Cicer Arientinum Research Articles

Biosorption of chromium (VI) from aqueous solutions by the husk of Bengal gram (Cicer arientinum)

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Nitrogen Fixation, Amino Acid, and Ureide Associations in Chickpea

The metabolic products of nitrogen fixation (N2) in a legume can be either amides (asparagine, glutamine) or ureides (allantoin and allantoic acid), which are then exported to the shoot via the xylem. Ureides are synthesized solely in the nodules. Chickpea (Cicer arientinum L.) has been separately classified as an amide and as a ureide exporter; however, the exact shoot metabolic products resulting from N2 fixation are not known. The objectives of this study were (i) to determine the metabolites of N2 fixation, namely free amino acids and ureides and (ii) to quantify the differences in N2 fixation for chickpea cultivars in the field by 15N natural abundance. Leaf ureide concentrations were analyzed at Weeks 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11 after emergence. Free amino acid concentrations were analyzed at Weeks 7, 9, and 11 after emergence. Flax (Linum usitatissimum L., CDC‐Bethune) was used as the reference crop for assessment of percentage nitrogen derived from the atmosphere. Two chickpea cultivars, CDC‐Anna and Myles, had significantly higher N2 fixation than the other three tested cultivars. Myles also maintained ureides and amides at a moderate concentration from flowering through reproductive growth. Overall, we found that asparagine and alanine were the major free amino acids, along with ureides, representing likely metabolites from N2 fixation. Therefore, chickpea should be classified as both an amide and ureide exporter, on the basis of the concentration of both types of N product found in the shoot.

Removal and recovery of lead(II) from single and multimetal (Cd, Cu, Ni, Zn) solutions by crop milling waste (black gram husk)

The study reports removal of heavy metals when present singly or in binary and ternary systems by the milling agrowaste of Cicer arientinum (chickpea var. black gram) as the biosorbent. The biosorbent removed heavy metal ions efficiently from aqueous solutions with the selectivity order of Pb > Cd > Zn > Cu > Ni. The biosorption of metal ions by black gram husk (BGH) increased as the initial metal concentration increased. Biosorption equilibrium was established within 30 min, which was well described by the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms. The maximum amount of heavy metals ( q max) adsorbed at equilibrium was 49.97, 39.99, 33.81, 25.73 and 19.56 mg/g BGH biomass for Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu and Ni, respectively. The biosorption capacities were found to be pH dependent and the maximum adsorption occurred at the solution pH 5. Efficiency of the biosorbent to remove Pb from binary and ternary solutions with Cd, Cu, Ni and Zn was the same level as it was when present singly. The presence of Pb in the binary and ternary solutions also did not significantly affect the sorption of other metals. Breakthrough curves for continuous removal of Pb from single, binary and ternary metal solutions are reported for inlet-effluent equilibrium. Complete desorption of Pb and other metals in single and multimetal solutions was achieved with 0.1 M HCl in both shake flask and fixed bed column studies. This is the first report of removal of the highly toxic Pb, Cd, and other heavy metals in binary and ternary systems based on the biosorption by an agrowaste. The potential of application for the treatment of solutions containing these heavy metals in multimetal solutions is indicated.

Zinc fertilization and water stress affects plant water relations, stomatal conductance and osmotic adjustment in chickpea (Cicer arientinum L.)

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) is an important dryland pulse crop in many parts of the world. Productivity is often limited by periods of water deficit and in a number of regions zinc deficiency occurs, but the interaction between zinc nutrition and water stress has not been studied extensively. This interaction was examined in two glasshouse experiments. Chickpea was grown under deficient (no applied Zn) or adequate (2.5 µg Zn/g soil) levels of zinc in pots for either 53 days (Experiment 1) or 40 days (Experiment 2) before being exposed to a single period of water stress that lasted for 12 days (Experiment 1) or 23 days (Experiment 2). In one experiment four genotypes (Tyson, ICC-4958, T-1587 and NIFA-88) differing in their sensitivity to zinc deficiency were compared during a single drying cycle, and in the second experiment a single cultivar (Tyson) was compared under well-watered and water stress conditions. Water stress was induced by allowing the soil to dry gradually and the responses in shoot biomass, water use, plant water relations and carbon isotope discrimination (�, ) were measured. Shoot biomass, water use and water use efficiency were reduced by zinc deficiency. Stomatal conductance was lower in

