Chrysoperla Carnea Research Articles

A Roundup herbicide causes high mortality and impairs development of Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)

Glyphosate has and is being used extensively in herbicide formulations worldwide. Thus, glyphosate-based herbicides (GBH) substantially add to the environmental load of pesticides and warrant a strict risk assessment. Ecotoxicological testing of herbicides focuses on non-target plants and higher animals while direct effects on arthropods are only cursory tested on the premise of contact exposure. However, oral exposure, as we show in our case, can be highly relevant for systemic pesticides, such as GBH. Specifically, in crop systems including genetically modified crops that are tolerant to GBH, these herbicides and their breakdown products are present both internally and externally of the crop plants and, therefore, are ingested by the crop-associated arthropod fauna.We tested the effects of oral uptake of the Roundup formulation WeatherMax on larvae of the lacewing Chrysoperla carnea, a model organism in ecotoxicity testing programs. Long-term oral exposure of C. carnea larvae throughout its juvenile life stages was tested with concentrations ranging from 0.001 to 1 % dilution, thus, lower than the 1.67 % recommended for field applications. Inhibition of metamorphosis was observable at 0.1 % but at a concentration of 0.5 %, GBH significantly impaired cocoon formation and led to massive lethal malformations. At GBH concentration of 1 % half of the individuals remained permanent larvae and no adult hatched alive. The effects observed followed a clear dose-response relationship.The hazard caused by direct insecticidal action of GHB after oral uptake is highly relevant for the environmental safety and reveals a gap in regulatory risk assessments that should urgently be addressed, specifically in light of the on-going insect decline.

Kelimpahan Thrips parvispinus Karny dan Musuh Alaminya pada Tanaman Cabai Besar (Capsicum annuum L.)

The Abundance of Thrips parvispinus Karny and Its Natural Enemies in Chili Crops (Capsicum annuum L.). This aims of the research is to search the abundance of T. parvispinus Karny and its natural enemies on chili crops (Capsicum annuum.L). The research started from May 2021 to August 2021, located in Selat Village, Banjarangkan District, Klungkung Regency, and at the Plant Pest Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Udayana University. The study was conducted using a descriptive method by conducting a diagonal survey of 20 samples of chili plants that were attacked by T. parvispinus. Observations were made by observing 10 leaves and 10 flowers of chili plants. The results showed that the abundance of T. parvispinus in the vegetative and generative phases fluctuated where the highest population of T. parvispinus occurred in plants aged 10 WAT with an average population of 17,57 individuals per plant then decreased in plants aged 11 WAT with an average population 11,12 individuals. There were two species of predators that preyed on T. parvisvinus, namely Coccinela transversalis with an average population of 23.3 and Chrysoperla carnea with an average of 18,2 individuals. There was one of nymph parasitoid to suppress the development of T. parvispinus namely Ceranisus spp with an average parasitization level 9,8 %.

Isotopic marking of natural enemies fed on C4 honey for habitat management studies in agroecosystems

Abstract To improve biological control and habitat management, how pest predators spread from natural habitats to crops must be understood. We studied whether intrinsic differences in stable‐isotopic ratios of C and N from an artificial C4 (sugar‐cane) or C3 (muti‐flower honey) diet could help mark and track predators that feed on them. Two aphid predators solely feeding on sugar resources as adults were used: the green lacewing Chrysoperla carnea s.l., and the parasitic wasp Aphidius colemani. δ13C and δ15N values from wild individuals helped distinguish them from marked ones and determine the habitat resources they used. Green lacewings fed on C4 showed significantly higher δ13C values than those on C3 and wild individuals. However, parasitoid values were unaffected, with no mark acquired. Logistic regression was fitted to assess the probability of green lacewings having either diet with a probability of 0.93. Marks were acquired after 5 days and were detectable 20 days after switching diets with a probability of 0.67. Similar δ15N values for both wild populations indicated both predators had similar prey, but different vegetal resources (different δ13C values). Sugar‐cane honey is a natural and reliable marker for tracking lacewing populations in the field, but not for parasitoids.

