Cinnamomum Zeylanicum Research Articles

Liberica coffee enriched with Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum): synergetic study of sensory, antioxidant activity, and chemical components

Liberica coffee enriched with Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum): synergetic study of sensory, antioxidant activity, and chemical components

Possibility of utilizing Inter Simple Sequence Repeat regions, bark powder morphology and floral morphometry to characterize the <em>Cinnamomum</em> species in Sri Lanka

The genus Cinnamomum of the family Lauraceae is an economically important crop. The Ceylon cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum syn. C. zeylanicum) has an exceptional position in the global cinnamon market. In addition to the cultivated species, Sri Lanka is home to seven endemic wild Cinnamomum species, C. capparu-coronde, C. citriodorum, C. dubium, C. litseifolium, C. ovalifolium, C. rivulorum, and C. sinharajaense. Nevertheless, the species delimitation has not been successful with some morphometric and molecular traits. Therefore, this study focused on molecular characterization with an Inter Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) nuclear marker, floral morphometric characteristics, and microscopy of the powered bark of Cinnamomum species reported in Sri Lanka. According to the results four polymorphic ISSR regions resulted in an average of 83.7% polymorphism among all collected species, suggesting considerable polymorphism. The bark fiber size of the cultivated species is different from the studied wild species and could be used as a key to identify adulterants during export. The cultivated cinnamon, C. verum and two wild species (C. sinharajaense, and C. capparu-coronde) have considerably larger flowers compared to other species. Moreover, floral traits such as flower colour and shape could differentiate species C. sinharajaense and C. capparu-coronde. The Scanning Electron Microscopy (SCM) of pollen showed that the pollen size, spine length, interspinal distance, and spine ornamentation significantly contribute to species variation, and such variations need to be studied comprehensively. Nevertheless, the phylogeny of Cinnamomum species could not be completely resolved using ISSR regions, bark powder morphology, and floral morphological traits assessed and suggested for further studies.

EO-based mouthwashes: Is there something that should be known?

The possibility to utilize the antibacterial and antibiofilm potential of essential oils (EOs) in dentistry is recognized and best seen in the design of EO-based mouthwashes. The up-to-date results, obtained with the most commonly used formulation being consisted of thymol, eucalyptol, menthol, and methyl salicylate (Listerine), proved its efficacy against plaque and gingival inflammation. However, novel alcohol-free products remain to be further investigated. Commercially available mouthwash containing curcumin, clove oil, mentha oil, eucalyptol, thymol and tea tree oil, and the mouthwash based on ginger EO (a-zingiberene, b-bisabolene, b-sesquiphellandrene, curcumene), reduced plaque index and improved periodontal status of the patients. The plaque index was also reduced and overall healing was improved after the surgical removal of the third molar by mouthwash containing John wort oil. In addition, Cinnamomum zeylanicum EO-based mouthwash and mouthwash containing peppermint oil were efficient against stomatitis and xerostomia, respectively. In addition to beneficial effects achieved in the mouth, i.e. at the appropriate site of application, novel investigations pointed-out that EO-based mouthwashes could be recognized as efficient in the reduction of bacterial and viral aerosols. This has been shown for Listerine, and for several mouthwashes containing following active substances of plants' EO origin: a-farnesene, b-farnesene, farnesol, nerolidol, a-bulnesene, eremanthin, b-sesquiphellandrene, spiroether, cinnamylacetate, cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, menthol, and carvacrol. This finding could be of special interest, in order to be included in further clinical studies related to COVID -19 pandemic.

