Circular Microstrip Patch Research Articles

Compact frequency‐reconfigurable circular patch antenna with varactor diode: Design, tuning, and compactness optimization

AbstractIn this study, a frequency‐reconfigurable circular patch antenna with a varactor diode has been presented. The proposed antenna has been designed and investigated in four steps: circular patch antenna (Antenna 1), antenna with double slots (Antenna 2), antenna with quad slots (Antenna 3), and antenna with varactor diode (Antenna 4). The proposed antenna has been made compact with rectangular slots and a hyperabrupt junction tuning varactor diode (SMV1249‐079LF). The proposed antenna has been designed and produced in 32 × 32 × 0.64 mm3 dimensions, approximately 80% minimized compared to a microstrip circular patch antenna operating at 850 MHZ resonance frequency. This frequency‐reconfigurable antenna can perform between the range of 0.85–1.3 GHz frequency with 0–3 V DC voltage tuning of the varactor diode. So, using with the varactor diode, the proposed antenna has obtained a 53% tuning range between 0.85 and 1.3 GHz frequencies. This study offers a different antenna design, compactness, and high tuning ratio compared to previous studies. This frequency reconfigurable antenna can be preferred with its wideband structure in different communications areas and wireless energy transfer systems.

Circular Microstrip Patch Antenna : Design, Simulation, and Analysis For 5G Applications

Microstrip Patch Antennas (MPA) have emerged as a remarkable discovery in the period of miniaturization, despite the fact that advancements in antenna engineering have resulted in the fast growth of communication networks. This work encompasses the design, modelling, and analysis of circular microstrip patch antennas. The resonant frequency of the recommended patch antennas is 9 GHz, which is within the X band range. Ansys HFSS software was used to create them using Rogers RT/duroid 5880 material, which has a dielectric constant of 2.2. Five performance measures were utilized to examine the recommended MPAs: return loss, bandwidth, VSWR, gain, and HPBW. The required information refers to the measurements of return loss, voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), and half power beamwidth (HPBW). The recommended antennas are ideal for use in radar, wireless, and satellite applications.

Detecting Manufacturing Defects on Printed Circuit Boards Using Metamaterial-Based Circular Microstrip Patch Antenna

In this study, a microstrip circular patch antenna is designed having a metamaterial-based (MTM) ground plane to detect manufacturing defects of short circuits and open circuits on printed circuit boards (PCB). In that regard, PCB specimens of FR-4 as the substrate and copper microstrip lines as the conductive wiring lines are designed and manufactured. Five vertical copper lines printed side by side on the top of the substrate are used to demonstrate the working mechanism of the designed antenna sensor. Two different defect scenarios of open and short circuits with controlled locations are studied to determine variations in the return loss data of the proposed structure. MTM cell structures with cross lines enclosed by an octagon ring are periodically placed as part of the ground plane of the proposed antenna to obtain higher sensitivity of the designed and manufactured sensor. Antenna return loss behaviors in terms of the locations of the faults are employed to prepare a database to detect not only the presence of the faults but also determine their locations. Since the samples to be measured are not irreversibly damaged during the testing process, the proposed design can be considered a non-destructive measurement method to provide information about the type and location of defects with real-time measurement data.

Low-cost saw/sinus-tooth-shaped circular microstrip patch antenna for in-space and satellite applications

Antennas operating in S and C bands are crucial in space satellite applications due to their high bandwidth, which facilitates the swift transmission of large data volumes from space vehicles to Earth. These bands are less affected by atmospheric disturbances and exhibit lower noise levels, ensuring uninterrupted and reliable communication between spacecraft and Earth centers. They are essential for satellite-based remote sensing, analyzing surface properties, transmitting high-resolution images, scientific data, and other information. Additionally, they are used for spacecraft control and navigation, enabling precise mission operations. This study emphasizes user-friendly production antennas with different geometries and distinct feeding techniques, demonstrating various design implementations using CST Microwave Studio software. Innovative manufacturing methods such as 3D printing PLA substrates and using copper tape for antenna elements were explored to optimize costs and production processes. Precise cutting of antenna radiation geometries was achieved using the Cricut machine. Experimental validation through reflection coefficient (S11) measurements with a handheld vector network analyzer confirmed the practical application of theoretical foundations. The study’s novelty lies in examining unconventional materials like PLA filament for antenna substrates, exploring fractalization theory for enhancing bandwidth, and discussing advancements in material science with flexible filaments like TPU. These contributions offer insights into user-friendly antenna production, innovative manufacturing techniques, and theoretical explorations in antenna design, enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of space satellite communication systems.

