Cicer Arientinum Research Articles

Utilization of the agricultural waste (Cicer arientinum Linn fruit shell biomass) as biosorbent for decolorization of Congo red

Investigations have been carried out to study the use of Bengal gram fruit shell (SP) as a low-cost, eco-friendly biosorbent for the removal of Congo red (CR) from aqueous solution. Fourier transform infrared spectrometer and SEM were used to carry out characteristic studies on the material prepared. The effects of solution pH, biosorbent dosage, dye concentration, temperature, and contact time on the biosorption of CR onto the SP were investigated. The experimental results showed that maximum pH for efficient CR biosorption was about 8.0. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were used for analyzing the equilibrium data. The maximum monolayer biosorption capacity was found as 22.22 mg g−1 at 35°C. Kinetic studies indicated that the pseudo-second-order model fitted the experimental data well. Thermodynamic parameters demonstrated that the biosorption process was spontaneous and endothermic. The results revealed that the SP could be used as a low-cost and eco-friendly alternative biosorbent for the CR removal from wastewater.

Registration of CA0469C025C Chickpea Germplasm

Chickpea (Cicer arientinum L.) germplasm CA0469C025C (Reg. No. GP-295, PI 672149) was released by the USDA–ARS in 2010 based on its improved seed yield and reaction to Ascochyta blight (caused by Ascochyta rabiei) relative to the commercial cultivars Dwelley, Sierra, and Sawyer. CA04690C025C is an F7–derived line from the cross ‘Obraztsov Chiflik 1’/‘Sanford’. CA0469C025C was tested in advanced yield trials for 16 location-years in the U.S. Pacific Northwest (Idaho and Washington) and four location-years in Montana. In Washington and Idaho, CA0469C025C averaged 1636 kg ha−1, which was 17, 17, and 7% greater than Dwelley, Sierra, and Sawyer, respectively. In trials conducted in Montana, CA0469C025C averaged 1403 kg ha−1, which was 39, 28, and 13% greater than Dwelley, Sierra, and Sawyer, respectively. The plant height index of CA0469C025C is similar to that of the three check cultivars, indicating good lodging tolerance. CA0469C025C and check cultivars were screened in field nurseries for reaction to Ascochyta blight using a scale of 1(highly resistant) to 9 (highly susceptible). The mean reaction of CA0469C025C over 4 yr was 3.6 compared with 5.7, 4.7, and 4.3, respectively, for Dwelley, Sierra, and Sawyer, indicating CA0469C025C has better resistance to Ascochyta blight. CA0469C025C produces seed that is too small for canning or fresh markets, but it will be useful as a parent for breeding efforts to increase yield and disease resistance in chickpea.

Role of Indole-3-butyric Acid or/and Putrescine in Improving Productivity of Chickpea (Cicer arientinum L.) Plants

The response of chickpea (Cicer arientinum L. cv. Giza 3) to treatment with two plant growth regulators putrescine (Put) and Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) at 25, 50 and 100 mg L(-1) applied either alone or in combinations was studied. Spraying of Put and IBA either individually or in combination significantly increased the plant height, number and dry weight of branches, leaves and pods/plant and leaf area/plant at the two growth stages. Total photosynthetic pigments in fresh leaves were significantly promoted as a result of application of Put or IBA. Generally, application of Put and/or IBA at 100 mg L(-1) produced the highest numbers of pods which resulted in substantially the highest seed yield. Put and IBA increased the seed yield by 21.3 and 19.2%, respectively, while the combination of Put at 100 mgL(-1) and IBA at 50 mgL(-1) increased it by 27.4%. Greatest increases in straw and biological yield/fed (38.3 and 30.4%, respectively) were noted with the combination treatment of IBA 100 mg L(-1) plus Put at 100 mg L(-1). Put and IBA significantly increased the nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, total soluble sugars and total free amino acids in chickpea seeds over control, but the effects were less marked than those of their combination. This response was greater following treatment with IBA than with Put. It could be conclude that spraying Put or/and IBA on chickpea plants have promotion effects on the seeds yield criteria which have promising potential as sources of low-cost protein and minerals for possible use as food/feed supplements.