Bioremoval of cadmium from aqueous solution by black gram husk ( Cicer arientinum)

Husk of black gram ( Cicer arientinum), a waste of no commercial value, was investigated as a new biosorbent of cadmium from low concentration aqueous solutions. With 99.99% sorption efficiency from 10 mg l −1 cadmium solution, the biomass required at saturation was 0.8 g mg −1 cadmium. Biosorption was rapid and equilibrium was achieved in 30 min. Among the various desorbing agents tested, 99.89% cadmium recovery was achieved with 0.1 M HCl. Sorption efficiency of cadmium during six biosorption–desorption cycles in batch operations declined, which was traceable to 39.0% black gram husk (bgh) weight loss. This decline was only 9.71% when compensated for biomass loss, which is comparable to 10.45% decline during six cycles in fixed bed column bioreactor in which biomass loss was only 5.98%. On plotting breakthrough curves it was noted that bgh in the fixed bed column was capable of bringing down cadmium concentration from 10 to 0.1 mg l −1 in 35.5 l volume. Biosorption of cadmium was not effected in the presence of other cations. Comprehensive characterization of parameters indicate bgh to be an excellent material for biosorption of cadmium to treat wastewaters containing low concentration of the metal. As an agrowaste, the advantage of application of this material as a metal biosorbent in a fixed bed column bioreactor system, in comparison with those based on immobilized algae or biomass of algal, fungal and bacterial origin, is considered.

Isolation and Characterization of Cotyledon Fibers from Peas, Lentils, and Chickpeas

ABSTRACTMethods were developed to efficiently isolate legume cotyledon fibers with relatively high yields and purities. Seeds of pea (Pisum sativum), chickpea (Cicer arientinum), and lentil (Lens culinaris) were roller milled into flour and fractionated into prime starch, tailings starch, and water solubles. Insoluble dietary fiber was isolated from tailings starch by wet screening on sieves with openings ranging from 53 to 90 μm. Yield of insoluble fiber using a sieve with 53‐μm openings ranged from 49.7 to 59.2% of insoluble fiber in flour with purities ranging from 85.5 to 87.3%. Soluble dietary fiber was isolated from the water‐soluble fraction following acid precipitation of soluble protein at pH 4. Soluble fiber yield ranged from 83.3 to 89.6% of flour soluble fiber with purities ranging from 64.5 to 70.6%. Glucose was the most common sugar component of hulls and soluble cotyledon fibers, while arabinose was the main sugar in insoluble fibers. Insoluble fiber exhibited significantly higher swelling capacities and water and oil binding capacities in comparison to hulls and soluble cotyledon fibers. Apparent viscosities of soluble cotyledon fibers ranged from 3.13 to 3.43 Pa•sec and exhibited Newtonian characteristics.

Soil physical characteristics and chickpea yield responses to tillage treatments

In the semi-arid areas of Iran, dryland crop production is limited by insufficient and inadequate rainfall distribution. Conventional tillage (moldboard plowing followed by disc harrowing) method used by farmers results in soil degradation and increases soil erosion. Reduced tillage has been proposed as a promising strategy to improve soil physical properties, increase soil profile water storage and crop yield in these areas. A field experiment was conducted to determine the feasibility of reduced tillage in a silty clay loam soil (Typic Xerorthens), with an average of 490 mm annual rainfall. This study compared the effects of three tillage systems, viz. moldboard plow (MP) followed by disc harrowing, single point chisel plow (CP), and sweep point chisel plow (SCP) on chickpea ( Cicer arientinum L.) growth, and yield and soil physical properties of a fine-textured soil. The site had been under continuous wheat with MP for more than 20 years. A significant difference was found in dry bulk density between tillage treatments within the 0–20 cm depth range, soil water content within the top 1 m of soil profile, aggregate stability and chickpea biomass. Mean weight diameter (MWD) of soil aggregates in CP after harvesting was highest (1.6 mm) compared to other tillage treatments. Soil profile water storage in CP was greatest and MP was the lowest. The highest and lowest chickpea grain yield was found in CP (620 kg ha −1) and MP (541 kg ha −1), respectively. CP also resulted in the highest biomass (1308 kg ha −1) compared to two other tillage treatments. Overall, chisel plow was the most effective tillage tools for improving topsoil physical properties and increasing chickpea dry matter and grain yield compared to other tillage tools evaluated.