A Compact C-Band Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Circular Microstrip Patch Antenna Array with Octagonal Slotted Ground Plane and Neutralization Line for Improved Port Isolation in 5G Handheld Devices

In this paper, an eight-port antenna array is presented for 5G handheld terminals to support multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) operations. The reported design involves three layers: the top contains eight circular microstrip feed elements; the middle is a low-cost FR-4 substrate, and the bottom layer is a ground plane with four etched octagonal slots. Each resonating element is fed by 50-ohm sub-miniature connectors. To mitigate the detrimental effects of mutual coupling of ports and enhance overall isolation between the adjacent microstrip-fed circular patch elements, a neutralization line is strategically implemented between the feed lines of the antenna array. The design configuration involves two elements at each vertex of the printed circuit board (PCB). The overall dimensions of the PCB are 150 × 75 mm2. Each slot and its corresponding radiating elements exhibit linear dual polarization and diverse radiation patterns. The proposed antenna design achieves the required operating bandwidth of more than 1000 MHz spanning from 3 to 4.2 GHz, effectively covering all the upper C-band frequency range of 3.3 GHz to 4.2 GHz allocated for 5G n77 and n78 frequency range 1 (FR1). Required port isolation and lower envelop correlation coefficient (ECC) are achieved for the band of interest. The proposed design gives a peak gain of up to 4 dB for the said band. In addition to these results, degradation in the performance of the antenna array is also investigated during different operating modes of the handheld device. Measured results from the fabricated unit cell and whole array also have a good match with simulated results. On the whole, the proposed antenna possesses the potential to be used in 5G and the open radio access network (ORAN) compliant handheld devices.

Design and Analysis of Rectangular and Circular Microstrip Patch Antenna

Abstract: The advantageous radiation characteristics, low cost, lightweight design, ease of production and analysis, and affordability of microstrip patch antennas have contributed to their recent surge in popularity. Patch antennas provide a lot of advantages, but they also have certain drawbacks, such as a limited bandwidth, weak gain, and the potential to modify and reduce radiation patterns. In this paper, a circular and rectangular microstrip patch antenna design, modelling, and analysis are provided. The performance of the antennas is discussed in relation to the bandwidth, front-to-back ratio, 3D radiation pattern, reflection loss, and reflection factor coefficient at the inlet. Resonant antenna designs are required, and they are constructed on FR-4 substrates with a thickness of 0.71 mm and a permittivity ratio (εr) of 10, fed by a 50 Ω microstrip feed line. With a gain of 6.37dBi, the rectangular patch antenna operated at 0.17GHz in bandwidth. The 6.53dBi and 0.16GHz bandwidths are displayed simultaneously by the circle patch antenna. Based on a comparative analysis of their respective performances, the rectangular antenna performs better in terms of bandwidth than the circular antenna. Circulars are superior to rectangular at achieving good matching, even if circulars have better profits. As such, applications requiring fixed end-to-end communications may find the antennas to be a perfect solution. microstrip feedline arrangement. Sugandha’s et al.

Performance analysis of circular polarization X-band microstrip patch antenna combined with conical horn

Performance analysis of circular polarization X-band microstrip patch antenna combined with conical horn

Design of a Circular Micro-strip Patch Antenna for Improved Directivity and Gain of Mobile Communication Base Station

This study presents the design of Circular Micro-strip Patch Antenna (CMPA) for improved directivity and gain of mobile communication base station. The design incorporates a Rogger/5880 substrate material with a permittivity of 2.2, tangent angle of 0.00009 and a substrate height (thickness) of 0.98μm at a frequency of 1.65THz. Diversity Antenna Array Processing (DAAP) and Chebyshev Antenna Array (CAA) methods were used in the design. AutoCAD software and 2D data plotter were used for the diagrams and charts while Maple software was used for simulation. For angles of 0o, 30o, 60o, 90o, 120o, 150o and 180o, the array factors are 7.84dB, 7.85dB, 7.87dB, 7.88dB, 7.87dB, 7.85dB and 7.84db respectively. The results from the design demonstrated a remarkably low side lobe level of 0.01dB, indicating excellent suppression of unwanted radiation in undesired directions. Additionally, the antenna exhibits a Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) of unity, ensuring maximum power transfer efficiency from the source to the load. Furthermore, the antenna shows a high directivity and gain of approximately 9dB, which enhances the signal strength and coverage range. The Half Power Beam-width (HPBW) and First Null Beam-width (FNBW) was measured as 300 and 600 respectively. These parameters depict the angular width of the main radiation beam and the sharpness of the beam pattern’s nulls. In all, the designed CMPA with its CAA based antenna array holds great potential for communication networks and for mobile communication base station, offering enhanced performance in terms of radiation characteristics and signal quality.

