Principle Of Circuit Research Articles

High-Accuracy Bandgap Reference of <20 ppm/∘C: A Review

This review discusses the principle of typical bandgap reference circuits and analyzes their sources of errors. In order to provide readers with a clear perspective, we categorize the error sources into four types: (a) amplifier offset; (b) high-order nonlinearity of VBE; (c) current mirror mismatch; and (d) other error sources. For these error sources, the most commonly used methods to reduce or minimize them to achieve high accuracy are summarized. Furthermore, this review explores sub-1V bandgap reference design techniques, addressing the increasing demand for low-power and low-voltage applications. Finally, we provide some suggestions for a future high-accuracy reference design.

The Development and Application of Neuromorphic Silicon Neural Circuits

Silicon-based neuronal circuits, inspired by biomimetic principles, have garnered increasing scholarly interest and investigation. Building on the field of neuromorphic engineering, which focuses on designing and emulating circuits and systems that mimic the neural architecture of biological nervous systems, this study addresses high-speed modeling of large-scale neural systems and real-time applications of bio-inspired neural systems. The manuscript delineates the prevalent architectural components and methodologies for the fabrication of such circuits, offering a comprehensive survey of various neuromorphic silicon neurons (SiNs) that instantiate diverse computational paradigms. Additionally, the paper delves into the fundamental principles of competitive circuits, discussing and explaining their operational mechanisms and derivative applications. By comparing different design methodologies for basic circuits, it demonstrates how different fundamental circuits can be applied to implement spiking silicon neurons in various research fields. The study ultimately focuses on the sub-threshold operating region of these circuits and showcases the practical value of silicon neuron circuits through integrated circuits and vary-large-scale neural networks (VLSI) chip implementations. This approach highlights the potential of neuromorphic systems in achieving efficient and biologically plausible neural emulation

A novel pulse-current waveform circuit for low-energy consumption and low-noise transcranial magnetic stimulation.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is widely used for the noninvasive activation of neurons in the human brain. It utilizes a pulsed magnetic field to induce electric pulses that act on the central nervous system, altering the membrane potential of nerve cells in the cerebral cortex to treat certain mental diseases. However, the effectiveness of TMS can be compromised by significant heat generation and the clicking noise produced by the pulse in the TMS coil. This study proposes a novel, non-resonant, high-frequency switching design controlled by high-frequency pulse-width modulation (PWM) voltage excitation to achieve ideal pulse-current waveforms that minimize both clicking noise and heat generation from the TMS coil. First, a particle swarm optimization algorithm was used to optimize the pulse-current waveform, minimizing both the resistance loss and clicking noise (vibration energy) generated by the TMS coils. Next, the pulse-current waveform was modeled based on the principles of programmable transcranial magnetic stimulation circuits. The relationships between the parameters of the pulse-current waveform, vibration energy, and ohmic resistance loss in the TMS coil were explored, ensuring the necessary depolarization of the nerve membrane potential. Finally, four insulated-gate bipolar transistors, controlled by a series of PWM pulse sequences, generated the desired pulse-current duration and direction in the H-bridge circuit. The duration and slope of the rising and falling segments of the current waveform were adjusted by the PWM pulse duration. The optimized current waveform, represented by three segmented functions, reduces heat loss and noise while inducing a greater change in neural membrane potential compared with those obtained with conventional symmetric waveforms. Spectral analysis further confirmed that the noise spectrum of the optimized current waveform, particularly the peak spectrum, is significantly lower than that of the conventional triangular symmetric waveform. The study provide a method and new ideas for low energy consumption and low-noise transcranial magnetic stimulation by using TMS circuit design techniques as well as waveform optimization.

Designing Mixed Teaching Mode for Circuit Principle Flipped Classroom Based on MOOC

Designing Mixed Teaching Mode for Circuit Principle Flipped Classroom Based on MOOC

The Development of an Input Protective Circuit of the Radio Frequency (RF) Path of the High Frequency (HF) Band Receiver