Antibacterial Activity of Cinnamomum Zeylanicum Essential Oil Against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Strains Isolated From Skin Lesions In Patients With Psoriasis

Background and Objectives: Psoriasis is a chronic and inflammatory skin disease, which is has no definitive cure. Several microbial agents have been identified that have a role in the exacerbation of psoriasis, one of which is Staphylococcus aureus. Increased Methicillin-resistance Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains is a major problem worldwide. This study aims to evaluate the antibacterial effect of Cinnamomum zeylanicum essential oil on MRSA strains isolated from skin lesions in patients with psoriasis. Methods: In this study, participants were 140 patients with psoriasis referred to the dermatology and rheumatology clinic of Shariati Hospital in Tehran, Iran. Diagnostic tests including gram staining, catalase test, tube coagulase test, mannitol fermentation test, and deoxyribonuclease test were performed. To identify the phenotype of MRSA strains, methicillin susceptibility testing was performed using cefoxitin by disk diffusion method. The antimicrobial activity of Cinnamomum zeylanicum essential oil was investigated by broth microdilution method and its minimum inhibitory concentration against MRSA strains was calculated. Results: Of 140 patients, 43.57% had infection with Staphylococcus aureus and 14.28% had MRSA infection. There was no significant relationship between gender, age and sampling area in patients with MRSA infection. The results showed that Cinnamomum zeylanicum essential oil had antimicrobial effects on MRSA strains. Conclusion: The Cinnamomum zeylanicum essential oil can be a suitable alternative to antibiotics for the control and treatment of skin infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus.

Cinnamtannin B-1 Inhibits the Progression of Osteosarcoma by Regulating the miR-1281/PPIF Axis

Osteosarcoma (OS), one of the bone tumors, occurs mainly during childhood and adolescence and has an incidence rate of 5%. Cinnamtannin B-1 (CTB-1) is a natural trimeric proanthocyanidin compound found in plants Cinnamomum zeylanicum and Laurus nobilis. Previously, several articles have demonstrated that CTB-1 exerts a certain effect on melanoma and cervical cancer. However, their role in OS remains unclear. In this study, CTB-1 was found to inhibit the proliferation of OS cancer cells, with the dose of CTB-1 positively correlated to the survival rate of HOS and MG-63 cells. Recently, microRNAs (miRNAs) were also reported to play an important role in tumor proliferation. Hence, we performed the miRNA sequencing analysis after CTB-1 treatment to identify miRNA levels in HOS cells and found that the expression of miR-1281 was significantly upregulated. According to the functional analysis, CTB-1 inhibited the growth and migration of OS by upregulating the expression of miR-1281. Additionally, miR-1281 acted as a sponge for Peptidylprolyl Isomerase F (PPIF), inhibiting its expression levels. The rescue experiments revealed that CTB-1 delayed the development of OS by regulating the miR-1281/PPIF pathway. Hence, our findings suggested that CTB-1 inhibited the cell growth, invasion, and migration of OS by upregulating miR-1281 and inhibiting PPIF expression, thereby providing a possible target drug for OS treatment.

Analisis Daya Saing Ekspor Kayu Manis Indonesia di Pasar Amerika Serikat

Indonesia is one of the world's leading cinnamon producers, competing with Sri Lanka and Vietnam. The United States stands out as a key destination for cinnamon exports, experiencing a growth rate of 16.9%. While Indonesian cinnamon prices consistently increase, this growth doesn't align with export volumes. This study aims to analyze the competitiveness and potential of Indonesian cinnamon exports to the United States market. The research focuses on cinnamon commodities with HS code 090611 (Spices; cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume), neither crushed nor ground) during the period of 2016-2021. The study employs various methods, including the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) method, Export Product Dynamics (EPD), Porter's Diamond, X-Model Potential Export Product, and Ordinary Least Square (OLS). The study results indicate that Indonesia possesses comparative and competitive advantages. However, an evaluation of Porter's Diamond analysis reveals challenges such as a lack of labor quality, limited export destinations, decreasing land for Indonesian cinnamon production, a shortage of advanced technology, and insufficient downstream industry activities. Indonesia remains optimistic in the market and shows a significant relationship with cinnamon prices, population size, and the value of the rupiah exchange rate in major export destination countries.

