CIELAB Values Research Articles

Comparative evaluation of the effect of diode laser bleaching and led activated bleaching against chemical bleaching on color and micro leakage of class 5 restoration with nano hybrid composites an in vitro study

Context: The effect of bleaching on tooth coloured restorative materials remains controversial, in terms of colour and tooth restoration interfaces. Few studies investigated affirming the action of different light sources used as an adjunct to in-office bleaching and its effect on recently introduced resin based composite restorations. This study focuses on the behaviour of nano hybrid composite exposed to Diode laser and LED bleaching techniques. Aims: The purpose of this in vitro study is to compare and evaluate the effect of Diode Laser and LED activated bleaching on colour and micro leakage of nano hybrid composites in Class V cavities.Methods and Material: Standardized Class V cavities were prepared on fifty freshly extracted human first maxillary premolar teeth, and restored with nano hybrid composite (Tetric N-Ceram). The samples were randomly divided into three groups and bleaching agent used is 40% Opalescence Boost (Ultradent) in all the three groups. Group 1 was activated with Diode laser (Picasso), Group 2 was activated with a blue hybrid LED (Bluephase) and Group 3 did not receive any light activation. Group 4- control group (unbleached restoration n=5). Restoration colour was measured before bleaching and after bleaching using VITA Compact Easy shade spectrophotometer and CIELAB values of ΔE, Δa*, Δb* and ΔL* were obtained. The same samples with the control group were subsequently immersed in dye solution of 2% Methylene blue and subsequently dye extraction technique was used to evaluate the micro leakage using spectrophotometer.Statistical analysis used: The results were subjected to ANOVA, Tukey and HSD tests (p3.3) in all the three groups. One-way ANOVA indicated no statistical difference in colour difference (p

Dyeing of wool yarn with natural dyes of Lactarius deliciosus and L. sanguifluus from Turkey

In recent years, the use of synthetic dyes and pigments in textile finishing companies has been discussed for their harmful effects on human health and environment. For this reason, the use of plant–based dyestuffs from the nature has begun to increase because of the biodegradability, non–toxicity, human health and waste water contamination. Natural dyes are substances synthesized by some plants, animals, lichens and fungi in nature. Fungal species, including lichenized fungi have been used as natural colorants in different parts of the world throughout the history. In this study, natural dyes were extracted from Lactarius deliciosus and Lactarius sanguifluus collected from Osmaniye province (East Mediterranean region) of Turkey. Wool yarn (for carpet) was dyed with these natural dyes by using different mordants. CIELab (L*, a*, b*, c* and h), color differences (ΔE) and color strength (K/S) values of dyed wool yarns were determined. According to the dyeing results, cream and brown colors were obtained from L. deliciosus and L. sanguifluus respectively; the use of mordant (ferrous sulfate) increased the color strength of dye goods. This is the first study on dyeing of wool yarns with natural dyes obtained from L. deliciosus and L. sanguifluus collected from East Mediterranean (Osmaniye province) of Turkey.

The whitening effect of single brushing with blue-covarine containing toothpaste—A randomized controlled trial

ObjectiveTo evaluate whether a blue covarine containing silica-based toothpaste promotes a whitening effect immediately after tooth brushing. MethodsA triple-blind, parallel group, randomized design was used to compare the tooth color before and after brushing. Two silica-based toothpastes were chosen, one of them containing blue covarine (BCT) and the other one without pigment to serve as control (CT). Tooth color was measured using a spectrophotometer and expressed as CIEDE 2000 ΔE, CIELAB values, WIO index, WID index and VITA scale tooth shade. In addition, the participants’ satisfaction with and perception of their own tooth color were registered using an aesthetic numeric analogue scale. ResultsNo significant changes in color components or dimensions measured using CIEDE 2000 ΔE (CT: mean = 1.3, 95% CI 0.8, 1.7; BCT: mean = 1.6, 95% CI 1.2, 2.1), WIO, WID, VITA scale or CIELAB values were detected for the CT and BCT groups, comparing the results before and after brushing. Likewise, the participants’ satisfaction with the treatment results (P = 0.31) and the participants’ evaluation of tooth color (P = 0.71) did not differ significantly between groups. ConclusionAfter a single application, no significant improvement in tooth whiteness by the presence of blue covarine in a silica-based toothpaste was detected in color dimensions or by assessing the participants’ satisfaction and perception. Clinical significanceThe present study does not show a clinically relevant increase in tooth whiteness after a single brushing with a blue covarine containing toothpaste, nor could the study participants observe a difference between treatment with blue covarine containing toothpaste and control treatment.

