Cinnamon Extract Research Articles

The most commonly used spices in Thai traditional medicine: in vitro evaluation of anti-hyperglycemic, antioxidant, polyphenol content, and nitric oxide production inhibitory activities.

Diabetes mellitus is a persistent hyperglycemic condition. Thai cuisine and medicine incorporate spices: nutmeg, mace, clove buds, cardamom, cinnamon, and coriander. The in vitro impacts of these spices on anti-diabetic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and total phenolic and flavonoid content were assessed. Alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase inhibition assays were conducted. Antioxidant potential was measured through DPPH and ABTS assays. Anti-inflammatory activity was determined by inhibiting nitric oxide generation in RAW 264.7 cells. Total phenolic content was quantified using the Folin Ciocalteu method, while total flavonoid content was estimated via the aluminum chloride colorimetric method. Ethanolic and aqueous extracts of a blend of spices (Siam cardamom, nutmeg, mace, and clove buds), denoted as 4-GlurE and 4-GlurA, displayed concentration-dependent inhibition of alpha-glucosidase, with IC50 values of 0.373 and 0.435 mg/mL, respectively. 4-GlurE and 4-GlurA exhibited antioxidant activity, by ABTS·+ radical and DPPH scavenging capabilities. 4-GlurE demonstrated anti-inflammatory potential by reducing nitric oxide generation (IC50: 43.95 ± 2.47 μg/mL). 4-GlurE and 4-GlurA possessed total phenolic content (TPC) of 122.47 ± 1.12 and 148.72 ± 0.14 mg GAE/g, respectively. 4-GlurE exhibited a higher total flavonoid content (TFC) compared to the aqueous extract (340.33 ± 4.77 and 94.17 ± 3.36 mg QE/g). Cinnamon and clove aqueous extracts were more potent than acarbose in alpha-glucosidase inhibition with the highest antioxidant activity. Polyphenol levels (TPC and TFC) exhibited strong correlations with antioxidant capacity. Findings are consistent with the traditional use of 4-Glur, with cinnamon, for diabetes prevention and treatment.

Determination of in vitro antibacterial effects of cinnamon extracts on some pathogens

Determination of in vitro antibacterial effects of cinnamon extracts on some pathogens

Antioxidant Activity and Cytotoxicity of Cyanthilium Cinereum and Cinnamon-in Vitro Study

Introduction: Cyanthillium cinereum is a native of tropical Africa and Asia (India, Indochina, Indonesia) and is used as a smoking cessation drug and relief for cold. Leaves act as an abortifacient and blood purifier and have diuretic, antiviral, analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory properties. Cinnamon is the inner bark of cinnamon cassia found on the west coast of India, Sri Lanka, and Indonesia. It is a forest evergreen tree that has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, and anti-microbial properties, treats bronchitis, diabetes and has traces of Vitamin B & K. Hence, we aimed to study the antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity in the herbal synergy of cinnamon and cyanthillium cinereum. Materials and Methods: An in vitro study was conducted, and the polar aqueous extract of this combination of herbs cinnamon \ and cyanthilium cinereum was prepared and tested for DPPH assay assay to study its antioxidant properties and the absorbance value was evaluated. Brine Shrimp Assay with viable nauplii cell lines was used for cytotoxicity assessment. Results: Antioxidant activity of the aqueous extract of Cyanthillium cinereum and Cinnamon revealed that there was a decrease in the antioxidant activity with an increase in the concentration of the aqueous extract. Cytotoxicity of the aqueous extract of Cyanthillium cinereum and Cinnamon reported an increase in the cytotoxic activity with a rise in the concentration of the aqueous extract. Conclusion: This research showed that aqueous extract of cinnamon and cyanthillium cinereum has good antioxidant activity, is less cytotoxic, and can be used as a therapeutic and preventive medicine.