The article presents the results of the input protection circuitdevelopment, the main purpose of which is to limit the signals of high-power entering the HF receiverRF path on the antenna input. The input protection circuit protects the sensitive components and elements of the receiver from overload and failure.The need to ensure the reliability and safety of complex communication systems and complexes is only increasing every year.The relevance of input circuitprotection may occur at small separation of the receiver and the source of interference, under the conditions of electronic warfare. The principle of the developed circuit is based on the relay switchcontrol.The method for selecting the parameters of circuitcomponents is described.The practicalprototype tests of the input protection circuit were carried out, being installed at the input of the manufactured HF band receiver. During the practical experiment, shortcomings were identified that were not revealed in the simulation model built in the NI Multisim environment.In particular, it is a local heating of the two components on the printed circuit board, caused primarily by capacitive resistance and weak filter attenuation introduced within the range of 23…30 MHz. Theways to improve the existing protection circuit are noted. An important feature of the circuit is that after minor modification of the input detector contour, the developed circuit can be used at VHF frequencies, up to 520 MHz.The advantages of the scheme should also include a short response time - 1.27 ms, insertion attenuation - less than 0.01 dBm. The product remains operational after applying a sinusoidal RF signal on the antenna input for 15 minutes with an EMF of 100V in the operating frequency range.

Active Learning Exercises in Synaptic Physiology and Connectivity for the Neuroscience Lecture Hall, Laboratory Course, or Outreach Setting.

It is well-understood that active learning approaches have positive learning outcomes and improve retention. Active learning strategies for the neuroscience laboratory setting have been extensively developed. Fewer active learning approaches are available for the traditional lecture-based setting. Here we describe novel active learning exercises that teach fundamental principles of neuronal circuits and synaptic connectivity ideal for introductory neuroscience courses. Given the complexity of synaptic networks in the brain and the difficulty this material can present to students, our novel exercises can be beneficial to the neuroscience education community.

Design and Experiment of Electromagnetic Pulse Protection Circuit for RF Front End

Abstract This paper introduces the structure and working principle of electromagnetic pulse protection circuit in VHF frequency band in detail. Based on this, a protection circuit with multilevel filtering and transient suppression function is designed. The filter function of the device is realized through a five-order coaxial filter, while the transient suppression feature is accomplished using TVS devices. In order to guarantee the power capacity, the input and output ports of the circuit use N-type connector. Due to good design, the operating bandwidth of the protection circuit exceeds 1.3GHz and the insertion loss is less than 0.5dB. The protective performance of this device was tested by sub-nanosecond solid-state pulse source. The experimental results show that the peak power of electromagnetic protection circuit is greater than 700kW, the suppression capacity is more than 33dB, and the response time is better than 1.4ns.

Design and Research of Mine Toxic Gas Monitoring and Early Warning Sensor Based on Multi-Purpose

When workers work in mines, a variety of toxic and flammable gases are produced that are not easily detected and can pose serious health hazards if inhaled by workers above a certain concentration range. The research question: How to design a multi-purpose, effective early warning monitoring sensor for mine workers, this is an issue that deserves to be studied in depth and with great value. Based on this, taking the MQ-2 gas device as the core component and multi-purpose concept as the design method, the design of multi-purpose mine toxic gas monitoring and early warning sensor is completed from the contents of user portrait, design principle, sensor circuit principle, and explosion diagram, sensor sensitivity principle, sensor modeling, and three-dimensional effect, and the application scenario is simulated by 3DCLO The sensitivity and design value of conventional test methods are evaluated. The results show that the sensor can effectively test the lower limit concentration range of CO, H2, Methane, Propane, Butane, Liquefied gas, and Alcohol, achieve the early warning effect, and can also be placed in clothing, helmets, and backpacks. At the same time, the sensor can also be used in mines, chemicals and families to achieve multi-purpose purposes.

Design of multi-band circuit with negative group delay and lower insertion loss characteristics

A novel multi-band pass negative group delay (NGD) circuit with lower insertion loss is proposed in this paper. Firstly, a single-band NGD circuit cell is designed as the fundamental component of the multi-band circuit. Secondly, this paper utilizes a tri-band circuit as an illustrative example to demonstrate the implementation of multi-band circuit. The scattering parameters are utilized to analyze the proposed two-port circuits. The circuit was subjected to theoretical analysis based on the relevant principles of microwave circuits. Finally, by simulating the circuit on ADS software, the impact of each component on the performance of the circuit is obtained. The proposed circuits are fabricated and measured, from the measured results, the single-band cell can generate a group delay of −3.73 ns at 138.1 MHz, with an associated insertion loss of only 2.5 dB. The group delay value of the multi-band circuit in the three bands are −3.99 ns, −3.47 ns and −3.12 ns, and the maximum insertion loss is only 3.31 dB. The bandpass NGD measured results agree well with the theoretical prediction. The proposed NGD bandpass circuit can be applied for signal delay correction.

