Cinnamon Bark Powder Research Articles

Alternative Health Care among Type 2 Diabetes in ASEAN Countries: A Scoping Review

Introduction: The prevalent rate of diabetes is increasing among the world and ASEAN countries itself. The treatment using alternative health care (AHC) is one of exist medication among diabetes patients. In addition, the evidence on the management of diabetes through the use of traditional medicine has not been addressed before. Objective: The purpose of this scoping review was to review and summarize the AHC therapies in literature that are the most well-known and successful for glycemic control complication and the burden among diabetes patients in ASEAN countries. Methods: To access all studies and articles related to the scoping review’s aim, seven databases were searched. The seven data based included PubMed, ProQuest, ScienceDirect, SCOPUS, Google Scholar, the Cochrane Library, and CINAHL unlimited until August 12, 2023. The search method used keywords “diabetes”, “alternative health care”, “ASEAN” and “Indonesia”, modifying the search statements of these phrases so that they were compatible with the various databases. Results: The result of study after critical appraisal using JBI critical appraisal checklist for RCT were found three kinds of alternative health care for diabetes patients, first herbs or traditional medication which are herbal extract of cinnamon bark powder 3%, pandan leaf 6%, and bay leaf 9% and herbs extract of breadfruit life, second community care, there is CIIC (Community Integrated Intermediary Care), and third, mind and body therapies such as acupuncture, acupressure and message. Conclusion: The utilization of AHC (Alternative Health Care) has demonstrated its efficacy in the management of diabetes, leading to enhanced clinical outcomes and a decrease in both blood glucose levels and associated burdens. Despite the scarcity of empirical data, it is widely acknowledged that the recommended therapeutic interventions yield advantages in inducing relaxation, which subsequently contributes to the alleviation of stress.

Impact of dietary supplementation with cinnamon bark powder on broiler growth and carcass indices, small intestinal measurements, physico-chemical properties of meat and economics of production

Impact of dietary supplementation with cinnamon bark powder on broiler growth and carcass indices, small intestinal measurements, physico-chemical properties of meat and economics of production

Assessment of in vitro antibacterial activity and MIC of cinnamon bark powder ethanolic and aqueous extracts against bacteria

The study was planned to evaluate the in vitro antibacterial activity and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) bark powder ethanolic and aqueous extracts. Screening of cinnamon powder ethanolic and aqueous extracts for antibacterial sensitivity and MIC against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was carried out. ABST was performed by the disc diffusion method. The cinnamon powder ethanolic and aqueous extracts were suspended in a solution containing 10% dimethyl sulfoxide and 0.5% tween 80. Under aseptic condition, empty sterilized discs were impregnated with 50 μl of different concentrations (50%, 25%, 12.5%, 6.25% and 3.12%) of the cinnamon powder ethanolic and aqueous extracts and placed on the agar plate surface. Paper disc moistened with vehicle (DMSO plus tween 80) was placed on the seeded petri plate as a vehicle control. Standard disc containing antibacterial drugs (gentamicin, tetracycline, cefpirome and ampicillin) were used as reference control. The petri plates were incubated at 37°C for 18 h. After the incubation period, the zone of inhibition was measured. Among the tested bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli showed the sensitivity at different concentration of cinnamon powder ethanolic extract whereas Streptococcus agalactiae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed no zone of inhibition. Aqueous extract of cinnamon powder showed no antibacterial activities against all tested bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentration of cinnamon powder ethanolic and aqueous extracts were determined by micro-broth dilution technique. The results of MIC revealed that both ethanolic and aqueous extracts showed various MIC against all tested bacteria. Ethanolic extract of cinnamon powder has lower MIC value against Staphylococcus aureus among tested bacteria.

Antidiabetic Potential of Volatile Cinnamon Oil: A Review and Exploration of Mechanisms Using In Silico Molecular Docking Simulations.

Cinnamon has been used as a flavoring and medicinal agent for centuries. Much research has focused on cinnamon bark powder, which contains antioxidants, flavonoids, carotenoids, vitamins, minerals, fiber, and small amounts of essential oil. However, isolated and concentrated cinnamon essential oil may also have important medicinal qualities, particularly in antidiabetic therapy. Some of the most common essential oil constituents identified in the literature include cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, and beta-caryophyllene. Due to their high concentration in cinnamon essential oil, these constituents are hypothesized to have the most significant physiological activity. Here, we present a brief review of literature on cinnamon oil and its constituents as they relate to glucose metabolism and diabetic pathogenesis. We also present molecular docking simulations of these cinnamon essential oil constituents (cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, beta-caryophyllene) that suggest interaction with several key enzymes in glucometabolic pathways.