Surface Fitting Based Modelling of a Circular Microstrip Patch Antenna Operating at 3 GHz Frequency

Surface Fitting Based Modelling of a Circular Microstrip Patch Antenna Operating at 3 GHz Frequency

Design of Circular and Rectangular Patch Antennas Using Teflon and Rogers Substrates for 5G Applications at 25 GHz

This paper presents a comprehensive study on the design and performance evaluation of circular and rectangular microstrip patch antennas tailored for 5G applications, operating at 25 GHz. Utilizing Teflon and Rogers substrates with superior dielectric properties, the antennas are meticulously crafted and rigorously analyzed. The study explores the design methodology, and simulation outcomes, and compares circular and rectangular patch antennas, focusing on their suitability for 5G systems. Through iterative simulations and optimizations, the antennas are fine-tuned to achieve optimal performance parameters, including impedance matching, radiation efficiency, and bandwidth, ensuring their efficacy in high-frequency communication environments. The design methodology involves precise calculations for optimal antenna dimensions, considering substrate material properties, dielectric constants, and desired radiation characteristics. Performance metrics such as peak directivity, gain, efficiency, and bandwidth are comprehensively evaluated and compared for both Teflon and Rogers substrates. This investigation contributes to advancing microstrip patch antenna design for 5G, elucidating the interplay between substrate materials, antenna geometries, and performance characteristics. The findings not only enhance our understanding of antenna design principles but also lay the groundwork for further optimization and refinement of microstrip patch antennas for future high-frequency communication systems.

C-band Hexagon Slotted Textile Antenna Design with Jeans Substrate for Satellite Communication Applications

This paper presents the design of a hexagonal slotted circular flexible textile microstrip patch antenna that is used for C-band satellite communication applications. In the proposed antenna design, a textile material blue Jeans fabric with relative permittivity 1.67, loss tangent of 0.01 and the thickness of 1 mm is used as the substrate with an overall dimension of 40×38 mm2. The textile material is used as it is washable, wearable, flexible and very economical. Self-adhesive Copper tape is used to make the patch and ground of the antenna that is fed through a microstrip inset feed line. The proposed antenna contains a hexagonal-shaped slot on the patch and a partial ground configuration for getting better bandwidth and gain. The antenna has been designed and simulated using CST microwave Studio software. The simulated antenna performance parameters like return loss, bandwidth, VSWR, gain, efficiency, radiation pattern and surface current are presented. The antenna is resonating at 4.28 GHz and operating in the frequency range of 2.91 -5.2 GHz, with reflection coefficient of -24.42 dB, and a bandwidth of 2.29 GHz. The peak gain of the antenna is 3.42 dBi and radiation efficiency of 87.3% at 4.2 GHz. The proposed antenna covers C-band and with its compact size, wearability and wide bandwidth capabilities, the antenna proves to be a suitable candidate for C-band satellite communication applications.

TRIPLE-BAND CIRCULAR PATCH MICROSTRIP ANTENNA FOR WIRELESS COMMUNICATION

In this article, a triple-band patch antenna using a circular patch microstrip antenna is constructed with a low-profile patch antenna using a 1.5 mm thick FR4 substrate (εr= 4.3). As mobile devices like smartphones and laptops become more common, the usage of tiny, triple-band antennas has also become more common. The objective of this research is to design a circular patch antenna with a 3–11 GHz dipole-like radiation pattern, which may be used for industrial, scientific, and medical reasons. For the suggested triple-band antenna design, the slotted radiator with six arches and the reduction of the ground plane are among the components. In addition, the standard 50 Ω RF transmission line stimulates the patch antenna; this transmission line is attached to the microstrip line by an impedance-compliant SMA connection. Data from the experiments are obtained, evaluated, and compared; to the patch's surface current distributions, gain, and radiation patterns. According to the measurements, S11 has an impedance bandwidth in the 5.5 GHz band of less than -10 dB, 6.6 GHz band, and 10.4 GHz band at all frequencies. The superb radiation pattern performance, relatively consistent gain throughout the bands, and practical bandwidths of this antenna make it a good choice for C-band and dual X-band applications.