Evaluation of sieved biomass of Cicer arientinum (horse bean) for removal ofmethylene blue: batch study

Adsorption of methylene blue by the sieved biomass of Cicer arientinum isconducted in batch mode. The effect of different parameters such as contact time,sorbent dose, pH, and temperature has been studied. The adsorption risessubstantially as pH is increased from 2 to 4, and then with the increase to pH 10,there is slight decrease in the percentage of adsorption. This may be due to theelectrostatic forces of attraction between [MB]+ cations and theOH- ions which are greater at low pH in the solution. In the highlyacidic medium, there are an ample number of H+ ions. These can neutralizethe negative sites on biosorbent surfaces, leading to a lesser adsorption. TheLangmuir model fit and Hall separation values indicate favorable adsorption.Thermodynamic parameters via KD and ?G have also been calculated: the?G value at 15?C is -943 J/mole, while at 45?C, the value of ?Gis -4,010 J/mole. At the higher concentration, KD values decrease and the ?G valuesbecome positive in the same temperature range, indicating the spontaneity of theprocess. Kinetics of biosorption results shows that the sorption process is wellexplained by a pseudo-second-order model with determination coefficients of 0.4841 to0.9962 for S-II under all experimental conditions. The sorption mechanism wasdetermined by the Weber and Morris intraparticle diffusion model. For the initialconcentration of 79.9 mg/L and material dose of 500 mg/L, the value of Kid and theintercept was found to be 4.359 and 22.557, respectively, indicating that the foundrylayer is sufficiently thick. The low-cost, easily available agro-waste of C.arientinum was found to be a good adsorbent for the methylene blue dye.

Correlation between weeds and crops

In order to survey the effects of some crops (allelopathic and non allelopathic) on weed population, an experiment was done with sowing of seven different crops in 2012 at field research of University of Tabriz. Treatments were corn (Zea mays L.), sunflower (Helianthus annus L.), common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. var 1 and Phaseolus vulgaris L. var 2), castor bean (Ricinus communis L.), chicken pea (Cicer arientinum L.), and Lallemantia (Lallemantia iberica L.). Sampling of weed density in each plot was done in four times. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) showed that crop species can effect on weed species density. So that, the first two CCA axes explained 93.2, 82.5, 88.5, and 81.3 % of the variation in weed species density in sampling times 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. For example in the first sampling, the first axis of CCA represents a gradient of Cicer, Ricinus, Helianthus and the second axis represents a gradient of Ricinus, Cicer, Phaseolus 2, Phaseolus 1, and Lallemantia. So that, Lallemantia and Phaseolus 1, also Helianthus and Zea vectors with minimum angle, showed that these crops had maximum correlation each other, but Cicer and Zea vectors with maximum angle, showed they had minimum correlation together. Lamb,s squarters (Chenopodium album L.) and prostrate knotweed (Polygonum aviculare L.) were dominant weed species observed in the beginning and ending of crops life cycle, respectively. In forth sampling, Ricinus plots were weed free, this is may be duo to interference (competition and allelopathy) presented with Ricinus and weeds.

Multi-environment QTL analyses for drought-related traits in a recombinant inbred population of chickpea (Cicer arientinum L.)

A recombinant inbred line (RIL) population, comprising 181 lines derived from ILC588 × ILC3279, was evaluated in 10 environments across three locations with different moisture gradients. A drought resistance score (DRS) and three phenology traits-plant height (PLHT), days to flowering (DFLR), and days to maturity (MAT)-were recorded along with seven yield-related traits-grain yield (GY), biological yield (BY), harvest index (HI), the number of pods/3 plants (Pod), percentage of empty pods (%Epod), 100 seed weight (100 sw), and seed number/3 plants (SN). Two RILs (152, 162) showed the best GYs and DRSs under stressed and non-stressed environments. The quantitative trait loci (QTLs) analyses detected 93 significant QTLs (LOD ≥ 2.0) across the genome × environment interactions. The highest phenotypic variation (>24 %) was explained by the QTLDFLR in Terbol-11. Four common possible pleiotropic QTLs on LG3 and LG4 were identified as associated with DFLR, DRS, GY, MAT, HI, SN, and Pod. No significant epistatic interactions were found between these QTLs and the other markers. However, the QTL for DRS was detected as a conserved QTL in three late planting environments. The markers H6C-07 (on LG3) and H5G01 (on LG4) were associated with QTLs for many traits in all environments studied except two. The allele 'A' of marker H6C07 (from the tolerant parent ILC588) explained 80 % of the yield increase under late planting and 29.8 % of that under dry environments. Concentrating on LG3 and LG4 in molecular breeding programs for drought could speed up improvement for these traits.