Biología del ácaro Tetranychus urticae y su control utilizando canela, en plantas de Rosa spp

The effectiveness under laboratory conditions of Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) on the Tetranychus urticaemite was evaluated. This species is of great economic importance because it affects all types of crops such as vegetables, fruit trees, and ornamentals. The damage consists of the removal of the cellular content, leaving the cell practically empty. T. urticaehas presented resistance problems to various chemicals, which is why alternatives have been sought to reduce its population in crops. One of them, the use of botanical products, for this, an investigation was carried out in laboratory conditions, evaluating the effect of cinnamon in different presentations against the mite. The treatments were made up of: T1 water (5 mL), T2 based on cinnamon powder (1 g) T3 cinnamon infusion (5 mL) T4 Abamectin (Vertimec®) 0.6 mL; T5 ethanolic extract of cinnamon (5 mL at 5%) and T6 control without application. A mortality in females and eggs was registered after 24 hours of: cinnamon powder 11.66 ±11.69; 6.66 ± 2.58; infused cinnamon 60.00 ±14.1; 36.66 ± 14.024; ethanolic extract 38.33 ±16.02; 7.50 ± 6.89; water 20.00± 14.14; 0.00 ± 0.00; Abamectin 46,667 ± 20.65; 5.00 ± 3.16. The control obtained 0% mortality in both females and eggs. For the biological cycle test, the total development time of the mite was 11.01 ± 0.69, presenting in the egg state 5.11 ± 0.60; larval stage 2.18 ± 0.46; protonymph 1.96 ± 0.44 and deutonymph 1.75 ± 0.43. The treatment that obtained the highest percentage of mortality was the one represented by cinnamon infusion. These findings are a very important tool to maintain T. urticaeinfestation thresholds.

Preparation a Novel Poly Herbal Antibacterial Formulation, Characterization and Evaluation of Mouth Wash Protecting and Tackling Oral Cavity against Oral Pathogens

The oral cavity is the home of various bacterial species. All through some of the oral bacteria are harmless and there are certain species that are harmful which may causes oral plaque, bad breath and mouth disease. Medicinal plant or herbs are considered to rich source of ingredients which can be used in drug development. They can prevent and cure disease because of their antimicrobial and antibacterial property against microorganisms. The importance of mouth and teeth cleanliness has been recognized from the earliest days of civilization. Patients and oral health practitioners are faced with a multitude of mouthwash products containing many different active and inactive ingredients. Natural mouthwashes may offer significant advantages over the chemical ones. If such mouthwashes can be formulated which can be easily prepared and used safely by people at home using natural products, it may leads to improvement in the general dental health of the population. In this study the various natural ingredients and materials are used like Leaves of Azadiracta indica (neem), Mentha Piperita (peppermint), Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi) bud of Eugenia caryophyllus (clove), and bark of Cinnamomum verum (cinnamon), Glycyrrhiza glabra (Licorice) Although many popular herbal products have helped to control dental plaque and gingivitis, they have been used for a short time and only as an adjunct to other oral hygiene measures such as brushing and flossing. By this study it was concluded that the developed herbal mouthwash possess significant, therapeutically efficacious, suitable vehicle for drug delivery in low cost but definitely with high potential. Hence there is need for increased usage of herbal preparation to avoid the adverse effects

EFFECT OF VARIOUS ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY REDUCING AGENTS ON THE ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF GREEN SYNTHESIZED SILVER NANOPARTICLES

This study's objective was to assess the antioxidant properties of green produced silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using ecologically friendly reducing agents such as extracts of parsley (Petroselinum crispum), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), and cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum). The ultrasonic-assisted extract of plant material served as a reducing agent for silver ions. Spectrophotometric assessment with a resolution of 1 nm and a wavelength range of 300-600 nm confirmed the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. On the basis of the observed Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) peak, the size of the AgNPs was determined using correlation equations. The hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity was used to evaluate the antioxidant activity of the green nanoparticles that were synthesized. Cinnamon-derived silver nanoparticles displayed the highest scavenging activity. The results shown that environmentally friendly reducing agents can be employed to generate AgNPs, which can be utilized for antioxidant activity in several domains.

