSS site data provides an overview of population movement in, out, and within, Kisesa, Tanzania. The results raise discussion concerning what mobility means and the connections between migration and urbanisation. The results raise two key points. Certain factors increase the ‘risk’ of migration: age, sex, place of residence, and being able to migrate individually. These risk factors as interconnected. Results highlight the need for a gender and age sensitive approach with feminising, and youthful, migration trends identified. Secondly, migration is not necessarily rural-urban, but rather increasingly involve local movements within the Kisesa ward and circular mobilities’.

KARAKTERISTIK TENAGA KERJA PELAKU MOBILITAS SIRKULER DI KECAMATAN KALAWAT KABUPATEN MINAHASA UTARA

This research aims to study the characteristics of circular mobility labor actors in Sub-district of Kalawat and what the encouraging and binding factors that affect labor circular mobility. The data used in this study are primary data and secondary data. The variables used in this study is the characteristics of respondents, the reason for doing the circular mobility, factors that encourage circular mobility, and the binding factor in the area of origin. Data analysis techniques in this research is descriptive and data presented in table format.The results of this study indicate that there is a dominant factor driving of labor force in the Sub-district of Kalawat to do circular mobility such as: education, transportation, and mileage. While the factors that bind labor circular mobility to remain in the Sub-district of Kalawat is the status of home ownership and living expenses.

Characterization of tRNALeu binding interactions with Cu2 + and Pb2 + and their biological implications

RNA is known to interact with Mg2+ when assuming higher-ordered tertiary configurations. Structurally, when tRNA molecules interact with Mg2+, they consistently form a “L-shape” conformation each time they are synthesized. Therefore, if Mg2+ can induce tertiary structure formation, then binding to alternative cations could produce alternative tertiary configurations. By utilizing circular dichroism and mobility gel-shift assays it was observed that tRNA structure can be altered when in the presence of different divalent cationic species. Formation of these alternative structural configurations was further validated by aminoacylating these tRNA structural anomalies with their native enzyme, which resulted in markedly different degrees of activity. Thus, it was confirmed that structural changes do occur when tRNA forms complexes with different cations. To better understand these structural changes, quantitative cation binding to tRNA was determined through titrations as well as ICP-OES analysis, which indicated that the metal ions can bind to the tRNA structure in specific and non-specific ways. Lastly, it was observed through stopped-flow kinetics that tRNA can associate/dissociate from different cations to varying degrees, thus forming cation-specific complexes at unique rates.

Mobility experience and mobility decision‐making: An experiment on permanent migration and residential multilocality

SummaryIn the course of increasing labour market flexibility, more complex forms of circular mobility, such as residential multilocality, have evolved. A life course approach may help understand moving intentions and moving behaviours across the life span. However, the dependencies between various phases of circular residential mobility in individual biographies have been under‐explored. Applying a general cost–benefit approach, we assume that a previous experience with circular mobility may help reduce uncertainties in decision‐making on subsequent residential mobility, and may strengthen specific mobility dispositions. A factorial survey experiment was employed to analyse whether and how the prior experience with residential multilocality affects subsequent decision‐making on permanent migration and residential multilocality. A sample of academic staff of a university for science and technology in Switzerland (ETH Zurich) received hypothetical job offers in order to measure their mobility intentions. Results show that, on receiving a sufficiently beneficial job offer, multilocality is slightly favoured by respondents having experience in this kind of mobility. Migration costs impede migration intentions and encourage intentions for multilocality. The assessment of the transition costs varies and housing costs play a minor role. When considering multilocal living, respondents with and without experience with residential multilocality exhibited substantial differences in how transition and housing costs are evaluated. This was not the case, however, when they considered migrating.