Design of high-performance miniaturised circular slotted microstrip power dividers

Creating annular slotted rings within the circular microstrip patch power divider facilitates the realization of a new power divider configuration, which provides multifaceted features like miniaturization, decreased insertion loss, increased isolation, and fractional bandwidth enhancement, which collectively imbue the device with heightened operational efficacy. The present manuscript delineates the configuration, evaluation, analysis and design of these centre-fed Circular Slotted Power Dividers (CSPDs) endowed with annular slotted rings that have been engineered to function with superior efficacy.An analytical framework has been proposed for prognosticating the operational characteristics and design details of the proposed microstrip power divider by combining the known behaviour of its two component structures, namely, the inner Circular Micro-Strip Structure (CMSS) and the outer Annular Micro-Strip Structure (AMSS). The validity and accuracy of this framework have been ascertained by means of numerical simulations as well as practical measurements of the fabricated CSPDs. In addition, a parametric analysis is conducted to scrutinize the effects of varying the permittivity of the substrate, the circular radius, the annular ring radii, and the annular ring width, on the power divider's operational parameters. The insights gleaned from this analysis are subsequently utilized to optimize the proposed mathematical design procedure of the CSPDs.Furthermore, the manuscript expounds upon the assessment of the influence of multiple annular rings incorporated within the CPDs on further miniaturization and enhancement of the bandwidth. These enhanced structures are named as CSPD with Dual Slotted Rings (CDSR).

Design of a Circular Concentric Microstrip Patch Antenna Array for WI-FI Band Energy Harvesting

Design of a Circular Concentric Microstrip Patch Antenna Array for WI-FI Band Energy Harvesting

Dual-Band Nested Circularly Polarized Antenna Array for 5G Automotive Satellite Communications

Currently, 5G low-earth orbit satellite communications offer enhanced wireless coverage beyond the reach of 5G terrestrial networks, with important implications, particularly for automated and connected vehicles. Such wireless automotive mass-market applications demand well-designed compact user equipment antenna terminals offering non-terrestrial jointly with terrestrial communications. The antenna should be low-profile, conformal, and meet specific parameter values for gain and operational frequency bandwidth, tailored to the intended applications, in line with the aesthetic design requirements of passenger cars. This work presents an original concept for a dual-band nested circularly polarized automotive user terminal that operates at the S-band frequencies around 3.5 GHz and Ka-band frequencies around 28 GHz, namely within the 5G new-radio bands n78 and n257, respectively. The proposed terminal is designed to be integrated into the plastic components of a passenger vehicle. The arrays consist of 2 × 2 aperture-coupled corner-truncated microstrip slot patch antenna elements for the n78 band and of 4 × 4 single-layer edge-truncated microstrip circular slot patch antenna elements for the n257 band. The embedded arrays offer, across the two bands, respectively, 9.9 and 13.7 dBi measured realized gain and 3-dB axial ratio bandwidths of 100 and 1500 MHz for the n78 and n257 bands along the broadside direction. Detailed link budget calculations anticipate uplink data rates of 21 and 6 Mbit/s, respectively, deeming it suitable for various automotive mobility and Internet-of-Things applications.

BANDWIDTH AND GAIN ENHANCEMENT OF CUP SHAPED UWB MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA WITH DEFECTIVE GROUND PLANE FOR SUB-6 GHZ 5G APPLICATIONS

This paper presents the design of slotted ground plane and a circular ring slotted microstrip patch antenna for new radio (NR) band, sub-6 GHz, WLAN and Licensed Assisted Access (LAA) 5G applications. The design consists of cup -shaped microstrip patch antenna with a defective ground structure (DGS). The circular ring slot at the top of the patch and the modified rectangular slots at the bottom are helpful to improve the performance of the antenna, thereby increase the efficiency, bandwidth, gain and improved s-parameters. The proposed antenna is designed on FR4-epoxy substrate and inset feeding technique. The design and simulation of my proposed work are done using HFSS (ANSYS-Electronics suite 19.2×64 version). The antenna has a bandwidth of 2.56 GHz with maximum gain of 2.27 dB. The antenna operates for the bandwidth from 4.04GHz to 6.6 GHz which covers NR-New Radio band (3.4-4.2 GHz), Sub 6 GHz 5G band (n-79) (4.44-5.0 GHz), WLAN (5.15 - 5.35 GHz) and Licensed Assisted Access (LAA) band.