Using cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) and turmeric (Curcuma longa L) powders as an antibiotic growth promoter substitutions in broiler chicken’s diets

In the current study supplementations of cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) powder (CNP) and turmeric (Curcuma longa L) powder (TP) as an antibiotic growth promoter substitutions on growth performance, intestinal microbiota and hematological profile of broiler chickens have been investigated. A total of 240, one day old as-hatched broiler chickens (ROSS 308) were randomly assigned into five treatments with four replicates per treatment and 10 chickens per replicate. Treatment groups were C: control (fed basal diet); CNP1: 0.5% CNP; CNP2: 1.0% CNP; TP1: 0.5% TP; TP2: 1.0% TP and 500 mg oxytetracycline (OTC)/kg of diet. Body weight gain (BWG), feed intake, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were improved (p < 0.05) by CNP and TP while OTC improved BWG and FCR. Ileal and cecal Lactobacillus and total aerobes were significantly improved while coliforms and Escherichia coli were decreased by CNP, TP, and OTC. The percentage of packed cell volume (%PCV), hemoglobin (Hb), red blood cell (RBC) count, and white blood cell (WBC) count was increased by CNP and TP while OTC decreased %PCV, Hb, RBC, and increased WBC count. In conclusion, the results showed that OTC can be safely replaced by CNP and TP at 1.0% dose rate in broiler chicken’s diets.

Alleviation of negative effect of heat stress through supplementations of cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) and turmeric (Curcuma longa L) powders in diets of broiler chickens

This study was designed to assess the effect of cinnamon powder (CNP) and turmeric powder (TP) on growth performance, antioxidant status, liver function, meat quality and lactate dehydrogenase activity of broiler chickens under heat stress conditions. A total of 200, one day old as-hatched broiler chickens (ROSS 308) were randomly allotted into five treatments with four replicates (n = 10). Treatment groups were control (C): fed basal diet; T1: 0.5% CNP; T2: 1.0% CNP; T3: 0.5% TP and T4: 1.0% TP. Results indicated that body weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio were improved significantly (p < 0.05) in treatments fed CNP and TP. Serum malondialdehyde and lactate dehydrogenase activity were decreased (p < 0.05) while blood superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase activity were increased (p < 0.05) in treatments fed CNP and TP. Addition of CNP and TP decreased (p < 0.05) serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase activity. Treatments fed CNP and TP resulted increased (p < 0.05) breast and thigh meat monounsaturated fatty acid, polyunsaturated fatty acid, linoleic acid, oleic acid and water holding capacity while decreased (p < 0.05) saturated fatty acid and cook loss. In conclusion CNP and TP possess advantageous effect on growth performance, antioxidant status, liver function, meat quality and lactate dehydrogenase activity.

Cinnamon (&lt;em&gt;Cinnamomum verum&lt;/em&gt; J. Presl) bush architecture as affected by modified planting systems

The official journal of Agricultural Sciences published by the Faculty of Agriculture, Eastern University, Chenkalady, Sri Lanka.AGRIEAST publishes research information of broad practical significance pertaining to both tropical and subtropical Agriculture.

Evaluation of &lt;i&gt;Cinnamomum verum&lt;/i&gt; Essential Oils against Ochratoxin A-producing &lt;i&gt;Aspergillus parasiticus&lt;/i&gt; in Stored Wheat, Maize and Rice

Evaluation of &lt;i&gt;Cinnamomum verum&lt;/i&gt; Essential Oils against Ochratoxin A-producing &lt;i&gt;Aspergillus parasiticus&lt;/i&gt; in Stored Wheat, Maize and Rice

Molecular docking analysis of Cinnamomum zeylanicum phytochemicals against Secreted Aspartyl Proteinase 4–6 of Candida albicans as anti-candidiasis oral