Halochromic optical nose for assessment of spoilage of packed seer fish

PurposeThe present study aims to describe the development of halochromic thin film sensors using mixed indicator dyes for monitoring the spoilage of packed seer fish.Design/methodology/approachThin film was prepared using renewable polysaccharide incorporated with mixed indicator dyes. The thin film was characterized using ultraviolet visible and Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy. The characteristics of the thin film were studied by analyzing the CIELAB and Red Green Blue values and biodegradability. The thin films were evaluated for real-time monitoring of the spoilage of packed seer fish.FindingsThe thin film sensors were found to exhibit excellent halochromism. The color changes were visible and distinguishable. The sensors responded efficiently for real-time monitoring of spoilage of fish by showing unique color changes.Originality/valueThis study provides promising mixed indicator that exhibits different colors in the alkaline pH. Also the present study reveals a potential combination of materials for preparation of halochromic sensors that can be used for monitoring the spoilage of packed seer fish in real time.

41 Estimating the heritability of meat quality traits in turkeys

Abstract Genetic selection for improved meat quality traits has been successfully implemented in many livestock species. The objective of this study was to estimate the heritability of several meat quality traits to assess their selection potential in turkeys. Pedigree toms (n = 1,033) were processed at a commercial facility and live weight, breast meat yield (as a percentage of live weight), ultimate pH, color (CIELAB values), drip loss, cooking loss, and shear force were recorded on M. pectoralis superficialis (fillet). White striping was also rated on a 1–4 scale. Heritabilities were estimated using univariate animal models in ASReml version 4.1. Hatch week and age at slaughter were included as fixed effects in the mode,l and 32 generations of pedigree records were used. Breast meat yield (h2 = 0.62; SE = 0.090) showed the highest heritability and was higher compared to previous estimates, probably due to the smaller sample size. Live weight (h2 = 0.31; SE = 0.078), ultimate pH (h2 = 0.36; SE = 0.087), lightness (h2 = 0.28; SE = 0.086), redness (h2 = 0.22; SE = 0.075), and white striping score (h2 = 0.27; SE = 0.085) all had moderate heritabilities. The estimate for ultimate pH was similar to previous studies in broilers but was high compared to previous studies in turkeys. Estimates for color were similar to those found in previous studies involving turkeys. Drip loss and cooking loss had similar heritability estimates of 0.13 (SE = 0.071) and 0.10 (SE = 0.064), respectively, which were akin to previous estimates in pork. Shear force (h2 = 0.02; SE = 0.056) was found to have a very low heritability. In conclusion, the heritability estimates provided in this study show great potential for the inclusion of meat quality traits in selection programs of turkeys. This study is part of a larger project working towards the implementation of genomic information in the selection of turkeys for improved meat quality.

Bleaching toothpaste with two different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide: A randomized double-blinded clinical trial

