Circular Microstrip Patch Antenna Research Articles

Low-cost saw/sinus-tooth-shaped circular microstrip patch antenna for in-space and satellite applications

Antennas operating in S and C bands are crucial in space satellite applications due to their high bandwidth, which facilitates the swift transmission of large data volumes from space vehicles to Earth. These bands are less affected by atmospheric disturbances and exhibit lower noise levels, ensuring uninterrupted and reliable communication between spacecraft and Earth centers. They are essential for satellite-based remote sensing, analyzing surface properties, transmitting high-resolution images, scientific data, and other information. Additionally, they are used for spacecraft control and navigation, enabling precise mission operations. This study emphasizes user-friendly production antennas with different geometries and distinct feeding techniques, demonstrating various design implementations using CST Microwave Studio software. Innovative manufacturing methods such as 3D printing PLA substrates and using copper tape for antenna elements were explored to optimize costs and production processes. Precise cutting of antenna radiation geometries was achieved using the Cricut machine. Experimental validation through reflection coefficient (S11) measurements with a handheld vector network analyzer confirmed the practical application of theoretical foundations. The study’s novelty lies in examining unconventional materials like PLA filament for antenna substrates, exploring fractalization theory for enhancing bandwidth, and discussing advancements in material science with flexible filaments like TPU. These contributions offer insights into user-friendly antenna production, innovative manufacturing techniques, and theoretical explorations in antenna design, enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of space satellite communication systems.

A Compact C-Band Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Circular Microstrip Patch Antenna Array with Octagonal Slotted Ground Plane and Neutralization Line for Improved Port Isolation in 5G Handheld Devices

In this paper, an eight-port antenna array is presented for 5G handheld terminals to support multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) operations. The reported design involves three layers: the top contains eight circular microstrip feed elements; the middle is a low-cost FR-4 substrate, and the bottom layer is a ground plane with four etched octagonal slots. Each resonating element is fed by 50-ohm sub-miniature connectors. To mitigate the detrimental effects of mutual coupling of ports and enhance overall isolation between the adjacent microstrip-fed circular patch elements, a neutralization line is strategically implemented between the feed lines of the antenna array. The design configuration involves two elements at each vertex of the printed circuit board (PCB). The overall dimensions of the PCB are 150 × 75 mm2. Each slot and its corresponding radiating elements exhibit linear dual polarization and diverse radiation patterns. The proposed antenna design achieves the required operating bandwidth of more than 1000 MHz spanning from 3 to 4.2 GHz, effectively covering all the upper C-band frequency range of 3.3 GHz to 4.2 GHz allocated for 5G n77 and n78 frequency range 1 (FR1). Required port isolation and lower envelop correlation coefficient (ECC) are achieved for the band of interest. The proposed design gives a peak gain of up to 4 dB for the said band. In addition to these results, degradation in the performance of the antenna array is also investigated during different operating modes of the handheld device. Measured results from the fabricated unit cell and whole array also have a good match with simulated results. On the whole, the proposed antenna possesses the potential to be used in 5G and the open radio access network (ORAN) compliant handheld devices.

Design and Analysis of Rectangular and Circular Microstrip Patch Antenna

Abstract: The advantageous radiation characteristics, low cost, lightweight design, ease of production and analysis, and affordability of microstrip patch antennas have contributed to their recent surge in popularity. Patch antennas provide a lot of advantages, but they also have certain drawbacks, such as a limited bandwidth, weak gain, and the potential to modify and reduce radiation patterns. In this paper, a circular and rectangular microstrip patch antenna design, modelling, and analysis are provided. The performance of the antennas is discussed in relation to the bandwidth, front-to-back ratio, 3D radiation pattern, reflection loss, and reflection factor coefficient at the inlet. Resonant antenna designs are required, and they are constructed on FR-4 substrates with a thickness of 0.71 mm and a permittivity ratio (εr) of 10, fed by a 50 Ω microstrip feed line. With a gain of 6.37dBi, the rectangular patch antenna operated at 0.17GHz in bandwidth. The 6.53dBi and 0.16GHz bandwidths are displayed simultaneously by the circle patch antenna. Based on a comparative analysis of their respective performances, the rectangular antenna performs better in terms of bandwidth than the circular antenna. Circulars are superior to rectangular at achieving good matching, even if circulars have better profits. As such, applications requiring fixed end-to-end communications may find the antennas to be a perfect solution. microstrip feedline arrangement. Sugandha’s et al.