Candida albicans is a polymorphic human microflora species, which caused a candidiasis. This disease frequently occurred in immunocompromised patients with considerable medical outcomes due to the damage from its infections. Secreted Aspartic Proteinase (SAP) 4–6 regulated the virulence of C. albicans. Thus, inhibiting those protenases may useful to obtain a better prognosis. On the other hand, Cinnamomum zeylanicum reported to have anti-cadidiasis. However, the mechanism of action on the anti-cadidiasis activity remains unclear. This study will explain the possible mechanism of anti-candidiasis from the bioactives of C. zeylanicum through SAP 4–6 inhibion. A computational analysis was employed by molecular docking coupled with molecular dynamics simulation to comprehend the interaction among C. zeylanicum bioactives to SAP 4–6. Positive docking outcomes were observed, with Cinnamaldehyde, Pyrantel Hydrochloride, and Hexadecenoic Acidbecame showed promising binding affinity against SAP 4–6. However, those compounds interacted with different residues of each proteinase. Only Hexadenoic Acid bound to the catalytic residues of SAP5-6. Molecular dynamics simulated the stable binding of Hexadecenoid Acid to the SAP5-6. Not only has stable structural integrity, the binding of Hexadecenoic Acidalso showed minimum alterations on the structural stability of SAP5-6, which suggested a stable inhibitory activity. The stable binding of Hexadecenoid Acid also displayed by the prominent number of hydrogen bond and the free-binding energy simulations. In conclusion, the anti-candidiasis activity of C. zeylanicum may take place in the SAP5-6 inhibition, mainly by Hexadecenoic Acid.

Hedonic Test Method for Beef Rendang With Variations in The Addition of Cinnamomum Verum

Rendang is one of the typical foods of the Minangkabaunese in West Sumatra. Many people like to consume rendang because rendang has a distinctive taste because in making rendang the type of meat, coconut milk and spices used greatly affect the aroma and taste produced. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of aroma, color, texture, and taste of beef rendang with variations in the addition of Cinnamomum verum. The hedonic test of beef rendang with variations in the addition of C. verum was carried out on 50 panelists. Panelists present 6 samples with 6 different sample numbers. Panelists were asked to rate how much preference there was for the product using a hedonic scale. The hedonic test results showed that the less C. verum added, the better the taste produced. As for the aroma and color, there is no significant difference among these products

Rapid and non-destructive cinnamon authentication by NIR-hyperspectral imaging and classification chemometrics tools

Cinnamon is a valuable aromatic spice widely used in pharmaceutical and food industry. Commonly, two-cinnamon species are available in the market, Cinnamomum verum (true cinnamon), cropped only in Sri Lanka, and Cinnamomum cassia (false cinnamon), cropped in different geographical origins. Thus, this work aimed to develop classification models based on NIR-hyperspectral imaging (NIR-HSI) coupled to chemometrics to classify C. verum and C. cassia sticks. First, principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to explore hyperspectral images. Scores surface displayed the high similarity between species supported by comparable macronutrient concentration. PC3 allowed better class differentiation compared to PC1 and PC2, with loadings exhibiting peaks related to phenolics/aromatics compounds, such as coumarin (C. cassia) or catechin (C. verum). Partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and Support vector machine (SVM) reached similar performance to classify samples according to origin, with error = 3.3 % and accuracy = 96.7 %. A permutation test with p < 0.05 validated PLS-DA predictions have real spectral data dependency, and they are not result of chance. Pixel-wise (approach A) and sample-wise (approach B, C and D) classification maps reached a correct classification rate (CCR) of 98.3 % for C. verum and 100 % for C. cassia. NIR-HSI supported by classification chemometrics tools can be used as reliable analytical method for cinnamon authentication.