ObjectivesThis randomized double-blinded clinical trial evaluated the bleaching efficacy and incidence of contact hypersensitivity of three kinds of bleaching toothpaste. MethodsForty-nine participants above A2 shade on the maxillary central incisor (#11) and canine (#13) were randomized into three groups: TW group (n = 15), 0.75 % HP-containing toothpaste (Toothwhole white); VL group (n = 15), 0.75 % HP-containing toothpaste (Vussen 7); and VH group (n = 17), 2.8 % of HP-containing toothpaste (Vussen 28). Participants were instructed to manually brush their teeth for 3 min, 3 times per day for 12 weeks. They were followed-up after 4 and 12 weeks. Shade measurements were performed using a spectrophotometer (SP), and data were calculated with CIELab (ΔEab*) and CIEDE2000 (ΔE00) formula. Additionally, visual inspection (VI) using the Vitapan classical shade guide was also performed, and the correlation between the two measurements was analyzed by comparing the CIELab (ΔEab*) values. The incidence of contact hypersensitivity at each follow-up was recorded. A mixed-effect model was performed to assess shade changes and chi-square tests for the incidence of contact hypersensitivity, respectively. ResultsAt 12 week follow-up, all groups showed ΔEab* above 3.46, and ΔE00 above 2.25 for tooth #11. For tooth #13, the ΔEab* and ΔE00 of VH and TW groups only were above those thresholds. Shade change varied according to toothpaste and follow-up points. SP and VI showed a moderate positive correlation for L*, a*, and b*, respectively (P < 0.05). Contact hypersensitivity was not significantly different among the groups (P > 0.05). ConclusionsBleaching toothpaste with higher HP yields a better shade change than other toothpaste after 12 weeks. Clinical significanceThe use of bleaching toothpaste with a higher HP concentration results in a better shade improvement.

Discrimination of Sweet Cherry Cultivars Based on Electronic Tongue Potentiometric Fingerprints

Sweet cherry is highly appreciated by its characteristic flavor, which conditions the consumer’s preference. In this study, four sweet cherry cultivars (Durona, Lapins, Summit, and Van cultivars) were characterized according to biometric (fruit and stone weights, length, maximum and minimum diameters, pulp/stone mass ratio), physicochemical (CIELAB color, penetration force, titratable acidity, and total soluble solids), and potentiometric profiles (recorded by a lab-made electronic tongue with lipid polymeric membranes). Biometric and physicochemical data were significantly cultivar-dependent (p-value &lt; 0.0001, one-way ANOVA). Summit cherries had higher masses and dimensions. Lapins cherries had the highest penetration force values having, together with Summit cherries, the highest CIELAB values. Van cherries showed the highest total soluble solids contents. No significant differences were found for fruits’ acidity (similar titratable acidities). The possibility of discriminating cherry cultivars was also evaluated using a linear discriminant analysis/simulated-annealing algorithm. A discriminant model was established based on nine non-redundant biometric-physicochemical parameters (using a low-level data fusion), with low sensitivity (75 ± 15% for the repeated K-fold cross-validation). On the contrary, a discriminant model, based on the potentiometric fingerprints of 11 selected sensors, allowed a better discrimination, with sensitivities of 88 ± 7% for the repeated K-fold cross-validation procedure. Thus, the electronic tongue could be used as a practical tool to discriminate cherry cultivars and, if applied by fruit traders, may reduce the risk of mislabeling, increasing the consumers’ confidence when purchasing this high-value product.

Measuring Camellia Petal Color Using a Portable Color Sensor

The color of petals of flowering plants is often determined by comparing one or more of the petals to various Royal Horticultural Society (RHS) Colour Chart cards until a color match is found. However, these cards are susceptible to fading with age and can also provide inaccurate results if lighting is not optimal. The cards also rely on the human eye to determine a match, which introduces the possibility of human error. The objectives of this study were to determine camellia (Camellia japonica L.) petal color using the RHS Colour Chart, to determine camellia petal color with the NixTM Pro color sensor (Nix Sensor Ltd., Hamilton, Ontario, Canada), and to compare these measurements using different color measuring approaches. Color measurements of camellia flower petals using the NixTM Pro color sensor were compared to published CIELAB values from the Royal Horticultural Society (RHS) Colour Chart. Forty-five petal color samples were collected from fifteen different camellia shrubs. The RHS Colour Chart was used for each of the petals, and the RHS identifications were recorded. Measurements using the NixTM Pro color sensor were compared to RHS-provided CIELAB values that corresponded with the recorded identification for each petal to determine accuracy. The NixTM Pro color sensor’s measurements were also compared to a mean of the values, multiple measurements on the same petal location, and multiple measurements on different petal locations to determine precision and variation. The Nix™ Pro color sensor’s readings were precise in petal color determination and provided more nuanced differences between petals of the same plant and plants of the same variety in each of the color categories. The RHS Colour Chart provided an accurate depiction of most petals, but it was difficult to use with petals that had wide color variation over the entire petal. The Nix™ Pro color sensor’s measurements appeared to have more variation in the b* color space. However, overall, the Nix™ Pro color sensor L*, a*, and b* values were highly correlated with the provided RHS values (p &lt; 0.01), showing that the sensor can be used as an accurate and precise substitute for the RHS Colour Chart. The Nix™ Pro color sensor can be a useful, cost-effective tool to measure the petal color of camellia and other flowering plants and rectifies many of the problems associated with the RHS Colour Chart.