FORMULASI OBAT KUMUR EKSTRAK DAUN BINAHONG DAN KAYU MANIS TERHADAP BAKTERI Streptococcus mutans

Dental caries is a disease in the oral cavity, this disease can be prevented by using mouthwash. Plants that have antibacterial activities include binahong leaves and cinnamon . This study aims was to determine the quality and antibacterial activity of mouthwash that containing against Streptococcus mutans. Mouthwash preparations was carried out by various concentrations of binahong leaves and cinnamon extract. Preparation F0 is without extract, F1 (6%:3%), F2 (7%:3%), F3 (8%:3%). The organoleptic test results of the mouthwash was clear brown in color and had a distinctive aroma of binahong leaves and cinnamon. The pH test results were F0 6.529±0.16; F1 5.256±0.004; F2 5.333±0.002; and F3 5.373±0.003. The density measurements results were F0 1.0766±0.04852; F1 1.0309±0.00056; F2 1.0317±0.00032; and F3 1.0364±0.00325. The viscosity measurement results were F0 3.170±0.02; F1 3.203±0.02; F2 3.323±0.01; and F3 3.380±0.02. The antibacterial activity test result were F0 0.00 mm; F1 6.39±0.03 mm; F2 7.29±0.06 mm; F3 8.89±0.07 mm; negative control (distilled water) 0.00 mm; and positive control (chlorhexidine 0.2%) 21.35±0.10 mm. The preparation fulfilled the physical quality parameter requirements of mouthwash and has antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans.

Evaluation of the Effect of Some Plant Extracts as Antifungal Substances Isolated from Patients with Gingivitis and Endophthalmitis in Hilla City

During this study, 8 isolates of Candida yeast were isolated and diagnosed on CHROMagar, and Candida albicans was the most prevalent species by 75%. The inhibitory activity of plant extracts of adrak, cloves, green tea, and cinnamon was tested by disc diffusion test against C. albicans, C. krusei, and the antibiotics gentian stain, fluconazole, kenazole, nystatin were used for comparison. As well as using oral and dental cleaning products for comparison as well. The study showed that clove extract had a weak inhibitory activity at a high concentration, while extracts of green tea, cinnamon and mint did not show any activity in inhibiting C. albicans and showed that toothpaste had high activity in inhibiting yeast better than the plant extracts that did not show any inhibitory effect despite their use in high concentrations. We conclude from the current study that it is better to use toothpaste instead of herbs to get rid of gingivitis because it plays a major role in inhibiting Candida yeast.

Effect of Aerobic Training and Cinnamon on Expression of Resistin Gene in Adipose Tissue of Male Rats Fed with a High-Fat Diet

Background: The pathogenesis of obesity is very complex, and a number of factors are involved in its occurrence. To treat or control obesity and diabetes, various treatment methods, such as the use of natural and synthetic drugs or lifestyle modifications, are recommended for obese people. Exercise is an active lifestyle that can have beneficial effects on obese people. Due to people's concerns about the side effects of chemical drugs, including drug resistance, today in medicine, the use of herbal compounds with different properties, including cinnamon, has been considered by everyone. Objectives: In the current work, simultaneous application of cinnamon extract (CE) and aerobic practices were studied on the expression of the resistin gene (RG) in adipose tissue of male rats on a high-fat diet. Methods: The influence of 5 days a week of aerobic exercise for 6 weeks, along with a simultaneous high-fat diet (as an emulsion with the rate of 150 mL in excess of the routine diet) and consumption of CE (200 mg/kg), were studied. The expression of the RG in adipose tissue of male rats that received a high-fat diet in their daily food was assessed. Independent variables of the present study included performing 6 weeks of aerobic exercise, consumption of CE, and high-fat diet as the underlying variables. The mRNA expression of the proteins was evaluated using real-time PCR. The effect of variables on between-group and within-group changes was assessed using a one-way analysis of variance and the Bonferroni test. Results: Different patterns, including high-fat diet, cinnamon, and combinations of high-fat diet/cinnamon, high-fat diet/aerobic exercise, and high-fat diet/aerobic exercise, were significant on resistin in adipose tissue. Conclusions: The best results in terms of mitigating the adverse effects of diet on the expression of RG were observed for a combination of six weeks of exercise and CE. Therefore, the simultaneous utilization of aerobic exercise and CE is recommended.

Effects of Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) Extract on Adipocyte Differentiation in 3T3-L1 Cells and Lipid Accumulation in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet.

Flavonoids and phenolic acid are two of the rich polyphenols found in cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum). The effects of cinnamon extract on the inhibition of adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 fibroblast cells and prohibitory lipid accumulation in male mice fed a high-fat diet were examined. Upon treating 3T3-L1 cells with cinnamon for 3 days, the cinnamon inhibited lipid accumulation and increased gene expression levels, such as those of adiponectin and leptin. In in vivo experiments, mice were randomized into four groups after a one-week acclimation period, as follows: normal diet, normal diet + 1% cinnamon extract, high-fat diet, and high-fat diet + 1% cinnamon extract. After 14 weeks of supplementation, we found that cinnamon extract increased the expression of lipolysis-related proteins, such as AMPK, p-ACC, and CPT-1, and reduced the expression of lipid-synthesis-related proteins, such as SREBP-1c and FAS, in liver tissue. Our results show that cinnamon extract may exhibit anti-obesity effects via the inhibition of lipid synthesis and adipogenesis and the induction of lipolysis in both 3T3-L1 fibroblast cells and mice fed a high-fat diet. Accordingly, cinnamon extract may have potential anti-obesity effects.