Phase Separation to Resolve Growth-Related Circuit Failures.

Fluctuations in host cell growth poses a significant challenge to synthetic gene circuits, often disrupting circuit function. Existing solutions typically rely on circuit redesign with alternative topologies or additional control elements, yet a broadly applicable approach remains elusive. Here, we introduce a new strategy based on liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) to stabilize circuit performance. By engineering a self-activating circuit with transcription factors (TF) fused to an intrinsically disordered region (IDR), we enable the formation of TF condensates at the promoter region, maintaining local TF concentration despite growth-mediated dilution. This condensate formation preserves bistable memory in the self-activating circuit, demonstrating that phase separation can robustly counteract growth fluctuations, offering a novel design principle for resilient synthetic circuits.

Design and optimization of line CT energy harvesting device

Abstract The aim of this study is to design and optimize an energy harvesting device for line current transformers (CT). The main function of this device is to extract energy from CT on the line to supply power to related electronic devices such as sensors and monitoring equipment. Firstly, an in-depth analysis of the working principles and characteristics of CT was conducted to determine the design requirements and performance indicators of the energy harvesting device. Subsequently, an energy-harvesting device based on the principle of magnetic coupling was designed. Different circuit principles were developed to accommodate low-load and high-load scenarios on the line, and the structure and parameters were optimized to improve energy conversion efficiency and output stability. Through experimental validation, the performance and stability of the designed energy harvesting device under different working conditions were verified. Finally, the design scheme of the energy harvesting device was optimized, and further improvement and application suggestions were proposed. This study provides a theoretical and practical basis for improving the performance and reliability of line CT energy harvesting devices, which is of great significance for the safe operation of power systems and equipment monitoring.

Design and Implementation of Amplifier Circuit Based on EWB Environment

This study details the creation and execution of a common-emitter amplifier circuit utilizing the 2N2222 NPN transistor. The study explores the fundamental principles of amplifier circuits and highlights key parameters such as voltage gain, current gain, and input/output impedance. Through simulations conducted on the EWB platform, the designed amplifier circuit demonstrated significant voltage gain and phase inversion, confirming the expected characteristics of the common-emitter configuration. The results indicate that the amplifier operates effectively within a wide frequency range, showing good bandwidth and stability. This design approach can serve as a foundation for further exploration and optimization in amplifier circuit design, particularly in modern electronic devices.

Research on frequency shift signal detection algorithm for jointless track circuits based on improved relaxation algorithm

The accuracy of ZPW-2000 frequency shift signal demodulation is related to the safety and efficiency of high-speed trains. This paper proposed a kind of ZPW-2000 frequency-shift signal detection algorithm based on improved Relaxation algorithm (ZFSD-IR) to address the issue of low accuracy in detecting ZPW-2000 frequency shift signal under strong noise interference, as the traditional fast Fourier transform (FFT) spectrum analysis methods are susceptible to fence effects and spectrum leakage effects. Firstly, the principle of ZPW-2000 jointless track circuit was analyzed, and then the ideal and simplified models of ZPW-2000 frequency shift signal were established, respectively. Finally, the simulation experiments were conducted on ZPW-2000 frequency shift signal detection under different sampling durations and signal-to-noise ratios (SNR). The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm was verified through comparative analysis with the traditional algorithms. The research results indicated that the ZFSD-IR algorithm has better accuracy in carrier-frequency and low-frequency estimation than traditional algorithms, and can achieve accurate detection of ZPW-2000 frequency shift signal under the lower SNR conditions. It has high detection accuracy and good anti-interference ability, ensuring the safe operation of high-speed trains.

Effects of just-in-time inquiry prompts and principle-based self-explanation guidance on learning and use of domain texts in simulation-based inquiry learning

Although scientific inquiry with simulations may enhance learning, learners often face challenges creating high demand for self-regulation due to an abundance of information in simulations and supplementary instructional texts. In this research, participants engaged in simulation-based inquiry about principles of electric circuits supplemented by domain-specific expository text provided on-demand. They received just-in-time inquiry prompts for inquiry behaviors, guidance to self-explain electrical principles, both, or neither. We examined how these interventions influenced participants’ access of text information and achievement. Undergraduates (N = 80) were randomly assigned to one of four groups: (1) inquiry prompts and principle-based self-explanation (SE) guidance, (2) inquiry prompts without principle-based SE guidance, (3) principle-based SE guidance without inquiry prompts, or (4) control. Just-in-time inquiry prompts facilitated learning rules. However, there was no main effect of principle-based self-explanation guidance nor an interaction involving both interventions. Effects of just-in-time inquiry prompts were moderated by prior knowledge. Although principle-based self-explanation guidance promoted re-examination of text-based domain information, reading time did not affect posttest scores. These findings have important implications for instructional design of computer-based adaptive guidance in simulation-based inquiry learning.