Evaluation of Uptake of Methylene blue dye by Sulphonated biomass of Cicer arientinum: Batch Study

Evaluation of Uptake of Methylene blue dye by Sulphonated biomass of Cicer arientinum: Batch Study

Removal of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solutions by Nitrated biomass of Cicer arientinum

Investigation of removal of methylene blue by nitrated biomass of Cicer arientinum is conducted in batch conditions. The effect of different parameters such as contact time, sorbent dose, pH and temperature has been studied. Adsorption kinetic modeling data were found out. The kinetics of biosorption results shows that sorption process is well explained by pseudo–second order model with determination coefficients higher than 0.99 for sorbent under all experimental conditions. The value Kp is found to be 0.652 to 2.43 for initial and final concentrations. Thermodynamic parameter via KD, ∆G has also been calculated to determine the spontaneity of the process. The low value of activation energy indicates that sorption is an activated and physical process. The Weber and Morris intraparticle diffusion model show liquid-film, mass transfer is effective sorption mechanism. Thus nitrated biomass of Cicer areintinum is a low cost and easily available efficiently used as an excellent sorbent for the removal of MB + from wastewater. It can be safely concluded that biomass of Cicer arientinum is much economical effectual, viable and can be an alternative to more costly adsorbents.

The study of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T effects on gene expression at early stages of embryogenesis in chickpea (Cicer arientinum L.)

Factors affecting the induction of embryogenesis in somatic plant cells in vitro are highly variable depending on different growth regulators, explants types, culture media and stress treatments. A series of experiments were set to study the effect of some factors involve in the initiation and development of somatic embryos including genotype, growth regulator and the kind of explants in four Kabuli type chickpea genotypes (F3, Jam, Bivanig and ILC485). Mature embryos were transferred on Murashige and Skooges (MS) medium plus 3% sucrose supplemented with two kind of auxin as growth regulators in order to induce embryogenesis. The best induction media (found in the preliminary experiment) was the one supplemented with either 3 mg/l 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) or 3 mg/l 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) in single use or in combination, to induce globular embryos. Globular shape embryos were distinguishable 6 to 7 weeks after culture. Desiccation treatments were applied by keeping the samples for 7, 14 and 20 min in laminar air flow to induce globular embryos maturity. Total RNAs were isolated using guanidium isothiocyanate method. The polymerase chain reaction amplification (PCR) reaction was performed using three one-base-anchored oligo-dT primers, in combination with eight arbitrary primers. Two genotypes of Bivanig and ILC482 were selected as explants for gene expression studies due to their highest number of globular embryos production, then 3 mg/l 2,4,5-T and 3 mg/l 2,4-D were used to produce embryogenic and non-embryogenic calli, respectively. The results showed a similar gene expression pattern in both treatments with three eminent steps. Comparison of both similar band patterns of two auxin treatments indicated that, a number of particular genes are involved in cells determination. Different growth regulators and thegenotypes created little changes in gene expression pattern through theembryogenesis process just before the globular stage, resulting that, a large number of changes and genes occur similarly in both genotypes and auxin treatments. Key words: Chickpea, embryogenesis, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T), gene expression.

Analysis of Seedling Vigour in Bacteriologically Treated Sewage Water

The study was concerned about the effect of the sewage water in the agricultural fields as an irrigation perspective. In vitro experiment was done where the seeds of Cicer arientinum and Vigna radiata were treated with the different concentrations of untreated and bacterial consortium treated sewage water. The effect of sewage water on seedling growth was suitable in the lower concentration (25%), whereas the higher concentration (50, 75 and 100%) was inhibitory in untreated. The sewage water after treatment was found to be of improved quality and showed good germination and seedling growth.