Use of RAPD, enzyme activity staining, and colony size to differentiate phytopathogenic Fuzarium Oxysporum isolates from Iran

Fusarium oxysporum is a common soilborn plant pathogen with a worldwide distribution. Fusarium yellows disease of chickpea (Cicer arientinum) caused by F.oxysporum is one of the most destructive soilborn disease which is a major production constraint in chickpea-growing regions of Iran. Three laboratory methods of genomic DNA using random primers, enzyme activity staining, and colony size determination have been used to discriminate between highly virulent (HV) and weakly virulent (WV) isolates of F. oxysporum. On the basis of colony size (a traditional morphological method) and the ability of isolates to produce pectic enzymes, five HV isolates were differentiated from three WV isolates. The HV isolates formed large colony (ranging from 10.1 to 12.6 mm in diameter) and showed the same enzyme pattern,while the WV isolates produced small colony (ranging from 5.8 to 7.8 mm in diameter) and had not detectable enzyme activity in the stained overlaying gel. Twelve arbitrary 10-mer primers were tested on these 8 isolates of F. oxysporum by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Cluster analysis of the data from the DNA amplification by Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD), differentiated HV from WV isolates. The results obtained from RAPD test confirmed the classification of these eight isolates based on pathogenicity test, colony size, and enzyme activity staining into two groups (HV and WV).

Time course of N 2 fixation and growth of chickpea

The 15N isotopic dilution technique was used to assess N2 fixation in desi chickpea (Cicer arientinum L.) cv. Myles at different growth stages as influenced by inoculation method. In this growth chamber study, no significant differences in nodule dry weight, amount of N2 fixed and plant dry matter were observed between seed inoculation with seed-applied peat inoculant and soil-applied granular inoculant placed 2.5 cm below the seed. However, seed inoculation with liquid inoculant was inferior to the seed-applied peat or the granular inoculant for all parameters measured at all sampling dates. The seed-applied peat and granular inoculant treatments fixed 4.8 and 4.1 mg N plant–1, respectively, by the late vegetative stage, and reached a maximum of 20.6 and 25.6 mg N plant–1, respectively, by the late pod-filling stage. These values accounted for 30.5% and 34.9% of the total plant N for the peat and granular inoculant, respectively, by late pod-filling. For the liquid inoculant treatment, the amount of N2 fixed increased from 2.3 mg N plant–1 by the late vegetative stage to a maximum of 9.6 mg N plant–1 which was 22.2% of total plant N by the mid pod-filling stage. The highest daily N2 fixation rate for the peat and granular inoculant was 0.9 mg N plant–1 and occurred between flowering and early pod-filling, whereas that for the liquid occurred between early and mid pod-filling stages (0.23 mg N plant–1). After the mid pod-filling stage, little or no N2 was fixed in all treatments. Plant dry matter increased from the late vegetative stage to physiological maturity but the greatest dry matter accumulation occurred between the late vegetative and early pod-filling stages in all treatments.