Single unit electrophysiology recordings and computational modeling can predict octopus arm movement.

The octopus simplified nervous system holds the potential to reveal principles of motor circuits and improve brain-machine interface devices through computational modeling with machine learning and statistical analysis. Here, an array of carbon electrodes providing single-unit electrophysiology recordings were implanted into the octopus anterior nerve cord. The number of spikes and arm movements in response to stimulation at different locations along the arm were recorded. We observed that the number of spikes occurring within the first 100ms after stimulation were predictive of the resultant movement response. Computational models showed that temporal electrophysiological features could be used to predict whether an arm movement occurred with 88.64% confidence, and if it was a lateral arm movement or a grasping motion with 75.45% confidence. Both supervised and unsupervised methods were applied to gain streaming measurements of octopus arm movements and how their motor circuitry produces rich movement types in real time. Deep learning models and unsupervised dimension reduction identified a consistent set of features that could be used to distinguish different types of arm movements. These models generated predictions for how to evoke a particular, complex movement in an orchestrated sequence for an individual motor circuit.

Pencil drawn meter bridge

Abstract This study investigates the application of a Wheatstone bridge, specifically through the utilization of a meter bridge constructed on chart paper using pencil graphite. Employing the Wheatstone bridge principle, this study aims to achieve precise measurements of an unknown resistance. Results indicate an error margin between measured and calculated values of less than 10%, highlighting the efficiency and accuracy of this approach. The demonstrated effectiveness of the meter bridge serves as an educational resource, particularly beneficial for K-12 students, providing practical understanding and hands-on experience with the meter bridge concept. This research contributes to enhancing STEAM education by offering a tangible and accessible tool for teaching electrical circuit principles.

Advancing Molecular-Scale Logic Devices through Multistage Switching in a Luminescent Bimetallic Ru(II)-Terpyridine Complex.

Stimuli-responsive multistep switching phenomena of a luminescent bimetallic Ru(II) complex are employed herein to fabricate multiple configurable logic devices. The complex exhibits "off-on" and "on-off" emission switching upon alternative treatment with visible and UV light. Additionally, remarkable augmentation of the rate as well as quantum yield of photoisomerization was achieved via the use of a chemical oxidant (Ce4+) as well as a reductant (metallic sodium). Upon exploiting the emission spectral response of the complex, several advanced Boolean logic functions, including IMPLICATION as well as 2-input 2-output and 3-input 2-output complex combinational logic gates, are successfully implemented. Additionally, by utilizing the vast efficacy of Python, a novel "logic_circuit" model is devised that is capable of making accurate decisions under the influence of various input combinations. This model transcends traditional Boolean logic gates, offering flexibility and intuition to design logical functions tailored to specific chemical contexts. By integrating principles of logic circuits with chemical processes, this innovative approach enables structure determination of the chemical states based on input conditions, thereby unlocking avenues for exploring intricate interactions and reactions beyond conventional Boolean logic paradigms.

Leveraging Virtual Reality for the Visualization of Non-Observable Electrical Circuit Principles in Engineering Education

Leveraging Virtual Reality for the Visualization of Non-Observable Electrical Circuit Principles in Engineering Education

Seepage modelling and seepage-stress coupling properties of fractured rock mass based on equivalent circuit principle

Seepage modelling and seepage-stress coupling properties of fractured rock mass based on equivalent circuit principle

STRUCTURE FEATURES OF MINIMUM FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING SIGNAL MODEMS

The article discusses specific features of constructing modems for minimum frequency shift keying signals using various schemes with high noise immunity levels. An analysis of the formation of these signals and frequency modulation signals, which are orthogonal if enhanced, is provided, including quantitative indicators and comparative characteristics. Two schemes of minimum frequency shift keying signal demodulators (coherent and autocorrelation) are examined, including their comparative features. Operation principles of these demodulator circuits with the use of timing diagrams are described, requirements for the reference oscillator generators included in coherent demodulators are formulated, as well as the requirements for minimum frequency shift keying signals, which ensure the greatest noise immunity in autocorrelation demodulators of minimum frequency shift keying signals with binary signals quantization.