Design of a Circular Micro-strip Patch Antenna for Improved Directivity and Gain of Mobile Communication Base Station

This study presents the design of Circular Micro-strip Patch Antenna (CMPA) for improved directivity and gain of mobile communication base station. The design incorporates a Rogger/5880 substrate material with a permittivity of 2.2, tangent angle of 0.00009 and a substrate height (thickness) of 0.98μm at a frequency of 1.65THz. Diversity Antenna Array Processing (DAAP) and Chebyshev Antenna Array (CAA) methods were used in the design. AutoCAD software and 2D data plotter were used for the diagrams and charts while Maple software was used for simulation. For angles of 0o, 30o, 60o, 90o, 120o, 150o and 180o, the array factors are 7.84dB, 7.85dB, 7.87dB, 7.88dB, 7.87dB, 7.85dB and 7.84db respectively. The results from the design demonstrated a remarkably low side lobe level of 0.01dB, indicating excellent suppression of unwanted radiation in undesired directions. Additionally, the antenna exhibits a Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) of unity, ensuring maximum power transfer efficiency from the source to the load. Furthermore, the antenna shows a high directivity and gain of approximately 9dB, which enhances the signal strength and coverage range. The Half Power Beam-width (HPBW) and First Null Beam-width (FNBW) was measured as 300 and 600 respectively. These parameters depict the angular width of the main radiation beam and the sharpness of the beam pattern’s nulls. In all, the designed CMPA with its CAA based antenna array holds great potential for communication networks and for mobile communication base station, offering enhanced performance in terms of radiation characteristics and signal quality.

Surface Fitting Based Modelling of a Circular Microstrip Patch Antenna Operating at 3 GHz Frequency

Surface Fitting Based Modelling of a Circular Microstrip Patch Antenna Operating at 3 GHz Frequency

TRIPLE-BAND CIRCULAR PATCH MICROSTRIP ANTENNA FOR WIRELESS COMMUNICATION

In this article, a triple-band patch antenna using a circular patch microstrip antenna is constructed with a low-profile patch antenna using a 1.5 mm thick FR4 substrate (εr= 4.3). As mobile devices like smartphones and laptops become more common, the usage of tiny, triple-band antennas has also become more common. The objective of this research is to design a circular patch antenna with a 3–11 GHz dipole-like radiation pattern, which may be used for industrial, scientific, and medical reasons. For the suggested triple-band antenna design, the slotted radiator with six arches and the reduction of the ground plane are among the components. In addition, the standard 50 Ω RF transmission line stimulates the patch antenna; this transmission line is attached to the microstrip line by an impedance-compliant SMA connection. Data from the experiments are obtained, evaluated, and compared; to the patch's surface current distributions, gain, and radiation patterns. According to the measurements, S11 has an impedance bandwidth in the 5.5 GHz band of less than -10 dB, 6.6 GHz band, and 10.4 GHz band at all frequencies. The superb radiation pattern performance, relatively consistent gain throughout the bands, and practical bandwidths of this antenna make it a good choice for C-band and dual X-band applications.

Design of Circular and Rectangular Patch Antennas Using Teflon and Rogers Substrates for 5G Applications at 25 GHz

This paper presents a comprehensive study on the design and performance evaluation of circular and rectangular microstrip patch antennas tailored for 5G applications, operating at 25 GHz. Utilizing Teflon and Rogers substrates with superior dielectric properties, the antennas are meticulously crafted and rigorously analyzed. The study explores the design methodology, and simulation outcomes, and compares circular and rectangular patch antennas, focusing on their suitability for 5G systems. Through iterative simulations and optimizations, the antennas are fine-tuned to achieve optimal performance parameters, including impedance matching, radiation efficiency, and bandwidth, ensuring their efficacy in high-frequency communication environments. The design methodology involves precise calculations for optimal antenna dimensions, considering substrate material properties, dielectric constants, and desired radiation characteristics. Performance metrics such as peak directivity, gain, efficiency, and bandwidth are comprehensively evaluated and compared for both Teflon and Rogers substrates. This investigation contributes to advancing microstrip patch antenna design for 5G, elucidating the interplay between substrate materials, antenna geometries, and performance characteristics. The findings not only enhance our understanding of antenna design principles but also lay the groundwork for further optimization and refinement of microstrip patch antennas for future high-frequency communication systems.