Dietary Cinnamon Bark Affects Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics, and Breast Meat Quality in Broiler Infected with Eimeria tenella Oocysts.

Simple SummaryAntimicrobial tolerance problems have culminated in an increased focus on raising broiler chickens without using any antibiotics, and an increasing interest has developed in non-antibiotic feed supplements with potential productivity and health benefits. Previous studies have shown beneficial results linked to the addition of cinnamon to broiler diets under health conditions without induced coccidiosis. In this study, different amounts of dietary cinnamon, a phytogenic of the Lauraceae family, were evaluated for their effects on carcass characteristics and meat quality in broilers infected with oocysts of Eimeria tenella. Overall, emeriosis negatively affects bird slaughter weight, carcass yield, and most carcass traits. Compared with the positive control, cinnamon increased slaughter weight, carcass yield, and the percentage weights of heart, proventriculus, gizzard, breast, and pancreas. In addition, cinnamon at 2 g/kg diet improved performance, cocking loss, and meat tenderness among cinnamon groups. The ionophore salinomycin (Sacox®) group had the highest slaughter yield, myofibril fragmentation index (MFI), and texture profile analysis (TPA) of meat. The current research offers equivalent and unbiased findings from a study of substitutes for commercial coccidiostats in a consistent experimental paradigm that applies well to commercial conditions.A total of 150 broiler chicks were used to determine the impact of dietary cinnamon bark powder (CBP; Cinnamomum verum) on breast meat quality, growth performance, and carcass characteristics of birds under coccidiosis, as one of the protozoan parasitic diseases. A total of 5 replicates of birds received 1 of the following 6 groups for 34 days: control groups (1 and 2) received a basal diet without the addition of CBP or salinomycin; group 3 received a basal diet with 0.066 g salinomycin; groups 4–6 were given a basal diet supplemented with 2, 4, and 6 g CBP/kg feed, respectively. On day 21, 4 × 104/100 µL of Eimeria tenella oocysts/bird were challenged, except for the negative control (NC). At the end of the experimental trial, five birds/group were sampled for carcass characteristics and breast attributes. Overall, emeriosis negatively affects slaughter body mass, carcass yield, and the majority of carcass characteristics in birds, and cinnamon can mitigate these effects. Cinnamon groups, particularly at the 2 g level, alleviated the negative effect on performance caused by coccidia infestation to the same or greater extent as the negative control and salinomycin treatment groups. Furthermore, when compared with the other experimental groups, the addition of cinnamon improved some physicochemical properties with some affecting meat quality, such as decreasing MFI and increasing toughness in cinnamon-treated groups. In summary, it can be concluded that CBP can enhance the shelf life, carcass, and quality of birds’ meat by maximizing the productive performance efficiency and breast meat productivity of birds under coccidiosis infestation. Further research is required to investigate the use of cinnamon to optimize the quality of meat and the productivity of both healthy and diseased broilers.

Growth Performance, Serum Biochemical Indices, Duodenal Histomorphology, and Cecal Microbiota of Broiler Chickens Fed on Diets Supplemented with Cinnamon Bark Powder at Prestarter and Starter Phases

Simple SummaryDuring the first days of chicks’ lives, chicks are still developing the thermoregulatory system, the gut function, and the immune system. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of supplemental Cinnamomum verum as a phytogenic feed additive in the starter diet. Our findings suggested that the addition of Cinnamomum verum at 2000 mg/kg might increase body weight gain over 1–10, 1–14, and 1–21 days of age by improving relative breast weight, elevating serum albumin concentrations, duodenal villus height, and goblet cell density at prestarter period.Ross 308 broiler chicks (n = 240) aged 1 day were assigned to five groups for eight replicates (six chicks for each) (3♂ and 3♀). Basal dietary groups were supplemented by 2000, 4000, and 6000 mg/kg cinnamon (CN) for 21 days. Basal diet alone was used as a negative control, and basal antibiotic diet (Colimox) was used as a positive control. At 10, 14, and 21 days of age, chicks that received 2000 mg CN and Colimox had a higher body weight, resulting in an increase in body weight gain. CN also resulted in the maximum improvement in the feed conversion ratio and feed efficiency over 1–21 days at the level of 2000 mg/kg. At days 10, the maximum relative breast weight was 2000 mg/kg of CN. Mean serum albumin concentrations, duodenal villus height, and goblet cell density increased (p < 0.05) by 2000 mg/kg of CN, and mean serum globulin and total protein concentrations and crypt depth increased (p < 0.05) by 6000 mg/kg of CN compared with control. Increased cecal Escherichia coli number was CN dose-dependent. In conclusion, dietary inclusion of 2000 mg/kg CN can be applied as an alternative to in-feed antibiotics for broiler starter diet.