Use of a new skin colour measurement method for the investigation of relationship between skin and tooth colour.

There is conflicting information about the relationship between tooth color and skin color in the literature. The aim of the present study was evaluation of the correlation between L, a, b values of skin and tooth shade using a new skin color measurement method. CIELab values of teeth were obtained through measurements from the middle third of the labial surfaces on central incisors of individuals using a clinical spectrophotometer. CIELab values of the skin were measured through facial images using a software which was manufactured for present study. A statistical analysis program (SAS 9.4) was used for the analysis of the data. Kolmogorov-Smirnow test, t-test, and multivariate regression analysis were used to evaluate the data (α=0.05). Correlations between variables revealed that while the lowest and statistically insignificant correlations were observed with a* values of the skin, significant correlations did not exceed moderate level (p < .05). When considering regression analysis results, b* values of the skin had a statistically significant effect in describing b* values of the tooth, while L* and a* values of the skin were observed to be insufficient in describing L* and a* values of the teeth. Results of this study suggest that different significant correlations were observed between the skin and tooth color for different L*, a*, and b parameters (p <0.05 and p <0.01). The results indicated that skin color can be used for tooth color selection in case of loss of natural teeth or when discoloration is present on existing teeth.

Analysis of Correlation Between Contrast and Component of Polylatic Acid Composite for Fused Deposition Modeling 3D Printing.

Additive manufacturing or three-dimensional (3D) printing is considered a disruptive technology for producing components with topologically optimized complex geometries as well as functionalities that are not achievable by traditional methods. 3D printing is expected to revolutionize the manufacturing of components. While several 3D printing systems are available, printing based on fused-deposition modeling (FDM) using thermoplastics is particularly widespread because of the simplicity and potential applicability of the method. In this study, we report the analysis of correlation between contrast and component of polylactic acid (PLA) based composite for FDM 3D printing. The pre-fabricated white composite and black composite were mixed in the fraction of 100:0, 90:10, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100% (v/v) and the obtained mixture was extruded using HX-35 3D filament extrusion line. The samples in different contrast were printed in disk like shape, and the gray scale filaments and 3D printed samples were measured the morphology and components using a field emission scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The CIE-lab values of the samples were measured using a colorimeter and the correlation between CIE-lab values and the components were analyzed. Although the component of Ti was linearly increased, the CIE-lab values show a clear exponential increase by increasing the white composite.

Comparative study of ultrasonic and conventional dyeing of cotton and wool with natural dye arjun (Terminalia arjuna) bark

Traditionally, the conventional dyeing method is an energy-intensive process as the dyeing is carried out above 100°C to obtain good color strength and color fastness properties. Furthermore, these high temperatures may deteriorate the fabric surface. Ultrasonic dyeing method is an alternative method of conventional dyeing of textile materials, providing energy saving by reduced process temperature and time. This paper focuses on comparing the conventional and ultrasonic dyeing methods of cotton and wool fabrics with natural dye arjun bark to investigate the effect of ultrasonic waves on dyeing performance. The effect of ultrasonic wave on the dyeing properties was studied after comparing the K/S value, the CIE Lab values and the color fastness properties of both the conventional and the ultrasonic dyed samples. Experimental results indicated that the ultrasonic dyeing method gave better color strength, deeper dye diffusion and improved fastness properties as compared to the conventional dyeing method. Hence, taking into consideration the growing environmental concerns and to make the process of natural dyeing truly eco-friendly, ultrasonic dyeing may be regarded as an effective alternative to conventional natural dyeing method.