Antibacterial Activity of Cinnamomum burmannii Extract Against Escherichia coli

This study aims to determine the antibacterial activity of the cinnamon extract in inhibiting the growth of Escherichia coli. The research design was a laboratory experiment consisting of three phases, namely the preparation phase of cinnamon extract using the maceration method using 96% ethanol, the characterization phase consisting of qualitative analysis with phytochemical tests and quantitative analysis with UV-Vis spectrophotometry, and the application phase including antibacterial activity test by disc diffusion method (Kirby-Bauer Test). The concentration series were 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%, chloramphenicol as the positive control and methanol as the negative control. The results showed that cinnamon extract positively contained flavonoids with a total content of 1.310 mg QE/g or 0.131%. Cinnamon extract is effective as an antibacterial in the medium category with the optimum concentration to inhibit Escherichia coli is 40% indicated by the diameter of the inhibition zone of 9.55 mm at 12 hours of incubation. Therefore, the cinnamon extract has potential activity against Escherichia coli.

The effectiveness of the biologically active additive «Activio» using when feeding young ducks

Agricultural poultry has a number of biological features: intensive metabolism and rapid growth, rapid maturity and significant reproductive potential, high body temperature, resistance to many infectious diseases, etc. The scientific article presents the results of an experimental study of the effect of the biologically active additive Activio, which contains essential oils of cinnamon, rosemary, oregano and chili pepper extract, on the productive qualities of young ducks. To realize the set goal, two experimental groups of ducks were formed: 1st group - Peking ducks, 2nd group - Cherry Valley ducks, which were fed the drug Activio as part of a complete and balanced diet in terms of nutrients and energy, at the rate of 100 g ha 1 t of compound feed . It has been established that the introduction of the drug Activio into the diet of young ducks contributes to the increase in feed consumption, live weight gains and the survival of ducklings, which is primarily due to the fact that the essential oils of cinnamon, rosemary, oregano, chili pepper extract have positive, stimulating biological effects. improve the functioning of the digestive, immune, nervous systems and musculoskeletal system. During the breeding of poultry, an important indicator is the average daily feed consumption, which according to the data of the article in the period from 1 to 7 days was 27.15 g/head/day in the ducks of the first group, and 28.41 g/head/day in the ducks of the second group, and in the period from the 22nd to the 28th day, the value of the average daily feed consumption is 259.36 g/go/day in the first group, and 270.36 g/go/day in the ducks of the second group. The use of the drug Activio did not have a negative effect on the body of young ducklings and made it possible to realize the genetic potential of the productivity of ducks, which was more clearly expressed in the young ducklings of the Cherry Valley breed, which was obtained on the basis of Peking ducks through in depth selection using the paternal line 151 and maternal line 102 and has higher growth energy compared to Peking ducks. Key words: ducks, Peking breed, Cherry Valley, feed supplement, «Activio», gains, live weight, preservation.

Inhibitory effect of temozolomide on apoptosis induction of cinnamaldehyde in human glioblastoma multiforme T98G cell line.

Glioblastoma is the most common primary malignant brain tumor in adults. Temozolomide (TMZ) is an FDA-approved drug used to treat this type of cancer. Cinnamaldehyde (CIN) is a derivative of cinnamon extract and makes up 99% of it. The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro combined effect of CIN and TMZ on human glioblastoma multiforme T98G cell line viability. In this study, we used 3-(4,5 dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tertazolium bromide (MTT) method to evaluate the extent of IC50, acridine orange, Giemsa and Hoechst staining to evaluate the manner of apoptosis and the Western blotting method to examine the expression change of apoptotic proteins. Our results show that TMZ has an inhibitory effect on CIN when both used in combination at concentrations of 300 and 100 μM (P<0.05) and has a cytotoxic effect when used alone at the same concentrations (P<0.05). The western blotting result showed that TMZ at concentrations of 2,000 and 1,000 μM significantly increased Bax expression and decreased Bcl2 expression (P<0.05), indicating that TMZ induced apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway. However, CIN had no effect on Bax and Bcl2 expressions, thus causing apoptosis from another pathway. Also, the Bax:Bcl2 expression ratio at concentrations combined was lower than that for TMZ 1,000 μM and higher than that for CIN 150 and 100 μM (P<0.05), which confirms the inhibitory effect of TMZ on CIN. From the present study, we conclude that TMZ in combination with CIN has an inhibitory effect on increasing the cytotoxicity rate.