Design of a Circular Concentric Microstrip Patch Antenna Array for WI-FI Band Energy Harvesting

Design of a Circular Concentric Microstrip Patch Antenna Array for WI-FI Band Energy Harvesting

Dual-Band Nested Circularly Polarized Antenna Array for 5G Automotive Satellite Communications

Currently, 5G low-earth orbit satellite communications offer enhanced wireless coverage beyond the reach of 5G terrestrial networks, with important implications, particularly for automated and connected vehicles. Such wireless automotive mass-market applications demand well-designed compact user equipment antenna terminals offering non-terrestrial jointly with terrestrial communications. The antenna should be low-profile, conformal, and meet specific parameter values for gain and operational frequency bandwidth, tailored to the intended applications, in line with the aesthetic design requirements of passenger cars. This work presents an original concept for a dual-band nested circularly polarized automotive user terminal that operates at the S-band frequencies around 3.5 GHz and Ka-band frequencies around 28 GHz, namely within the 5G new-radio bands n78 and n257, respectively. The proposed terminal is designed to be integrated into the plastic components of a passenger vehicle. The arrays consist of 2 × 2 aperture-coupled corner-truncated microstrip slot patch antenna elements for the n78 band and of 4 × 4 single-layer edge-truncated microstrip circular slot patch antenna elements for the n257 band. The embedded arrays offer, across the two bands, respectively, 9.9 and 13.7 dBi measured realized gain and 3-dB axial ratio bandwidths of 100 and 1500 MHz for the n78 and n257 bands along the broadside direction. Detailed link budget calculations anticipate uplink data rates of 21 and 6 Mbit/s, respectively, deeming it suitable for various automotive mobility and Internet-of-Things applications.

Optimasi Efisiensi Antena Microstrip Circular Patch menggunakan Optimizer CST, Algoritma Memetika, dan Slot Rectangular pada WiFi 5 GHz

Wireless communication is an important requirement in various applications, especially in WiFi networks. The efficiency of an antenna is a crucial aspect in designing wireless communication system and plays a significant role in ensuring strong and reliable signal transmission. This research belongs to comparison of the result of optimizing the efficiency of microstrip circular patch antennas for 5GHz WiFi frequencies using the optimizer in CST, memetic algorithm and rectangular slot. From the simulation result, the efficiency values of the microstrip circular patch antennas using different optimization methods are as follows, microstrip circular patch antenna using the optimizer in CST 63,03%, microstrip circular patch antenna using the memetic algorithm 57,23%, and microstrip circular patch with a rectangular slot 56,20%. Additionally, the total efficiency simulation result show that the total efficiency value of the microstrip circular patch antenna using optimizer at cst is 62.8%, the microstrip circular patch uses the memetic algorithm 54.68%, ang the microstrip circular patch slot rectangular antenna is 56.20%.

Design and Analysis of 1x4 and 1x8 Circular Patch Microstrip Antenna Array for IWSN Application

A 1x4 and 1x8 circular micro strip patch antenna array operating at 2.4GHz are simulated for Industrial Wireless Sensor Network (IWSN) applications using CST studio suite and MATLAB based simulator software. The circular patch antenna designed on a FR4 substrate with dielectric constant of 4.4 and a substrate height of 1.6mm is fed using inset-fed technique. Several antenna characteristics such as return loss, radiation pattern, bandwidth, directivity, antenna gain, radiation efficiency isanalyzed. The compact size and higher directivity help to improve the network performance by alleviating contention, increasing communication range, and mitigating interference of the system. Hence, the advantages gained, make the system more useful for IWSN applications as achieved in this research

Perancangan Antena Metamaterial Patch Circular Untuk Teknologi 5G Dengan CSRR Pada Frekuensi 3.5 GHz

The development of 5G technology at this time has a much faster speed, capacity and latency in accessing data compared to 4G technology. 5G technology has several components that are influential in the application of 5G technology, one of which is the antenna. Microstrip antennas are antennas that have simple materials, smaller antenna dimensions, so that production costs are cheaper, affordable and the performance of microstrip antennas is quite good. Microstrip antenna has several drawbacks, namely low gain and not wide bandwidth. In this study a circular patch microstrip antenna was designed using FR-4 material using a relative dielectric constant of 4.4, a loss tangent of 0.02 and a substrate thickness of 1.6 mm. The microstrip antenna that will be added to the groundplane section uses a metamaterial structure, namely the Complementary Split-Ring Resonator (CSRR) which operates at a frequency of 3.5 GHz. The addition of the CSRR metamaterial structure aims to increase antenna bandwidth and miniaturization. The simulation results of a microstrip antenna without CSRR can work at a frequency of 3.5 GHz with a return loss of -15.71 dB, a VSWR of 1.39, a gain of 2.121 dBi, a bandwidth of 120 MHz and the resulting radiation pattern is unidirectional. While the antenna that has been added CSRR at a frequency of 3.5 GHz has a return loss of -19.50 dB, a VSWR of 1.23, a gain of 1.454 dBi, a bandwidth of 410 MHz, the resulting radiation pattern is bidirectional and the antenna undergoes miniaturization at a groundplane width of 18%. That way the antenna using the CSRR method can increase bandwidth and miniaturization.