Analysis of the Efficacy of Cinnamon for Patients with Diabetes Mellitus Type II Based on Traditional Persian Medicine Syndrome Differentiation: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Background: Conflicting results have been obtained from the studies on the hypoglycemic effect of cinnamon in patients with diabetes mellitus type II (T2DM). Objectives: This research aimed at assessing the effect of applying the syndrome differentiation model based on traditional Persian medicine (TPM) to identify the patients who benefit more from cinnamon supplementation. Methods: This study was a randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled trial based on a parallel design. One hundred and forty eligible patients referring to the Diabetes Clinic of Yazd University of Medical Sciences, who were diagnosed with T2DM, were randomly divided into the cinnamon and placebo groups. Then, 500-mg capsules of cinnamon bark powder or placebo were administered to them twice a day for three months. All the participants completed a standard questionnaire for syndrome diagnosis in traditional Persian medicine (TPM). Fasting plasma glucose (FPG), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C), fasting insulin (FI), and insulin resistance (IR), calorie intake, and physical activity were measured before and after the interventions. The glycemic outcomes were analyzed according to the TPM syndrome. Results: There was no statistically significant difference between the patients’ demographic and clinical features in the two groups. Glycemic indices were improved in patients receiving cinnamon supplementation compared to placebo group (-13.1 ± 1.7, -1.7 ± 1.9, P &lt; 0.001 for change in FPG and -0.27 ± 0.039 vs. 0.001 ± 0.019, P &lt; 0.001 for change in HbA1C respectively). All the outcomes were more improved in the patients with wet syndrome compared to dry ones, which was compatible with Persian syndrome differentiation (P &lt; 0.05). Conclusions: Diabetic patients with wet syndrome based on TPM benefit more form cinnamon supplementation.

Cinnamon powder: an in vitro and in vivo evaluation of antifungal and plant growth promoting activity

In this study, the effects of organic powder of Cinnamomum zeylanicum on the development of Botrytis cinerea and its influence on tomato plants were evaluated. The cinnamon bark powder and its water suspensions and filtrates were used at 0.5 and 1% rates. After 6 days of the start of an in vitro experiment the mycelium growth was inhibited by both 0.5 and 1% cinnamon water filtrates - to a greater degree in the case of the higher concentration, by 54.4 and 81.4%, respectively. Spraying with cinnamon water filtrates positively influenced the growth of plants both in the greenhouse and the field. Antifungal activity of cinnamon was proved in the greenhouse tests - the disease symptoms of grey mould on infected tomato plants decreased. The fresh weight of non-inoculated tomato plants treated with cinnamon filtrates was significantly higher than control plants (17.17 g compared to 12.83 g) showing a stimulating effect of cinnamon filtrates. In the case of inoculated plants due to treatment, their weight increased from 7.83 to 10.50 g. In the field experiment, tomato plants sprayed six times with cinnamon were better developed than the control plants. The most significant effect was observed for Hamlet variety - the mean number of leaves was higher by 27.3% and the mean number of branches by 19.7% compared to the untreated control plants. Thus it was proved that cinnamon powder has potential to inhibit B. cinerea growth and also has a stimulating effect for tomato plants.