Polyphenols, Flavonoids, Mineral Elements, and Biological Activities of Ginger and Cinnamon Essential Oil and Extracts as Regulated by Their Isolation Procedures

Our research compared the chemical make-up of wild Ginger and cinnamon, including their essential oils (EOs), total phenol, and total flavonoid, for their antioxidant and antibacterial effects in vitro. The mineral (nutritional and poisonous) components of the plant were also identified in this investigation. Hydro distillation (HD), steam distillation (SD), and microwave-assisted distillation (MAD) were used to extract the EOs, and gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and mass spectrometry detection (GC-MS) were used to examine them. 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) was used to evaluate the EOs' antioxidant properties. The essential oil was analyzed, and twenty-six components were found to make up 97.73% of the oil with a yield of 0.202%. The primary components were pulegone (74.81%), menthone (13.01%) and piperitone (3.82%). Neutron activation analysis (INAA) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) were used to detect twenty-one elements, including macro- and micro-elements (Ba, Br, Ca, Cl, Co, Cr, Cs, Eu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Rb, Sb, Sc, Sr, Th, U, and Zn), with the mineral element concentration being very close to the FAO recommendation.

The Protective Effects of Cinnamyl Alcohol Against Hepatic Steatosis, Oxidative and Inflammatory Stress in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Induced by Childhood Obesity

ABSTRACT Background Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by excessive intracellular lipid accumulation, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Cinnamyl alcohol (CA), one of the cinnamon extracts, has been shown to exhibit anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities. We proposed that CA was beneficial to NAFLD. Methods Serum cytokines and components of the lipid metabolism were determined in children with NAFLD against age-matched comparisons. A NAFLD mouse model was established by high fat and high carbohydrate (HFHC) diet in male C57BL/6 mouse pups, followed by administration of CA. The effects of CA on lipid metabolism, oxidative stress, and inflammation in hepatic tissues were assessed. Results Abnormal lipid metabolism and inflammatory responses were observed in the children with NAFLD as compared with the controls. CA reduced the weight of obese mice without affecting food intake as well as alleviating liver injury caused by HFHC feeding. CA was found to mitigate dyslipidemia and reduce hepatic steatosis in HFHC-fed mice by down-regulating genes related to lipogenesis, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor-1c (SREBP-1c), and acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 (ACC1). Additionally, CA treatment reversed HFHC-induced oxidative stress and inflammation, evidenced by the decreased liver reactive oxygen species (ROS), hepatic inflammatory cytokine levels, and F4/80-positive macrophage infiltration in HFHC diet mice. CA reduced the protein levels of pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3), adapter protein apoptosis-associated speck-like protein (ASC), and caspase-1 in the liver tissues significantly. Conclusion CA alleviates HFHC-induced NAFLD in mice, which is associated with the amelioration in lipid metabolism, oxidative stress, and inflammation.

Effects of Dietary Components on Mast Cells: Possible Use as Nutraceuticals for Allergies?

Allergic diseases affect an estimated 30 percent of the world's population. Mast cells (MC) are the key effector cells of allergic reactions by releasing pro-inflammatory mediators such as histamine, lipid mediators, and cytokines/chemokines. Components of the daily diet, including certain fatty acids, amino acids, and vitamins, as well as secondary plant components, may have effects on MC and thus may be of interest as nutraceuticals for the prevention and treatment of allergies. This review summarizes the anti-inflammatory effects of dietary components on MC, including the signaling pathways involved, in in vitro and in vivo models. Butyrate, calcitriol, kaempferol, quercetin, luteolin, resveratrol, curcumin, and cinnamon extract were the most effective in suppressing the release of preformed and de novo synthesized mediators from MC or in animal models. In randomized controlled trials (RCT), vitamin D, quercetin, O-methylated epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), resveratrol, curcumin, and cinnamon extract improved symptoms of allergic rhinitis (AR) and reduced the number of inflammatory cells in patients. However, strategies to overcome the poor bioavailability of these nutrients are an important part of current research.