DESIGN OF NEW COMPOUND RECONFIGURABLE MICROSTRIP ANTENNA FOR C AND KU BANDS APPLICATIONS

A compound reconfigurable microstrip antenna has been analyzed and designed using switching a PIN diode to switch between different modes of operating frequencies as well as radiation pattern directions. In this paper, computer simulation technology (CST) software 2020 has been used. Due to the complex calculation of the circular microstrip patch antenna, the proposed design has reduced the complexity by using a structure that is compact, easy to fabricate, cheap to produce, and uses only one PIN diode, while maintaining peak antenna performance. The suggested design is appropriate to operate in two states conditional on biasing the PIN diode. The reconfigurable patch of 31.16 mm × 27.04 mm has a compact size with 1.6 mm of thickness. It functions in both the C band at 7.1 GHz with a shift of radiation pattern direction to 4 degrees and in the Ku band at 12.5 GHz with a shift of radiation pattern direction to 28 degrees in state 2 where the PIN diode is on the state. In addition, the ON and OFF state of the switching PIN diode has been extensively investigated by changing the resistance, inductance, and capacitance values for optimal antenna performance. The proposed reconfigurable circular patch can be implemented to operate in modern communication such as Radio navigation and earth exploration, space operation, earth-to-space satellite communication, 5G applications, and Wireless-Fidelity 7.

A novel pattern agile microstrip antenna for modern wireless communication systems

ABSTRACT This article presents a circular microstrip patch antenna loaded with three complementary split rings (CSRRs) on the ground plane for pattern agility features. The antenna resonated at 5.3 GHz and accommodated the frequency spectrum from 5.1–5.7 GHz for different CSRR combinations. The reconfigurable pattern feature has been produced with three p-i-n diode combinations integrated with the CSRR slot on the ground patch. The CSRR combinations are utilized to change the radiation phase concerning the primary radiating circular patch. The proposed antenna radiation beam can steer from ±15°, 180°, and 0° of the broadside pattern in the elevation plane with a satisfactory gain of 3 dBi. The phase variation for various CSRR combinations concerning the primary antenna is presented. The presented antenna is fabricated on an FR4 substrate and tested in an anechoic environment; the tested results verify the pattern agility of the antenna. The demonstrated antenna is suitable for modern wireless communications like LTE and Cognitive radios. The compact size, simple biasing, and low cost are added advantages of the antenna.

DESIGN AND COMPARISON OF MULTIPLE ANTENNA STRUCTURES FOR 3.9 GHZ WIRELESS COMMUNICATION

In this paper four different-shaped microstrip patch antennas (MPAs) are designed and their results are discussed. The designed antennas are rectangular, circular, elliptical, or square microstrip patch antennas that operate at 3.9 GHz, 3.9 GHz, 3.9 GHz, and 3.7 GHz, respectively. In addition, the designs are validated by theoretical calculation of results at the operating frequency. A low-cost FR4 Epoxy (flame retardant) is used as the substrate. The results of different shapes of MPA are analyzed using Ansoft HFSS software. The comparison of various parameters like S11, gain, and bandwidth are also discussed. The designed antenna is suitable for use by WiMAX applications.

Enhancing circular microstrip patch antenna performance using machine learning models

Machine learning (ML) will be heavily used in the future generation of wireless communication networks. The development of diverse communication-based applications is expected to boost coverage and spectrum efficiency in relation to conventional systems. ML may be employed to develop solutions in a wide range of domains, such as antennas. This article describes the design and optimization of a circular patch antenna. The optimization is done through ML algorithms. Six ML models, Decision Tree, Random Forest, XG-Boost Regression, K-Nearest Neighbour (KNN), Gradient Boosting Regression (GBR), and Light Gradient Boosting Regression (LGBR), were employed in this work to predict the antenna's return loss (S11). The findings show that all of these models work well, with KNN having the highest accuracy in predicting return loss of 98.5%. The antenna design & optimization process can be accelerated with the support of ML. These developments allow designers to push beyond the limits of antenna technology, optimize performance, and offer novel solutions for emerging applications such as 5G, 6G, IoT, and flexible wireless communication systems).