Application of cinnamon and gotu kola supplements for increasing quail hematological status (Coturnixcoturnix-australica)

Cinnamon and gotu kola are herbal plants that are rich in polyphenol-type antioxidants. This type of antioxidant has been known to have an important role in stimulating an increase in biological function, especially hematological status. Quail with increased haematological status can be known from hemoglobin levels and erythrocyte counts per mm3 of blood. The aim of this study was to analyze the hematological status of quail Australian strains by adding cinnamon and gotu kola leaves supplements with variable hemoglobin levels, erythrocyte levels, and body weight supporting variables. The study design used a Completely Randomized Design consisting of 8 treatments with 3 replications. The treatment given includes control, feed supplemented with cinnamon bark powder 5% or 10%, supplementation of gotu kola leaf flour 5% or 10%, combination of cinnamon powder flour supplement with gotu kola (5%: 5%, 5%: 10 % or 10%: 5%). The results of the study were analyzed by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) which continued with Duncan’s Test at a significance level of 5%. The results showed that the supplement of cinnamon bark and gotu kola leaves in feed gave a significant effect on body weight, hemoglobin levels, and the number of erythrocytes (P <0.05). A combination of gotu kola cinnamon-bark supplement with a ratio of 5%: 10% gives an effect on increasing hemoglobin and erythrocyte levels with a higher value than other treatments, which is equal to 13 g / % and 2,588,000 per mm3. Quail body weight in each treatment was not significantly different. The conclusion of this study is the addition of combination combinations of gotu kola cinnamon flour with a ratio of 5%: 10% can improve the hematological status of quails, so that the composition of this combination of ingredients can be used to increase the productivity of Australian strains quail laying.

Use of plant products as potential eco-friendly management alternatives for the control of rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae in stored sorghum

Results revealed that toxicity of custard apple seed powder and cinnamon bark powder increased with an increase in dosage as well as an increase in the period of exposure to both the plant powders. Both the powders significantly reduced the number of rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae adults. Amongst the two cinnamon powder was found more toxic than custard apple seed powder. The highest dosage (5%, w/w) showed more promise after 14 days and resulted in maximum mortality of S. oryzae.

Growth performances and bacterial load of Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch, 1794) using cinnamon as feed supplement

Cinnamon has different biological properties such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic and antiallergic. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of cinnamon as feed supplement on growth performances and bacterial load of Heteropneustes fossilis. Twenty fries were stocked in each 60 litre aquarium for a rearing period of 90 days. Commercial diet was used that contains 0.0% (control), 0.5%, and 1.0% cinnamon bark powder. The diet containing 1% cinnamon resulted in greater ADG, SGR, FCR and survival rate. Whereas, the diet containing 0.5% cinnamon resulted in greater condition factor and lower FCR. In most of the cases the diet containing 1% cinnamon showed lower amount of bacterial count than the controlled condition. Cinnamon could have an antibacterial activity antagonistic to Vibrio and Aeromonas as there was no count found in fish flesh samples after 90 days of culture. The findings of this study suggest that growth performances and bacterial load of H. fossilis were better in commercial feed containing cinnamon powder. It is recommended that fish farmers can use cinnamon as feed supplement to improve growth performance and reduce bacterial load during culture of H. fossilis.&#x0D; Bangladesh J. Zool. 46(2): 155-166, 2018

Edema from Taking Cinnamon for Treatment of Diabetes: Similar Biochemistry and Pathophysiology to Thiazolidinedione Medications

We present a report of cinnamon bark powder 1000 mg daily associated with edema that resolved after stopping the supplement in an adult male. Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) cause fluid retention in those with diabetes or prediabetes. Some medications in this class have been implicated in increased cardiac deaths from this side effect. While medications are effective for diabetes, many people have turned to natural remedies to treat their diabetes instead of conventional pharmaceuticals. Cinnamon is a common agent used, and it has received extensive lay press attention. Chemically, cinnamon bark powder activates peroxisome proliferated activated receptors similar to TZDs. It is reasonable to hypothesize that cinnamon bark powder can cause edema. This case demonstrates that cinnamon bark powder may have a similar side effect profile. Physicians should be aware that consumption of cinnamon bark powder could cause fluid retention and possibly worsen congestive heart failure.