Binary mix metal mordant dyeing of merino wool fibers using Cinnamomum camphora waste/fallen leaves extract: a brief statistical analysis of color parameters

The present research investigates the use of biocolorants (Anthocyanin and chlorophyll) extracted from Cinnamomum camphora waste/fallen leaves to develop natural and beautiful shades on wool fibers. Simple aqueous extraction followed by the evaluation of build-up properties using binary metal combinations (ferrous sulfate/Fe, copper sulfate/Cu, and aluminum potassium sulfate/Al) as mordants were studied in due course of this study. The dyeing was carried out by the exhaust dyeing method and the dyed samples were analyzed through reflectance spectroscopy in terms of color strength, CIELAB, and CIELCH values. The results showed that overall 19 shades of different hue and tone were produced. A comparative colorimetric analysis of characteristic variables between single and mix metal mordanted samples was also done. One-way ANOVA analysis was used to compare the significant differences between individual components and synergetic role in two different combinations. Pearson’s correlation analysis was used to find out any positive or negative correlation between different combinations.

Color match of high translucency monolithic zirconia restorations with different thicknesses and backgrounds.

To assess the effects of ceramic thickness and background type on the color match of high translucency monolithic zirconia restorations. Fifty A2 shade high translucency zirconia disk specimens with five different thicknesses (0.7, 0.9, 1.1, 1.4, 1.6 mm) were placed on 12 backgrounds: A1, A2, A3, A3.5, B1, and B2 shade composite resin, A3 shade zirconia, nonprecious gold-colored alloy, nickel-chromium alloy, amalgam, and A2 and A3 shade tooth. Color measurements were performed to determine the specimens' CIELab values. CIEDE2000 formula was used to determine ΔE00 color differences between specimens and A2 VITA classical shade (target). The ΔE00 values were compared with perceptibility (0.8) and acceptability (1.8) thresholds to assess color matches. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA, Bonferroni, and 1-sample t tests (P < .05). Mean ΔE00 values ranged between 1.3 and 5.7. Ceramic thickness, background type, and their interaction significantly affected the ΔE00 (P < .001). Ceramic thicknesses of ≥1.1 mm with the A2 or A3 shade tooth background showed 0.8 < ΔE00 ≤ 1.8 producing acceptable color matches. High translucency monolithic zirconia restorations with a minimum thickness of 1.1 mm on tooth backgrounds could create acceptable color matches; however, with other backgrounds tested, they could not. Ceramic thickness and background type affect the color of high translucency monolithic zirconia restorations. A minimum zirconia thickness of 1.1 mm and normal color tooth structures, as a background, are essential for achieving the acceptable color match of these restorations.

The Influence of Dental Occlusion on Spectrophotometric Tooth Color Determinations

Background: Shade matching is a significant treatment step and a challenge for the clinical team with potentially high costs for color correction. Currently, in the United States, the majority of private dental practitioners use visual color matching, but a recent study has reported a high rate of mistakes of subjective color determination among graduate dentists. Objective: The aim of this retrospective study is to analyze whether a change in the oral background due to dental occlusion can influence tooth color determination. Methods: Volunteer dental students underwent spectrophotometric color assessment using the SpectroShade device. Two measurements were carried out (with the individuals’ occlusion closed and with the occlusion open) on 43 upper central and 58 lateral incisors. Association between colorimetric variables L*, a*, b* and ΔE00 and tooth width, length and tobacco usage were examined. Results: Slight changes in the CIELAB values between closed and open occlusions were found for both the gingival and the central sections as for the overall tooth area, with mean ΔL*=-1.24, Δa*=-1.77, Δb*=-1.42 and ΔE00=1,84. A larger difference was detected in the incisal area, with mean ΔL*=-2.99, Δa*=-1.76, Δb*=-2.83 and ΔE00=3.65. Conclusion: In conclusion, our study showed that dental occlusion does not play a significant role in tooth color matching determinations, even though attention to avoid overbite due to a maximum intercuspation should be made.