Mustard cake as a source of dietary protein for growing lambs

Mustard seeds contain about 30–35% oil and 34–39% protein and India produces about 5.7 million metric tons every year. Mustard cake (MOC) has a good balance of essential amino acids and relatively high methionine content. Cheaper than peanut cake and soybean meal, it is used in the feeding of cattle and buffaloes, but information is scanty on its feeding in sheep and goats. Therefore, a study was planned to replace peanut cake with mustard cake to evaluate its effect on the growth performance of growing lambs. Eighteen crossbred male lambs of 6–7 months were randomly divided into three groups of six each on the basis of body weights. The dietary treatments for the three groups consisted of iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric concentrate mixtures. The peanut meal (in control) was replaced at 50 and 100% levels by mustard cake on protein basis. The lambs were fed the dietary treatments for 120 days. Gram ( Cicer arientinum) straw was fed ad lib. A metabolism trial of 7 days duration was conducted before termination of the experiment. The total dry matter intake did not differ among the groups. The values of total body weight gain were 11.30, 14.50 and 11.43 kg in groups 1 (control), 2 (50% MOC) and 3 (100% MOC), respectively. The average daily gain values were 94.16, 120.83 and 95.26 g per day in the groups. Though no significant differences were observed in daily gain, the animals in group 2 gained more as compared to groups 1 and 3. The higher gain may be due to combining two oil cakes. The animals were in positive nitrogen and mineral balance. These data indicate peanut cake may completely be replaced with mustard cake without affecting feed intake, feed efficiency, nitrogen balance, mineral balance and growth performance of growing lambs.

Alternate cropping system for central plateau zone of Maharashtra

A field experiment was conducted during 200810 at Parbhani, to evaluate the production potential of 12 crop- ping systems in central plateau zone of Maharashtra. Of the 12 cropping systems, turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) + castor (Ricinus communis L.) (4:1) intercropping system gave significantly highest net profit ( 171.10 103/ha), economic efficiency of 616.9/day/ha on net monetary return (NMR) basis and soybean-equivalent yield (SEY) (10.5 t/ha), followed by soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]onion (Allium cepa L.), which recorded the net profit of 125.2 103, economic efficiency of 536.4/day/ha, soybean-equivalent yield of 8.2 t/ha, and Bt. cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)wheat [Triticum aestivum (L.) emend. Fiori & Paol]coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) (SEY 8.5 t/ha). Among the cropping sequences, maize (Zea mays L.)chickpea (Cicer arientinum L.)okra (Abelomoschus esculentus L) recorded the highest land-use efficiency (83.6%) followed by maizewheat greengram (83.4%), Bt cottonwheatcoriander (81.7%) and turmeric + castor intercropping system (75.9%). The lowest land-use efficiency was recorded in sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]wheat sequence (62.1%). The highest benefit: cost ratio was recorded in turmeric + castor (4:1 ratio) intercropping system (3.8), followed by pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.]groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) (3.7). The employment generation was the highest (317 man-days/ha/year) in maizechickpeaokra system, followed by Bt cottonwheatcoriander (289 man-days/ha/year). The turmeric + castor intercropping system (4:1) recorded the lowest employment generation (136 man-days/ha/year). The highest consumptive use of water (140.2 cm) and water-use efficiency (56 kg/ha-cm) were recorded in maizewheatgreengram cropping sequence, followed by Bt cottonwheatcoriander cropping sequence. The highest soil-nutrient status was maintained in pigeonpeagroundnut cropping system, followed by cottonsummer groundnut.

Propaquizafop Absorption, Translocation, Metabolism, and Effect on Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase Isoforms in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

Propaquizafop absorption, translocation, metabolism, and effects on acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) isoforms were examined in chickpea (Cicer arientinum L.). Maximum foliar absorption of propaquizafop, approximately 35% of recovered herbicide, occurred 48 h after treatment. Of the absorbed propaquizafop, approximately 30% was rapidly metabolized to the acid form followed by a slow conversion of the acid to a polar metabolite. Approximately 4% of foliar-applied [14C]propaquizafop was translocated from the treated leaflets within 72 h after application. Chloroplast stromal and cytosolic fractions were isolated from chickpea leaves. Proteins from both fractions were separated by SDS–PAGE and probed with avidin–alkaline phosphatase to detect biotinylated polypeptides. The cytosolic fraction contained a multifunctional ACCase as indicated by the presence of a biotinylated polypeptide of 200 kDa. The chloroplast stromal fraction contained the 36-kDa biotinylated subunit of the multi-subunit ACCase and a 200-kDa biotinylated protein which suggested the presence of a plastid-localized multifunctional ACCase. Pretreating isolated chloroplasts with thermolysin prior to lysis did not reduce the presence of the 200-kDa biotinylated protein. ACCase activity in both cytosolic and stromal fractions exhibited a high level of tolerance to propaquizafop acid and other graminicides. Total ACCase activity in the chickpea chloroplast stroma fraction appears to be composed of activities contributed by both multisubunit and multifunctional ACCases.