"Kinetic and Thermodynamic study of uptake of methylene blue by crushed biomass of (Cicer arietinum as an adsorbent." Batch Study

Present work deals with fundamental investigation on the adsorption of methylene blue by crushed biomass of Cicer arientinum is conducted in batch conditions. The effect of parameters such as contact time, sorbent dose, pH and temperature has been studied. Adsorption kinetic modeling data were found out. The kinetics of biosorption results shows that sorption process is well explained by pseudo-second order model with determination coefficients 0.980-0.992 for S-I under all experimental conditions. The value Kp is found to be 0.0498 The sorption mechanism was determined by Weber and Morris intraparticle diffusion model. Thermodynamic parameter viz KD, ∆G have also been calculated to determine the spontaneity of the process. Key Word: Crushed Biomass S-I, Methylene Blue, Kinetic modeling, Thermodynamic Modelling. I. Introduction Contamination of the environment from a variety of sources has become an increasingly serious problem in recent years. The release of dyes into waste water by various industries posses, serious environmental problems due to their persistent and recalcitrant nature. The dye causes eye burns, which may be responsible for permanent injury to the eyes of humans and animals. If swallowed the dye causes irritation to the gastrointestinal tract with symptoms of nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. It may also cause methemoglobinemia, cyanosis, convulsions, tachycardia, and dyspnea, if inhaled. It is likely to cause irritation to the skin. and are highly dangerous to biota. Dyes may also be problematic if they are broken down unaerobically in the sediments, as toxic amines are often produced due to incomplete degradation of bacteria. 1 Some of the dyes or their metabolites are not only toxic or mutagenic but also carcinogenic. 2

Evaluation of seed dressing and soil application formulations of Trichoderma species for integrated management of dry root rot of chickpea

The efficacy of the newly developed seed dressing and soil application formulations of Trichoderma viride, T. virens and T. harzianum were evaluated individually and in combinations under pot and field experiments for the management of dry root rot (Rhizoctonia bataticola) of chickpea (Cicer arientinum). In pot experiments, T. harzianum based seed dressing formulation, Pusa 5SD, and soil application formulations, Pusa Biogranule 5 (PBG 5) and Pusa Biopellet 10G (PBP 10G), were found to be effective in reducing dry root rot incidence in chickpea and increasing the seed germination, shoot and root lengths of the crop. Under field experiments, a combination of soil application of T. harzianum based PBP 10G and seed treatment with Pusa 5SD+carboxin was found to be the best by providing the highest seed germination, shoot and root lengths and grain yield and the lowest dry root rot incidence in chickpea.

Pb (II) sorption by acidically modified Cicer arientinum biomass

In this study, efficacy of native and acidically modified Cicer arientinum pod biomass was investigated for Pb (II) removal using metal ion concentration, kinetic, sorbent dose, pH and pretreatment as operational parameters. The metal uptake of biomass increased as a result of pretreatments and maximum sorption capacity (171.28 mg/g) was shown by H 3 PO 4 modified biomass. The sorption capacity increased in the order H 3 PO 4 > H 2 SO 4 > HCl > native, with increase in metal concentration. The equilibrium data was analysed using different sorption models to know sorption mechanism and results of ANOVA showed that Dubinin–Radushkevich model is fitted well to the experimental data. Sorption rate was slow because equilibrium was attained within 7 h and rate was best described by pseudo-first-order, second-order rate equation, Bangham and intraparticle diffusion models. Sorption capacity was maximum at pH 4 and it was observed also that sorption capacity decreased but % removal increased with increase in biosorbent dose.