Extraction of natural colorants from Araucaria columnaris, Macaranga peltata and Averrhoa bilimbi for textile coloration

PurposeThe paper aims to investigate the feasibility of developing natural dyes from the barks of Araucaria columnaris and leaves of Macaranga peltata, Averrhoa bilimbi. The paper also deals with the application of natural dyes in textile coloration.Design/methodology/approachDye extraction was carried out using the aqueous method. The dyeability of the aqueous extract was assessed on cotton, silk and polyester yarns using different mordants (alum, acetic acid, CuSO4, lemon juice) and without mordant. UV–Visible spectral analysis and pH of different natural dyes were determined. Percent absorption, K/S values, CIELab values and fastness properties of the selected dyed yarns were also assessed.FindingsThe percentage values for dye exhaustion differed with various mordants. The K/S values were found to be influenced by the addition of mordants. Different hues were obtained with the usage of different mordants. Fastness results exhibited good to very good grades.Research limitations/implicationsThe effective application of aqueous method of dye extraction in the study avoids solvent toxicity. The current results proved that the dyeing could be achieved at room temperature for different yarns (cotton, silk, polyester). At present, no report exists in the literature of research work on the extraction of natural dyes from the leaves of M. peltata, A. bilimbi and their dyeing potential on cotton, silk and polyester.Practical implicationsThe present work offers new environment-friendly dye as well as simple dyeing method. Barks and leaves are promising sources of dye. Enormous availability of barks and leaves avoids the exploitation of the plant parts for the extraction of natural dyes.Originality/valueThe important feature of this study was the effective dyeing of natural and synthetic fibers at room temperature. The novel sources of natural dyes would contribute significantly to the existing knowledge of dyeing, and the natural dyes reduce the environmental impact of synthetic dyes.

Algorithm for processing high definition images for food colourimetry

An algorithm was developed for image processing of High Definition (HD) images for food colourimetry applications. HD images help to capture detailed features and provide higher measurement accuracy. Dense image matrix of HD images makes image-processing complex and requires high-end data processing system. A two-step image cropping was found useful for rapid analysis of HD image and in reducing the computational power requirement. CIE Lab colourimetric parameters were obtained by transforming RGB image into CIE Lab image. Algorithm was used for image pre processing and was evaluated to reduce the image matrix size. Computing performance in terms of CPU, RAM and Disk usage was determined during the processing of HD images for colour extraction. At 1100 × 1100 image size, image processing was successfully completed while keeping the CPU usage within stable range. Algorithm was integrated into food colour vision system to determine CIE Lab values of skim milk powder.

Comparative evaluation of the sealing ability of two different retrograde filling materials using dye penetration method: An In-Vitro study

The demand for aesthetic restoration is a key factor in the placement and popularity of direct composites. New technologies have been implemented over a period of time in the shade matching of composites, which is more reliable than the conventional approach to date. Difficulty with rapidly evolving technologies and inflationary pressure due to increased costs can be the reason why most practitioners use the Vita classic shade guide as traditional method. These traditional shade guides are often manufactured according to the properties of porcelain materials rather than composite resin options. Aim: This article compares the color difference (?E) between Vita classic shade tab and customized composite shade tab using spectophotometric analysis for predictable shade matching in direct composite restorations. Materials and Methods: In order to compare the customized composite shade tab (A1 and A2) with the regular Vita classic shade tab (A1 and A2), five A1 and A2 shade tabs were fabricated from two separate composite brands (AmelogenTM Plus-ULTRADENT, Coltene Brilliant) in order to obtain a total of twenty samples (n=5 each). The fabrication of the customized shade tabs was done using Smile line Style Italiano mini guide kit. All the twenty samples, (customized composite A1, A2 shade tabs) and the Vita classic A1 and A2 shade tab were subjected to spectrophotometric analysis using Data color 650 sphectrophotometer to measure the CIE-Lab values. Based on CIE-Lab parameters obtained from computerized spectrophotometry digital reading of A1, A2 customized composite shade tab and A1, A2 Vita classic shade tabs, the Euclidean distance (?E) between two color points (composite-Vita classic) was calculated for the determination of color differences. Conclusion: There was a perceptible color difference between the most commonly used Vita classic shade tab and the customized shade tab. Therefore, shade matching in direct composite restoration requires customized composite shad