Histological And Ultrastructural Changes In Leaves Of Resistant And Susceptible Chickpea Cultivars To Ascochyta Rabiei (Pass.) Labr

The Ascochyta blight caused by Ascochyta rabiei ( Pass.) Labr. is a serious foliar fungal disease of chickpea (Cicer arientinum L.). The histo- and cytopathological examination of hostpathogen interactions was conducted in resistant ( ELC-195) and susceptible (Canitez-87) cultivars of chickpea at 3, 5, 7 days after inoculation with A. rabiei. Several histological studies have been made with A. Rabiei. No ultrastructural studies comparing the resistant and susceptible reactions of chickpea to A. rabiei have been reported.The hypersensitive response (HR) is a very common reaction in resistant chickpea plants challenged with A. Rabiei. The FfR has also been associated with defence reactions which is phytoalexin synthesis. Phytoalexins are compounds, synthesised in host plant cells, after infection, which have antimicrobial properties. Fligh concentrations are often found in nearby necrotic cells which prevents further growth of the A. Rabiei in resistance chickpea.A. rabiei produce typical appressorium formation for cuticle penetration but stomata penetration have been observed in some micrographs (Fig.l).

Disease suppression and crop improvement through fluorescent pseudomonads isolated from cultivated soils

Three fluorescent pseudomonads isolated from rhizosphere/rhizoplane of crop plants showed in vitro antibiosis against seven fungal and two bacterial plant pathogens on iron-deficient KB medium. Seed bacterization of chick- pea (Cicer arientinum L.), egg plant (Solanum melongena L.), soybean (Glycine max Merr.) and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) with these organisms showed an increased seed germination, shoot height, root length, fresh weight, dry weight and yield. Seed bacterization with one of these strains, RB 8, reduced the number of chick-pea wilted plants in wilt-sick (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceris) soil. Addition of iron into the soil eliminated the disease suppression. The disease suppression and/or growth enhancement along with the positive root colonization by these organisms indicate their possible use as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR)/biocontrol agents against chick-pea wilt.

Quick extraction and determination of potassium in fresh leaf sap and its use as a guide to potassium fertilization of canola, chickpea, and dwarf sunflower

Abstract Two simple methods to extract potassium (K) from fresh plant tissues for use as possible quick K tests: i) freeze/squeeze in which the tissue is frozen, thawed and extracted by placement in a syringe, and ii) press in which the sap is extracted by crushing fresh leaves in a garlic press, were evaluated. The K concentration in the leaf sap extracted using the two methods was determined using a hand‐held ion selective electrode meter. Two separate growth chamber experiments were conducted to evaluate method performance. In the first experiment, the relationships of fresh leaf sap K with total plant K and with K availability in the soil were determined using canola (Brassica campestris var. Profit) and wheat (Triticium aestivum var. Biggar). In the second experiment, canola (Brassica campestris var. Profit), chickpea (Cicer arientinum), and dwarf sunflower (Helianthus) were grown on two soils low in available K with six rates of added K. The fresh leaf K extracted by the two methods and measured usi...

LITERATURE ABSTRACTS

LITERATURE ABSTRACTS

Supplementary irrigation for sequential cropping in the Ethiopian highland vertisols using broadbed and furrow land management system

The productivity of the vertisols in the Ethiopian highlands is below their potential mainly due to waterlogging in the main rainy season (June-September). A two year trial (1987–1988) was conducted to assess the effect of improved drainage and supplementary irrigation on sequential wheatchickpea cropping on Vertisol. Wheat was grown during the main rainy season on broadbeds and furrows (BBF), made with an animal drawn implement (broadbed maker, BBM) to drain off the excess water. The wheat harvest was followed by planting of chickpea ( Cicer arientinum, Desi type) in the beginning of the dry season. Through the furrows of the BBF-system four irrigation treatments were applied: no irrigation; irrigation at planting; irrigation at planting and at vegetative stage; irrigation at planting, vegetative stage and at 50% flowering. The results showed that if the rain stop after planting the second crop, chickpea, will not emerge without irrigation. This happened in one of the two years of experimentation. In that particular year (1987), the soil moisture in the seed zone (0–10 cm layer) was 26% and soil-water tension was 16.87 kPa (168.7 cm H 2O). Irrigation at planting established the chickpea crop well and gave the highest grain yield, while three irrigations gave significantly lower ( P < 0.05) grain yield than one or two irrigations.