Genetic Variability and Path Analysis of Chickpea (Cicer arientinum L.) Landraces and Lines

Identifying suitable parental materials is an important phase in the development of hybrid seeds. Thus, a study was conducted to determine the genetic variability among 360 chickpea land races and lines. Appropriate parents selected from a pool of genes of 360 chickpeas which was carried out during the year 2000-2001 in DARI, Sararoud of Iran. The experiment included 12 blocks, each contains 20 plots of 2 m rows. The traits studied were growth type, number of leaflet per leaf, leaflet size, plant height, days taken for 50% flowering, flower color, flowering period, days to maturity, pod size, pod per plant, seed numbers per pod, seed color, seed shape and 100 seed weight. Data based on morphological and phonological traits were analyzed using SPSS software and the statistical procedures: correlation coefficient, cluster analysis, principal component analysis and path analysis. Among the morphological characters, numbers of branches, pod numbers with CV: 41.77 and 37.25% had higher variation, respectively while leaflet with CV: 10.49% had minimum variation. Among the phonological traits the flowering period with CV: 22.02% had highest and flowering time had the least variability. The seed yield per plant ranged from 4.27 to 0.41 g and CV: 51.43% reflected highest variation. The highest correlation coefficient (r = 0.78) was between seed yield per plant and pod numbers. Chickpeas genotypes could be classified into four clusters and 63% of the variance were explained by five PCAs. Path analysis revealed that the pod numbers with 0.745, seed numbers with 0.386, 100 seed weight with 0.268 and single seed with 0.267 had highest direct effect on seed yield.

Physico-Chemical Characteristics Of Doon Distillery, Doiwala Effluent And Its In-Vitro Effect On Seed Germination Of Four Agricultural Crops

The present paper deals with the physico-chemical characteristics of Doon Distillery, Doiwala effluent and its in-vitro effect on seed germination of four agricultural crops i.e. Solanum melongena (Brinjal), Cicer arientinum (Black gram), Glycine max (Soyabean) and Lycopersicon esculentum (Tomato). The physico-chemical characteristics showed high degree of pollution load in the effuent as it is evident by high degree of BOD (35375mg/l), COD (81000 mg/l), MPN/100 ml (30.56x105) and SPC (72.33x106). The effect of effluent treatment on seed germination in-vitro showed a significant negative co-relation between different concentration of the effluent (5 to 100%) and in percentage of seed gemination of S.melongena, C. arietinum, G.max & L. esculentum. In all these four crops maximum percentage of seed germination was observed at 5% concentration of effluent. Germination of seeds treated with different doses was only recorded up to 25% concentration. Effluent showed deleterious effect at 50% and above that no seed germination was found.

Sorption of Lead Ions from Aqueous Solution by Chickpea Leaves, Stems and Fruit Peelings

Leaves, stems and fruit peelings of chickpea (Cicer arientinum L.) were successfully utilized for the accumulation of lead ions from aqueous solutions onto their surfaces. The rate and extent of accumulation were affected by pH, particle size, contact time and the initial concentration of Pb(II) ions, respectively. The sorption capacities of leaves, stems and fruit peelings towards Pb(II) ions were found to be 81.30, 80.10 and 53.26%, respectively, at an initial Pb(II) ion concentration of 200 mg/dm3, optimum pH conditions of 6.0, a particle size of 0.354 mm and a contact time of 120 min. Most of the sorption occurred within the first 15 min and attained a maximum value after 120 min. The Bangham equation was used to express the adsorption mechanism. The adsorption rates of Pb(II) ions were found to decrease in the order: leaves > stems > fruit peelings. Possible cell–metal ion interactions may be due to the involvement of –COOH, –OH and –NH groups in the sorption process. The obtained sorption data were well fitted by the Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherms, respectively. The results showed that chickpea leaves and stems behave as good adsorbents for the removal of Pb(II) ions from aqueous solution.

Effects of cultivation area and year on proximate composition and antinutrients in three different kabuli-type chickpea (Cicer arientinum) varieties

Three different varieties of kabuli-type chickpeas were cultivated in three different cultivation areas and for two years. An evaluation was carried out to see the effect of year, of variety and cultivation area on the nutritional value of chickpeas i.e. the proximate composition, the sugars (starch, non-starch polysaccharides, rafinose series oligosaccharides and sucrose) and tannins and phytic acid contents. The cultivation area, the cultivation year and the plant variety, as well as their interactions significantly affect the composition and the sugars contents in chickpea. High proportion of the total variation for all studied parameters explained by the main effects of variety indicates a significant heritability for them. Cultivation area was found to have a significant effect on starch contents, RSO, tannins and phytic acid. Year was found to affect fat contents, NSP and sucrose contents. Rainfall is the climate characteristic that may be responsible for these year-dependent differences.