LSSVM-based color prediction for cotton fabrics with reactive pad-dry-pad-steam dyeing

Least-square support vector machines (LSSVM) have been strongly moving from preliminary theoretical investigations into practical industrial applications. Successfully attaining a required color is a crucial task in the dyeing industry. In this paper, an LSSVM-based color quality prediction model for cotton fabrics dyed with a reactive dye using the conventional pad-dry-pad-steam (PDPS) process is proposed. The concentrations of the dye, sodium carbonate and sodium chloride, as well as the drying and steaming times were selected as the model inputs, while the CIE Lab value (L*, a*, b*) and the K/S value of the dyed fabric were used as the model outputs. The two prominent reactive dyes, Remazol Red and Remazol Navy, were used separately to dye cotton fabrics. The proposed LSSVM-based model gave mean absolute errors of less than 0.5 and 1.5 for predicting the K/S value and the CIE Lab value (L*, a*, b*), respectively. As well, the model had an acceptable average color difference ΔE* of less than 2.0 for the fabrics dyed using the PDPS process with both reactive dyes.

Halochromic sensors for real-time monitoring of spoilage of packed seer fish

Development of halochromic thin film sensors for monitoring the degree of spoilage of packaged seer fish is described in this study. Three halochromic thin film sensors were prepared by combining a halochromic dye with starch/potato dextrose agar, polyvinyl alcohol, and cellulose acetate and characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The halochromic sensors were tested for monitoring spoilage of packaged seer fish at ambient temperature, refrigerated, and frozen conditions. The halochromic response of the thin film sensors was evaluated by image processing and color measurements such as CIE Lab and RGB value determinations. All the three thin film sensors exhibited excellent color changes in proportion with the spoilage of the packed seer fish. These halochromic thin film sensors are useful for real-time monitoring of spoilage of packed seafood.

Natural dyeing of merino wool fibers with Cinnamomum camphora leaves extract with mordants of biological origin: a greener approach of textile coloration

In this research work, an attempt has been made to investigate the possibility of wool dyeing with natural dye extracted from the Cinnamomum camphora middle aged/mature leaves. Visually, a range of ecofriendly shades with quite different color gamut of varying hue and tone were produced via the application of different natural mordants. The effect of various natural mordants (gallnut, pomegranate peel, arjun bark, chlorophyll extract, and citric acid) and some commonly used metal mordants (ferrous sulfate, copper sulfate, stannous chloride, and sodium dichromate) on color and fastness properties of dyed wool samples was comparatively evaluated in conjunction with 50% (o.w.f.) of C. camphora natural dye. Dyeing experiments were performed with and without mordants employing pre-mordanting technique. The color of dyed wool fibers were investigated in terms of CIELab (L*, a*, and b*) and color strength values (K/S); and fastness properties were determined as per ISO standard test methods. In general, pre-biomordanted wool fibers with P. granatum (3, 4 and 5% o.w.f.), citric acid (5% o.w.f.) and chlorophyll extract (10–50% o.w.f.) showed comparable color and fastness results compared to those of metal treated samples. Durability of color was also checked to assess the effect of washing of dyed wool fibers. This research work on the use of ecofriendly biomordants will provide a valuable reference in future for ecological and environmentally safe dyeing.