Efficacy of cinnamon in patients with type II diabetes mellitus: A randomized controlled clinical trial

Multiple studies have evaluated the hypoglycemic effect of cinnamon in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) type II, with conflicting results. Differences in Baseline Body Mass Index (BMI) of patients may be able to explain the observed differences in the results. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of cinnamon supplementation on anthropometric, glycemic and lipid outcomes of patients with DM type II based on their baseline BMI. The study was designed as a triple-blind placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial, using a parallel design. One hundred and forty patients referred to Diabetes Clinic of Yazd University of Medical Sciences with diagnosis of DM type II were randomly assigned in four groups: cinnamon (BMI≥27, BMI<27) and Placebo (BMI≥27, BMI<27). Patients received cinnamon bark powder or placebo in 500mg capsules twice daily for 3 months. Anthropometric, glycemic and lipid outcomes were measured before and after the intervention. Cinnamon supplementation led to improvement of all anthropometric (BMI, body fat, and visceral fat), glycemic (FPG, 2hpp, HbA1C, Fasting Insulin, and Insulin Resistance), and lipids (Cholesterol Total, LDL-c and HDL-c) outcomes (except for triglycerides level). All observed changes (except for Cholesterol Total and LDL-c) were significantly more prominent in patients with higher baseline BMI (BMI≥27). Based on the study findings, cinnamon may improve anthropometric parameters, glycemic indices and lipid profile of patients with type II diabetes. These benefits are significantly more prominent in patients with higher baseline BMI (BMI≥27). The trial protocol was registered in Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials database (registration ID: IRCT2017031133015N1).

Development of Edible Biofilm Containing Cinnamon to Control Food-Borne Pathogen

Edible films of pectin and whey protein containing antimicrobials i.e. Cinnamic acid, Cinnamon leaf essential oil and Cinnamon bark powder were developed and functionally characterized. The cinnamon essential oil showed significant antimicrobial activity against the common food borne pathogens viz. Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes. The edible films were further structurally characterized for the transparency of visible and UV light, functional group characterization using FTIR analysis and determination of total moisture content. Antimicrobial activity of these films made from the edible source and cinnamon essential oil were further examined toward the associated food contaminants such as E. coli, L. monocytogenes and S. aureus. Edible films of pectin and whey showed significant level of antimicrobial potential against the food associated pathogens and could be used as a sustainable solution to the conventional packaging material specifically used in food processing.

Quality profile and antioxidant activity of cinnamon bark powder at varying temperature

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Essential oil from Cinnamomum cassia bark through hydrodistillation and advanced microwave assisted hydrodistillation

The increasing demand for essential oil necessitates the use of advanced techniques for its extraction. In this study, volatile oils were extracted from Cinnamomum cassia bark through microwave assisted hydrodistillation (MAHD) and conventional hydrodistillation (HD) methods. Effects of pre-treatment and morphological changes to cinnamon bark powder before and after extraction were observed through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). After extraction, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis revealed close similarities in compounds of the oil extracted through HD and MAHD. Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) revealed that MAHD produced 9% higher oxygenated compounds than HD. Furthermore, MAHD was found to be more energy saving and environmental friendly, reducing the overall carbon dioxide emission from HD by 59%. In addition, cytotoxicity studies revealed that essential oil obtained through MAHD showed lower lethal concentration 50 (LC50) value of 51.2mg/L compared with HD (68.9mg/L). Therefore, MAHD technique is very suitable for obtaining volatile oils from C. cassia bark and the oil obtained can offer great pharmaceutical benefits.

Cinnamon extract exhibits potent anti-proliferative activity by modulating angiogenesis and cyclooxygenase in myeloma cells

Cinnamon is one of the most widely used herbal medicines with diverse bioactive effects. However, there is no report in regard to the potential anti-proliferative effects of cinnamon on myeloma cells. In this study, the authors investigated the anti-proliferative potential of cinnamon bark powder extract (CBPE) on myeloma cells specifically focusing on its anti-angiogenic and anti-inflammatory properties. The authors observed inhibition of myeloma cell proliferation by CBPE along with anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic effects in a human myeloma cell line RPMI 8226. After 24h of treatment, CBPE caused approximately 50% inhibition of cell growth in RPMI 8226 cells at a concentration of 72μg/mL (IC50), compared with the untreated controls. CBPE treatment strongly inhibited expression of angiogenic factors and cyclooxygenase at mRNA as well as at protein level in a time-dependent manner. Treatment with the CBPE resulted in cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase in a time-dependent manner. CBPE besides altering growth kinetics of cells, induces DNA fragmentation resulting in apoptosis. In the treated group, DNA fragmentation increased in a time dependent manner with maximum intensity of labeled nucleotides in cells treated for 72h as compared to 24h and 48h. In conclusion, the anticancer effects of cinnamon extract appear to be mediated by multiple mechanisms. These include inhibition of angiogenesis, inflammation and induction of apoptosis in myeloma cells. CBPE could be considered as a promising candidate for restricting the growth of myeloma cells. Hence, CBPE could lead to the development of an effective anti-cancer agent or herbal medicine for the treatment of MM.