DESIGN OF MINIATURE CIRCULAR MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA BASED ON METAMATERIAL FOR Wi-Fi 5 AND Wi-Fi 6 APPLICATIONS

The objective of this work is to design a miniature circular shape patch antenna simulated by the CST microwave studio (CST MWS) software. This antenna based on metamaterials is to be used for wireless communication applications in Wi-Fi in the [5.15-5.875] GHz and [5.925-7.125] GHz frequency bands for Wi-Fi-5 and Wi-Fi-6 resonant frequencies, respectively. The miniaturization was achieved through periodic arrays of square-shaped complementary split ring resonators inserted at the ground plane of the structure. A miniaturization of the active zone of the radiating element was achieved up to 43.88%. For the purpose of increasing the bandwidth and gain of the miniature antenna, we subsequently applied the technique of modifying the ground plane geometry to have frequency bands around 450 MHz and 760 MHz with gains of the order of 5 dB and 3.34 dB for the two resonant frequencies 5 GHz and 6 GHz, respectively. The simulation results are discussed and commented in terms of return loss, bandwidth, gain, and radiation patterns.

Design and Comparison Study of Circular and Elliptical Microstrip Patch Antennas for 5G Applications

In this paper, the designs and performances of coaxial fed circular and elliptical microstrip patch antennas operating at 28 GHz and 38 GHz are investigated using CST and HFSS simulation techniques. The substrates used in the designs are Rogers-RT-5880, RT-Duroid-6002 and FR-4 with a same thickness of (h=0.2 mm). To identify the optimum radiation performance, a comparison for the fundamental parameters of the designed CMSPA and EMSPA are conducted. The numerical results show that although the CMSPA has a smaller patch area, its radiation performance is lower than the EMCPA. Moreover, the RT-Duroid-6002 substrate maintains the optimum radiation characteristics for the designed antennas, at which the EMSPA gain, directivity, S11 and BW values at 28 GHz and 28 GHz are (6.86 dB, 7.37 dB), (7.28 dB, 7.61 dB), (-23.14 dB, -19.23 dB), and (0.749 GHz, 1.300 GHz). While for CMSPA, their values are (6. 41 dB, 6.60 dB), (6.92 dB, 6.90 dB), (-19.11 dB, -12.50 dB), and (0.717 GHz, 1.077 GHz). The performances of the designed antennas are compared with the previously published works, and very good agreements are achieved. Finally, the designation of EMSPA which slightly studied at (38 GHz) shows a suitable antenna parameter reliable for many 5G applications systems.

1λ Spaced Dual Radiating Modes Based Phased Array Antenna Using Silicon RFICs With Grating Lobe Cancellation

A dual radiating modes (TM11 and TM21)-based phased array antenna with <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$1\lambda $ </tex-math></inline-formula> interelement spacing at Ku-band is demonstrated using silicon beamforming RFICs, which offers grating lobe cancellation. The radiating element consists of concentric microstrip circular patch antennas supporting TM11 and TM21 modes. Excitation of both modes (TM11 and TM21), with the proper amplitude and phase values, allows for the suppression of grating lobe present in the array radiation pattern. The array utilizes Anokiwave RFICs (AWMF-0117), which provides flat panel integration of the beamforming network with the antenna aperture. A suitable beamforming network consisting of wideband Wilkinson power dividers was used to feed the RFICs from a single input. We demonstrate a grating lobe suppression ability of up to 30.8 dB with a first sidelobe level (SLL) of 15.2 dB. We also confirm the grating lobe mitigation technique through the demonstration of an over-the-air (OTA) link using digitally modulated signals and observing the error vector magnitude (EVM) of the received signal.

Design and Optimization of Circular Microstrip Patch Antenna at 2.4 GHz for Different Wireless Applications

In this paper, the required antenna was designed and simulated using mathematical equations and algorithms for the maximum accuracy of the required frequency. As well as using the MATLAB programming language to program and design a graphical interface that calculates the basic measurements required by the graphical user interface development environment (GUIDE) for there quired antenna design. Also, the use of computer simulation technology software for the simulation process to design the required model and test it virtually before implementation. As a result, the most important parameters that describe the quality and efficiency of the antenna used were calculated and studied. These parameters are return loss, standing wave voltage ratio, input impedance which are very important for antenna work, frequency bandwidth of the signal used. These values are -47.008702 dB, VSWR of 1.0089659, input impedance of 50.233036 Ω, and bandwidth of 51.4 MHz (ranging from 2.3747 to 2.4261 GHz) respectively, which operating at 2.4 GHz for there sonant frequency used.