Fertilizer requirements for targeting of sorghum‐chick PEA yields in sequence

Abstract Fertilizer prescription equations were developed for sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and chickpea (Cicer arientinum) separately based on yield goal approach. The validity of these equations was tested by conducting yield goal field trials on sorghum‐chickpea in sequence. The results showed that sorghum and chickpea yield goals were achieved within reasonable limits by applying fertilizers based on yield goal approach. The output/input ratio for a crop sequence was highest under 50 q/ha of sorghum yield goal followed by 25 q/ha of chickpea treatment (9.41).

Effect of radiation and soaking on trypsin inhibitor and protein content of chickpea (Cicer arientinum L.)

AbstractComposition of Ascochyta‐blight resistant chickpea for proximate components, vitamins, energy and trypsin inhibitor, was determined. The influence of irradiation and soaking at ambient temperatures (25–35°C) on trypsin inhibitor activity (TIA) and protein content of chickpea, was investigated. A significant linear relation (r = −0.960 to −0.987) was found between the loss of TIA and soaking time of irradiated and unirradiated seeds (p &lt; 0.05) and the rate of loss increased with increasing radiation dose (0.25–1.00 kGy). However, effect of radiation alone was negligible. Maximum decrease (30.7%) in TIA (from 330.0 to 228.6 TIU/g) occurred during soaking for 12 h of 1.00 kGy sample. The protein contents increased from an initial value of 21.7% to 23.4% and 22.7% as a result of soaking for 12 h in tap and distilled waters respectively. Radiation treatment exhibited little or no effect.

Growth promotion of rotation crop species by a sterile fungus from wheat and effect of soil temperature and water potential on its suppression of take-all

Two temperatures (15 and 20 °C) and two levels of soil water potential (−0·0015 MPa and −0·001 MPa) were used to test the ability of a sterile red fungus (SRF) to protect wheat ( Triticium aestivum cv. Gamenya) and rye-grass ( Lolium rigidum cv. Wimmera) from infection by the take-all fungus ( Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (Ggt)). The SRF protected wheat and rye-grass plants from infection by Ggt at both levels of soil moisture and temperature. The SRF promoted the growth of wheat and rye-grass in both the SRF alone and SRF + Ggt treatments at −0·0015 MPa and −0·001 MPa, and 15 and 20°. Shoot and root weights were greatest at −0·001 MPa and 15° for wheat, and −0·001 MPa and 20° for rye-grass, in all treatments. At both temperatures the percentage of dead plants of wheat or rye-grass was greater at −0·0015 MPa than at −0·001 MPa in the Ggt-alone treatment. The reduction of shoot and root weights of wheat and rye-grass by the take-all fungus was most severe at −0·0015 MPa and 20°. The SRF promoted the growth of the barley ( Hordeum vulgare cv. Stirling), great brome ( Bromus diandrus ), chick pea ( Cicer arientinum cv. Opal), lupins ( Lupinus angustifolius cv. Yandee), medic ( Medicago polymorpha L. cv. Santiago), oats ( Avena saliva cv. Swan), peas ( Pisum sativum cv. Dundale) rape ( Brassica napus cv. Wesbrook), rye-grass ( Lolium rigidum cv. Wimmera) and subterranean clover ( Trifolium subterraneum cv. Nungarin) which are used as rotation crops with the wheat. Although the roots of all these plants were found to be infected and covered by the SRF, the recovery of the SRF was more frequent from the roots of wheat, rye-grass, oats, barley and great brome than peas, lupins, medic subterranean clover and chick pea.