Drought-induced changes in free amino acid and ureide concentrations of nitrogen-fixing chickpea

The metabolic products of nitrogen (N) fixation in a legume can be amides or ureides. Chickpea (Cicer arientinum L.) is a cool-season legume which transports both ureides and amides from N fixation. Ureides are purine derivatives which are synthesized solely in the nodules. Drought-sensitive legumes accumulate ureides, but the regulation of these N fixation products during drought in chickpea is not yet known. The objectives of this study were (1) to measure the metabolic products of N fixation during drought and (2) to quantify the differences in N fixation among chickpea cultivars during drought by acetylene reduction activity under controlled environment conditions. Five chickpea cultivars were exposed to drought by soil dehydration. Plants were harvested at 1, 5, 10 and 15 d after drought and were analyzed for leaf and stem ureide concentrations and total N. In separate growth chamber experiments, N fixation was quantified daily. Leaf ureide and free amino acid concentrations were analyzed at 1, 5, and 15 d after drought. Drought increased ureide accumulation in drought-sensitive cultivars and decreased total N, alanine and asparagine concentrations over time. Drought-tolerant chickpea cultivars maintained ureide and amide concentrations during drought. Of the chickpea cultivars examined, Myles was the most drought tolerant and CDC Chico was the least. Further research on leaf ureides, alanine and asparagine concentrations would be valuable to determine if these metabolic products could serve as measures for screening chickpea germplasm for drought-tolerant N fixation. Key words: Ureides, N fixation, Asparagine, Acetylene reduction

Effects of climate change on growth criteria and yield of sunflower and chickpea crops in Iran

Yield and growth criteria of irrigated and rainfed sunflower Helianthus annus and chickpea Cicer arientinum were studied under simulated climate change for Tabriz in Iran. Monthly average temperature and rainfall under doubling CO2 were predicted using Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) models. The effects of cli- matic change on crop growth period, yield components and water requirements of those crops were evaluated by a crop simulation model (OSBOL). Based on GISS and GFDL predictions, with doubling CO2 concentration, mean annual temperature for Tabriz increased by 4.6 and 4.3°C, respectively. The results obtained by GISS showed that doubling CO2 will lead to an increase in mean tempera- ture of 3.7°C, and a 40% increase in mean rainfall, during the first 5 mo of the year. However, GFDL predicted an increase of 4.7°C in mean temperature and a reduction of 12% in mean rainfall during the first 5 mo of the year. According to OSBOL under GDFL predictions, the period from sowing to maturity and harvest index were reduced by climate change, whereas yield, biomass and water requirement for irrigated sunflower were increased. The biomass for rainfed sunflower increased, while days to maturity and harvest index were reduced. Yield predictions of OSBOL based on GISS contrasted with those based on GFDL. Doubling CO2 caused a reduction in days to maturity, biomass, yield and water requirements for irrigated chick pea. The number of days to maturity for rainfed chickpea was reduced and harvest index, biomass and yield were increased due to climate change.

Biosorption of chromium (VI) from aqueous solutions by the husk of Bengal gram (Cicer arientinum)

The potential to remove Cr (VI) from aqueous solutions through biosorption using the husk of Bengal gram (Cicer arientinum), was investigated in batch experiments. The results showed removal of 99.9% of chromium in the 10 $mgl^{-1}$ chromium solution, the biomass required at saturation was 1 g $mg^{-1}$. Kinetic experiments revealed that the dilute chromium solutions reached equilibrium within 180 min. The biosorptive capacity of the (bgh) was dependent on the pH of the chromium solution, with pH 2 being optimal. The adsorption data fit well with the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The adsorption capacity calculated from the Langmuir isotherm was 91.64 mg Cr (VI)/g at pH 2. The adsorption capacity increased with increase in agitation speed and an optimum was achieved at 120 rpm. The biosorption of Cr (VI) was studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), which suggested that the presence of Cr (VI)ions in the biomass affects the bands corresponding to hydroxyl and carboxyl groups. Comprehensive characterisation of parameters indicates bgh to be an excellent material for biosorption of Cr (VI) to treat wastewaters containing low concentration of the metal.