Adjuvant Effect of Cinnamon Polyphenolic Components in Colorectal Cancer Cell Lines.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second-leading cause of cancer death, with a worldwide incidence rate constantly increasing; thus, new strategies for its prevention or treatment are needed. Here, we describe the adjuvant effect of the polyphenol-enriched fractions of cinnamon, from cinnamon bark and buds, when co-administered with a potent anticancer drug, cetuximab, used for CRC therapy. The co-administration significantly reduces the cetuximab dose required for the antiproliferative activity against colorectal cancer cell line E705, which is sensitive to EGFR-targeted therapy. The anticancer activity of these cinnamon-derived fractions, whose major components (as assessed by UPLC-HRMS analysis) are procyanidins and other flavonoids, strictly correlates with their ability to induce apoptosis in cancer cell lines through ERK activation and the mitochondrial membrane potential impairment. Due to the severe side effects of cetuximab administration, our results suggest the use of nutraceuticals based on the polyphenolic fractions of cinnamon extracts as adjuvants in the therapy of CRC.

Cinnamomum burmannii Suplementation Regulation of the Expression of IFN-γ and TNF-α as Markers of Circulating Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes that Recognize Inflammatory Responses due to High-Intensity Exercise

This study aims to determine the role of Cinnamomum burmanii supplementation in increasing CD8+ T cells or cytotoxic T cells. It employed the posttest-only control group design. The experimental units in this study were 41 male mouse (Mus musculus) of the BALB/c strain, which were randomly divided into four groups. The first group of 10 mice was a control group that received no treatment. The second group was treated with 200 mg/kg BW of cinnamon extract without exercise. The third group consisted of 10 mice undergoing a high-intensity exercise regimen and receiving a placebo treatment. The fourth group both received the cinnamon supplementation at 200 mg/kg BW and underwent an exercise regimen. The exercise regimen took the form of a regular 7-day-long high-intensity downhill treadmill training with a load of 80-90% of maximum capacity and an inclination angle of -15°. On the 8th day, twelve hours after exercise, the spleen of the mice was taken for a flow cytometric examination to count the numbers of CD8+ T cells and CD8+ T cells expressing IFN-γ and TNF-α. The counts of CD8+ T cells were significantly different among the groups (p = 0.004), with the median value of the control group being 5.79 ± 2.19, in comparison to that of the fourth group (5.23 ± 1.84). There were significant differences in the counts of CD8+ T cells expressing IFN-γ among the groups (p = 0.027), with the median value of the control group being 18.73 ± 11.94, in comparison to that of the fourth group (10.58 ± 3.78). However, the counts of CD8+ T cells expressing TNF-α lacked significant differences among the groups (p = 0.857), with the median value of the control group being 11.61 ± 10.27, in comparison to that of the fourth group (8.86 ± 3.50). In summary, cinnamon supplementation to high-intensity exercise led to significant increases in the relative counts of CD8+ T cells (p = 0.004) and CD8+ T cells expressing IFN- γ (p = 0.027), but it did not show any significant difference in the relative count of CD8+ T cells expressing TNF-α.

Clinical Aspects on the Toxicity of Cinnamon Extracts: A Mini Review

Clinical Aspects on the Toxicity of Cinnamon Extracts: A Mini Review

Psidium guajava, Phalaenopsis sp., Syzygium aromaticum e Cinnamomum verum como inibidores naturais do crescimento de Streptococcus mutans

Currently, an increase on research on plant extracts seeking therapeutic action in the control of diseases of the oral cavity are observed, especially dental caries. Several plant extracts are already incorporated into toothpastes and mouthwashes. The objective of this study was to evaluate in vitro the antibacterial action of Psidium guajava (guava), Phalaenopsis sp. (orchid), Syzygium aromaticum (clove) and Cinnamomum verum (Ceylon cinnamon) extracts. The tests were carried out with the oral cavity bacteria Streptococcus mutans. The antibacterial activity of plant extracts was evaluated by the disk diffusion method in agar and by minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). The tests showed the effectiveness of the extracts through inhibition zones of bacterial growth (from 5 to 20 mm in diameter) and MIC of 100 mg. mL-1 Phalaenopsis sp. extract and 50 mg. mL-1 P. guajava extract. Complementary studies will be needed to evaluate other pharmacological actions in order to use these plant extracts in different dental specialties and mainly in the treatment and prophylaxis of dental caries.