Evaluation of the In vitro Anti-hyperglycemic Effect of Cinnamomum cassia Derived Phenolic Phytochemicals, via Carbohydrate Hydrolyzing Enzyme Inhibition

Cinnamomum cassia (cinnamon) proanthocyanidins (PACs) are believed to have anti-hyperglycemic potential via stimulation of insulin sensitivity. The present study investigates the carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzyme inhibition of cinnamon PACs. Five grams of cinnamon bark powder were extracted in 100 mL acetone solution (CAE) (acetone: water: hydrochloric acid, 70:29.9:0.01) for 2 h at room temperature and in 100 mL deionized water for 30 min at 90 °C (CWE). PACs were purified from CAE using LH-20 (CAE-PAC) to be further evaluated. PAC contents were evaluated by 4-Dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde (DMAC) assay and yielded 795, 177 and 123 mg/g, for CAE-PAC, CAE and CWE respectively. The total phenolic contents of CAE and CWE were determined to be 152 and 134 mg/g respectively. All extracts were adjusted to the same PAC content (180, 90, 45 and 20 μg) and the inhibitory activity against rat α-glucosidase was determined. The CAE-PAC fraction had very low rat α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, CAE had the highest (IC50 0.474 mg/mL total phenolic (TP) basis) followed by CWE (IC50 0.697 mg/mL TP basis). The specific maltase and sucrase inhibitory activities were determined and CAE (IC50 0.38 and 0.10 mg/mL TP basis) had higher inhibition than CWE (IC50 0.74 and 0.37 mg/mL TP basis). Results suggest that the observed bioactivity is not PAC dependent and that CAE has a higher anti-hyperglycemic potential than CWE via inhibition of carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes.

Thin layer chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography and melting point for extraction and purification of cinnamic acid from cinnamon bark (Cinnamon aromaticum)

The aim of this study to purified the cinnamic acid from the cinnamon bark . The partial purified cinnamic acid is obtained after column chromatography application. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) elution yielded pure crystals, which identified as cinnamic acid in comparison with the standard cinnamic acid 10.5 mg / 150 gm cinnamon bark powder obtain as a result of partial purification by TLC. Chemical tests for identification compound of extract crystals yield were included: general tests for phenolic compound, HPLC (High performance Liquid Chromatography) analysis and melting point estimation, in relation to standard cinnamic acid for tests. Concentration of cinnamic acid was 96%.

Evaluation of in vitro anti‐hyperglycemic effect of Cinnamon cassia derived phenolic phytochemicals

Cinnamon cassia (Cinnamon) proanthocyanidins (PACs) are shown to have anti‐hyperglycemia potential. The present study investigates the carbohydrate hydrolysis enzyme inhibition of cinnamon PACs. Five grams of cinnamon bark powder were extracted in 100 mL acetone solution (CAE) (acetone: water: hydrochloric acid, 70:29.9:0.01) for 2 hours at room temperature and in 100 mL deionized water for 30 min at 90 □ (CWE). PACs were purified from CAE using LH‐20 (CAE‐PAC) to be further evaluated. PAC contents were evaluated by 4‐ Dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde (DMAC) assay and yielded 795, 177 and 123 mg/g, for CAE‐PAC, CAE and CWE respectively. The total phenolic contents of CAE and CWE were determined to be 152 and 134 mg/g respectively. All extracts were adjusted to the same PAC content (180, 90, 45 and 20 μg) and the inhibitory activity against rat α‐glucosidase was determined. The CAE‐PAC fraction had very low rat α‐glucosidase inhibitory activity, CAE had the highest (IC50 3.13 mg/mL DW) followed by CWE (IC50 5.21 mg/mL DW). The specific maltase and sucrase inhibitory activities were determined and CAE (IC50 2.47 and 0.63 mg/mL DW) had higher inhibition than CWE (IC50 5.56 and 2.79 mg/mL DW). Results suggest that the observed bioactivity is not PAC dependent and that CAE has higher anti‐hyperglycemic potential than CWE via inhibition of carbohydrate hydrolysis enzymes.This research was supported by US Army Natick Soldier Research Engineering Center