Analysing the Impact of Substrate Thickness on Antenna Performance for GPS Application

A microstrip patch antenna is a popular choice of antenna for use in the L band frequency range. They also have good radiation characteristics, making them ideal for receiving and transmitting low-power radio frequency signals. The proposed compact antenna is meant for GPS applications covering the L1 band. The antenna is designed involving the Rogers’s substrate having a dielectric constant of 2.2. The design is based on circular microstrip patch structure with inset feed technique. The selection of the dielectric material and its thickness is very crucial in designing microstrip patch antenna. This paper also explains how antenna performance is improved by varying the thickness of the substrate. The radiation pattern, return loss, gain, directivity, VSWR and efficiency are obtained using EM Simulation and the results are compared for various designs structures. It is inferred that as the thickness of the substrate increases, the performance of the antenna also gets better.

Optimasi Efisiensi Antena Microstrip Circular Patch menggunakan Optimizer CST, Algoritma Memetika, dan Slot Rectangular pada WiFi 5 GHz

Wireless communication is an important requirement in various applications, especially in WiFi networks. The efficiency of an antenna is a crucial aspect in designing wireless communication system and plays a significant role in ensuring strong and reliable signal transmission. This research belongs to comparison of the result of optimizing the efficiency of microstrip circular patch antennas for 5GHz WiFi frequencies using the optimizer in CST, memetic algorithm and rectangular slot. From the simulation result, the efficiency values of the microstrip circular patch antennas using different optimization methods are as follows, microstrip circular patch antenna using the optimizer in CST 63,03%, microstrip circular patch antenna using the memetic algorithm 57,23%, and microstrip circular patch with a rectangular slot 56,20%. Additionally, the total efficiency simulation result show that the total efficiency value of the microstrip circular patch antenna using optimizer at cst is 62.8%, the microstrip circular patch uses the memetic algorithm 54.68%, ang the microstrip circular patch slot rectangular antenna is 56.20%.

Design and Analysis of 1x4 and 1x8 Circular Patch Microstrip Antenna Array for IWSN Application

A 1x4 and 1x8 circular micro strip patch antenna array operating at 2.4GHz are simulated for Industrial Wireless Sensor Network (IWSN) applications using CST studio suite and MATLAB based simulator software. The circular patch antenna designed on a FR4 substrate with dielectric constant of 4.4 and a substrate height of 1.6mm is fed using inset-fed technique. Several antenna characteristics such as return loss, radiation pattern, bandwidth, directivity, antenna gain, radiation efficiency isanalyzed. The compact size and higher directivity help to improve the network performance by alleviating contention, increasing communication range, and mitigating interference of the system. Hence, the advantages gained, make the system more useful for IWSN applications as achieved in this research

Perancangan Antena Metamaterial Patch Circular Untuk Teknologi 5G Dengan CSRR Pada Frekuensi 3.5 GHz

The development of 5G technology at this time has a much faster speed, capacity and latency in accessing data compared to 4G technology. 5G technology has several components that are influential in the application of 5G technology, one of which is the antenna. Microstrip antennas are antennas that have simple materials, smaller antenna dimensions, so that production costs are cheaper, affordable and the performance of microstrip antennas is quite good. Microstrip antenna has several drawbacks, namely low gain and not wide bandwidth. In this study a circular patch microstrip antenna was designed using FR-4 material using a relative dielectric constant of 4.4, a loss tangent of 0.02 and a substrate thickness of 1.6 mm. The microstrip antenna that will be added to the groundplane section uses a metamaterial structure, namely the Complementary Split-Ring Resonator (CSRR) which operates at a frequency of 3.5 GHz. The addition of the CSRR metamaterial structure aims to increase antenna bandwidth and miniaturization. The simulation results of a microstrip antenna without CSRR can work at a frequency of 3.5 GHz with a return loss of -15.71 dB, a VSWR of 1.39, a gain of 2.121 dBi, a bandwidth of 120 MHz and the resulting radiation pattern is unidirectional. While the antenna that has been added CSRR at a frequency of 3.5 GHz has a return loss of -19.50 dB, a VSWR of 1.23, a gain of 1.454 dBi, a bandwidth of 410 MHz, the resulting radiation pattern is bidirectional and the antenna undergoes miniaturization at a groundplane width of 18%. That way the antenna using the CSRR method can increase bandwidth and miniaturization.