Powder shampoo formulation with antioxidant activity: in vitro perspectives

PurposeThe purpose of the study was to develop a powder shampoo with antioxidant attributes.Design/methodology/approachDry shampoo compositions were formulated containing alpha olefin sulfonate (AOS), sodium cocoyl isethionate (SCI), microcrystalline cellulose, mannitol, carboxymethyl cellulose, maltodextrin and sodium benzoate with or without extract of Cinnamomum zeylanicum bark. Cinnamon extract was chosen for this study owing to its ubiquitously known antioxidant attributes. The formulations were tested for detergency action and antioxidant potential in vitro.FindingsCinnamomum zeylanicum extract exhibited noticeable antioxidant activity in vitro. The authors observed that addition of the bark extract to the shampoo formulation was associated with remarkable increase in total phenolic content, total antioxidant activity and radical scavenging activity without any effect on detergency action.Research limitations/implicationsThis preliminary study provides a powder shampoo formulation which exhibits antioxidant attributes as a result of incorporation of cinnamon bark extract. Clinical efficacy of the formulation remains to be tested.Practical implicationsOwing to the powder format of the shampoo, the formulation can be manufactured with ease and economically. Functionalizing the formulation with enhancement of antioxidant activity by incorporation of cinnamon bark extract may be associated with beneficial clinical outcomes, which remains to be tested.Social implicationsThe proposed formulation may be stored and sold in eco-friendly packing material, thus could pave the way for reducing the burden of plastic consumption by the shampoo industry.Originality/valueThe present work demonstrates that incorporation of cinnamon bark extract to a powder shampoo formulation, containing AOS and SCI as principle surfactants, significantly enhances its antioxidant attributes.

Weakening of Virulence Factors and Biofilm in Salmonella Typhi by Medicinal Plants Extracts

Objective(s): Salmonella typhi, is a serious global health threat because it causes typhoid fever, a severe systemic infection. According to the World Health Organization, millions of cases of typhoid are recorded annually, and thousands of people die from it. To combat this pathogen, new medications are required. The current study aims to study the ability of medicinal plants (thyme and cinnamon) to modulate the properties of Salmonella typhi isolates instead of killing them. Materials and Methods: The plants were extracted with the help of solvents (ethanol and ethyl acetate) and to find out the minimum inhibitory concentration, the different concentrations were used. The biofilm and expression of genes (invA &amp; fliC) of the bacterium were studied when exposed to sub-inhibitory concentrations of the plant extracts. Results: MIC values ranging between 20-25 mg/ml and 10-15 mg/ml for ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts of Thyme respectively. While the MIC values of cinnamon were 18-25 and 10-15 mg/ml for both ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts respectively. The examinations revealed a significant decrease in the composition of biofilms by isolates when treated with SICs from plant extracts. The transcription expression profile of invasion (invA) and flagellar (fliC) genes were downregulated when treated with the plant extracts. Conclusion: The findings indicate that both thyme and cinnamon extracts may have promising activity against the biofilm and virulence of S. typhi. Thus, they could be used as potential as an antibacterial drug.

Antifungal Effectiveness Test of Cinnamon Extract (Cinnamomum Burmannii) Against Candida Albicans

Background: Candida albicans, is a normal flora that lives on the oral mucosa, digestive tract and vagina. Candida albicans can cause infection such as oral candidiasis. A number of antifungal agents are widely used in the treatment of Candida infections, but some antifungal drugs sometimes have unpleasant side effects. This prompted researchers to examine the contents of natural ingredients that have antifungal activity, one of which is cinnamon. Cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmannii) contains several chemical compounds including cinnamaldehyde and eugenol which are components that have antifungal effects. Objective: to analyze the effectiveness of cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmannii) antifungal against Candida albicans. Materials and Methods: The research was performed as laboratory experiment that calculates the diameter of inhibition using the agar-well diffusion method. 25 samples tested were Candida albicans cultured in SDA (Saboroud Dextrose Agar) medium. Variations in treatment concentrations were cinnamon extract (Cinnamomum burmannii) 25%, 50%, 75%, nystatin oral suspension (positive control), and aquades (negative control). Results: The average inhibition of 75% cinnamon extract (Cinnamomum burmannii) was 16.8 mm, whereas in the positive control nystatin oral suspension was 13.4 mm. The hypothesis test has a value of p=0.000 (p&lt;0.05). Conclusion: There is an antifungal effectiveness of cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmannii) against Candida albicans at a concentration of 75%.