‘Now I can never go back’: The thwarted returns of temporary labour migrants from China in Perth, Western Australia

Abstract From the early 2000s onwards, labour migrants from China with technical work skills but low educational attainment arrived in Australia with fixed-term, temporary plans. Yet, to their surprise, many have been thwarted in their plans to return, and have instead experienced an unexpected transition to permanent residency (PR). Reasons include rapid economic growth in China and the rising cost of housing; the challenges of re-entering the competitive Chinese education system for children accustomed to Australian schools; and the realization that time spent overseas has limited work opportunities upon return. They describe their experiences in terms that closely resemble classical labour migrations of colonial and postcolonial eras. Return and discourses of return must be understood within contemporary migration models that emphasize circular, transient and open-ended mobility. Yet individual migrants still articulate migration trajectories and return plans that are grounded in simpler conceptions of ‘here’ and ‘there’. While recognizing the contemporary shift towards mobile and transnational lives among elites and non-elites alike, it is important not to overlook the very real and material barriers to return that some temporary migrants claim to experience.

Before, it wasn’t like this …: Longitudinal research and a generation of continuity and change in rural–urban migration in Vanuatu

This paper uses the case study of rural–urban migration from the small island of Paama, Vanuatu over a period of almost 30 years to argue that longitudinal restudies offer valuable insights into processes of continuity and change. Between the early 1980s and 2011, there was great continuity in Paamese demography and rural social organization, circular mobility had decreased, the trend towards urban permanence had continued, and gendered mobility norms had altered. The dialectic nature of mobility was manifest in these changes and continuities, which both reflected and contributed to wider social, economic and political trends over the period. Significantly, many of the mobility trends noted above would not have been apparent without longitudinal data, the use of which allowed for detailed analysis of mobility behavior beyond general observations. Furthermore, while existing restudies tend to focus on change, it is argued that recognizing continuity is also important, and emphasizes the processual nature of mobility.

Circular Migration of Live‐ins in Germany—Reinforcing the Segmentation of the Labor Market?

In past years, circular migration has been used as a theoretical idea in political discussions, and also on the standard of the European Union. Within these discussions, the types of circular mobility already in existence within the EU are often ignored. This article explores the circularity of so‐called live‐ins in Germany: those who stay with the people they take care of and are usually migrant workers. The focus is on how the circularity is organized and what implications it has for the migrants. What are the practical consequences of the legal framework for live‐ins? How does this subsector relate to the elderly care sector in Germany?This article is built on the results of a two‐year study with more than 35 interviews conducted in the elderly care sector showing that the employment of live‐ins takes place in a semi‐legal sphere, which marginalizes the employees and limits their labor rights. The results further suggest that the circularity fosters a segmentation of the labor market because the limited time of the stays prevents live‐ins from becoming accustomed and integrating into local hierarchies, which constitutes a necessary step toward claiming their full rights. The study shows how this type of employment is built on circularity with great implications for the actual living and working situations. On the political level, however, the term circular migration is not used in this case, which is why it is important to engage in a discussion on consequences of live‐in arrangements in the European Union, regulations favoring this type of employment and how labor rights can be assured.On the other hand, the study has also indicated that while migration plays hardly any role in the elderly care sector, the whole subsector of live‐ins would not exist without migration. The legal framework—together with societal changes and structures such as emancipation, demographic change and the elderly care sector itself with its inherent financial shortage—lead to a gap that is covered by live‐in arrangements.

Mobilitas Sirkuler Daya Faktor-faktor Yang mempengaruhinya Di Desa Sidorejo Kec Ponjong Kab Gunung Kidul = Circular Mobility And The Factors Influencing It In Sidorejo Village Ponjong Sub District Gunung Kidul Regency

The research aims to find out the factors affecting the circular mobility and the impact of circular mobility on farm production and farmers income.Primary data are .from sample farmers migrant and non migrant. The sample size is 70. The data analyzed by logit model and by difference mean testThe result showed. the affecting factors to circular mobility are. ll. The rural income is negatif flea. 2). Land size is posilif affect 3). wage ratio urban rural negatif affect, The impact of circular mobility increas production and .farmer income. The income ofmigrant familly is Rp -1722611 per year and Rp 2848168 per year for non migrant. The mobility activity contributed higher peoduction and income for migran.