A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF FIVE HERBAL INGREDIENTS FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF DIABETES MELLITUS

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is becoming a common metabolic disorder which has serious threatening to public health that leads to huge economic loss in the developing countries. There are some antidiabetic drugs available that helps in controlling diabetes but there is no permanent remedy which reliefs to get completely cure from this disorder. By conducting huge number of research study, numerous herbal medicines have been found for diabetes. Extracts isolated from different natural resources especially plants have always been a rich arsenal for controlling and treating diabetes and its complication. Herbs used in the preparation of the polyherbal formulation were Cassia auriculata, Gymnema sylvestre, Syzygium cumini, Trigonella foenum-graecum, and Cinnamomum zeylanicum. Phytochemical qualitative analysis indicated the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, tannins, steroids, carbohydrates and glycosides. So this review helps to understand the importance of five herbal ingredients present traditionally which can be used to treat DM.

Storage stability, heat stability, controlled release and antifungal activity of liposomes as alternative fungal preservation agents

The aim of this study was to investigate the characteristics of liposomes encapsulated ethanolic Cinnamomum verum, Curcuma longa, Zingiber officinale, Syzygium aromaticum and Laurus nobilis extract prepared using lipid phase containing phosphatidylcholine/extract mixture of 10:1. The antifungal activity, size, zeta (ζ) potential, morphology, physical stability, heat stability, release in in-vitro digestion, color and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were conducted to determine the characteristics of liposomes. All extract-loaded liposomes showed prominently antifungal activity against Aspergillus sp. and Penicillium sp. The encapsulation efficiency of all samples was 86.60%–92.87%. Curcuma longa loaded liposome had high encapsulation efficiency after freeze dry-rehydration (FD-RH), long-term and freeze-thaw (FT) storage treatment. The thermal stability of Syzygium aromaticum loaded liposomes was higher than the others. The highest release values in the in-vitro gastric and intestinal condition were detected in Laurus nobilis loaded liposome. DSC data of liposomes demonstrated to be the endothermic phase at three different temperature ranges: lipid bilayers transition from gel state to liquid crystal form (1.69–5.31 °C), the pre-phase transition temperature (102.16–133.10 °C) and the main phase transition temperature (116.47–165.22 °C).

Anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects of herbal formulation using karpooravalli, mint, and cinnamon on wound pathogens.

Wound damage must be shielded from inflammatory responses caused by the external environment, while also receiving adequate moisture and promoting wound healing. Cinnamomum verum, Coleus aromaticus/amboinicus, and Mentha have proven effects on anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects as separate in various studies, but no studies have observed the synergistic effects of one herb on the other. The aim of the present study is to assess the anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties of karpooravalli, mint, and cinnamon formulation against wound pathogens for better healing of mouth ulcers through an in vitro study for further mouth paint preparation. Herbal extract is prepared using herbal plants karpooravalli, mint, and cinnamon. We studied the antimicrobial effects on Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas with ampicillin antibiotic disks as positive control and anti-inflammatory with control of diclofenac sodium. The antimicrobial activity of zone of inhibition increased with higher concentration of 100 μL against E. coli, S. aureus, and Pseudomonas at 20 mm, 18 mm, and 15 mm, respectively. The anti-inflammatory activity showed the highest percentage of inhibition using 50 μL with 91.5%; this reveals good anti-inflammatory activity by the synergistic action of the herbal formulation. The synergistic effect of the herbal formulation had a comparable anti-inflammatory activity as that of the standard. Hence, it can be employed in large-scale production and may be used for fabricating a natural product based on mouthwashes and mouth paints.

Quills or Featherings? The mechanization of Cinnamon Processing

Cinnamon, the dried edible-inner bark of the tree: Cinnamomum Zeylanicum Blume, is an essential spice used around the world. The history of the cinnamon trade goes beyond the 10th century. Since then Sri Lanka is the only place where true cinnamon, Ceylon cinnamon, can be found [1]. The annual turnover from Ceylon cinnamon export in 2020 is approximately USD 206 Million which is around 61.5% of the total spice export in Sri Lanka. This contributes to 2% of the total merchandise exports revenue of Sri Lanka.