Consumption of Citrus mealybug, Planococcus citri by two predators, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant and Chrysoperla carnea (Stephen), under controlled conditions

Consumption of Citrus mealybug, Planococcus citri by two predators, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant and Chrysoperla carnea (Stephen), under controlled conditions

Identification of different Chrysoperla (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) species collected from Ardabil province (Iran) by using claw shape

The family Chrysopidae has several genera of which the genus Chrysoperla is more important of them. These lacewings are beneficial insects when they have high potential for predation on harmful aphids which can be used in their biological control programs. Due to high importance of these lacewings in Ardabil province in northwest zone of Iran, identification of their species was done. By examining the collected specimens with morphological features, wing venation, male reproductive organ, and claws shape (as the best way to identify the species) fi nally 4 species were identified including Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens), Chrysoperla kolthoffi Navas, Chrysoperla lucasina Lacroix, and Chrysoperla sillemi Esben-Petresen.

A Comparison of IPM and Organic Farming Systems Based on the Efficiency of Oophagous Predation on the Olive Moth (Prays oleae Bernard) in Olive Groves of Southern Iberia

The olive moth, Prays oleae (Bernard, 1788) (Lep., Praydidae), is one of the most common insect pests affecting the olives groves of the Mediterranean basin. Current farming practices are largely oriented to optimize the effectiveness of beneficial insects, among which the common green lacewings (Neur., Chrysopidae) stand out. Two different types of management models, organic and IPM, were compared in this study, which was conducted in olive groves in the regions of Andalucía (Spain) and Alentejo (Portugal). During 2020 and 2021, fruit samples were periodically collected, analyzing the population parameters (POP) and potential attack on the fruit (%PA), as well as the predatory impact (%PRED), which has allowed the estimation of the final attack (%FA), and derived fruit recovery rates (%REC). The results show that in organic olive groves of both countries, the infestation parameters (POP, %PA) were significantly higher than in IPM ones. However, predation rates were also higher in organic olive groves, which resulted in REC rates of between 75% and 80%, reducing FA rates to values of approximately 10% and 20% in Portugal and Spain, respectively. In contrast, in the IPM olive groves, significantly lower predation values were recorded, with lower REC rates than in the organic olive groves; the rates were very similar in both countries (ca. 54%), which led to a higher percentage of fruit loss (%FA) equivalent to 22% (Portugal) and to 34% (Spain). This paper discusses potential drivers influencing differences in the population values and percentages of infestation by P. oleae observed, as well as the differences in the final attack rates between olive groves of both countries, subject to the same type of agricultural management.

Variation between plant species in pollen digestion rates in the green lacewing Chrysoperla carnea

AbstractPollen are an important food source for numerous insects and may be used as natural markers in ecological studies. However, to make inferences about the movement rates of insects based on their gut contents, information on pollen digestion rates is needed. Here, we assessed how the consumption and digestion rates of pollen ingested by Chrysoperla carnea Stephens (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) adults are influenced by plant species, temperature, and sex. We offered pollen of two insect‐pollinated plants – Acer pseudoplatanus L. (Sapindaceae) and Helianthus annuus L. (Asteraceae) – and two wind‐pollinated plants – Fraxinus excelsior L. (Oleaceae) and Quercus rubra L. (Fagaceae) – differing in size and protein content, to adult lacewings at two temperatures, 20 and 25 °C. After feeding, lacewings were allowed to digest pollen for up to 14 days, sampled at 10 time intervals. At each of these intervals, lacewings were frozen and the internal pollen were obtained through acetolysis and quantified under a light microscope. The number of pollen grains decreased exponentially over time and declined faster for Acer than for the other three plant species. The half‐life and the time at which 95% of the pollen grains were digested were lower for Acer than for the other plant species. Lacewings consumed more pollen grains from Acer and Quercus than from Fraxinus and Helianthus. Male lacewings consumed 30% fewer pollen grains than females, but without differences in their digestion rates. Our results show that lacewings consumed higher amounts of high‐protein pollen (Acer and Quercus) and that digestion rates differed among plant species, which could be linked to their structural characteristics. The variable digestion rates of pollen grains may influence the study of lacewing diet composition. Studies that make inferences about the pollen diet or movement ecology of lacewings by analysing their gut contents should account for species‐specific pollen digestion rates.

Erzurum İlinde Karaağaçlarda (Ulmus glabra Hudson) Zararlı Tinocallis (Sappocallis) saltans (Nevsky, 1929) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)’ın Popülasyon Değişimi ve Predatörleri

Bu çalışma, Erzurum (Atatürk Üniversitesi Kampüsü)’da 2016 ve 2017 yıllarının mayıs-eylül ayları arasında Karaağaç (Ulmus glabra Hudson) bitkisinde yoğun olarak zararına rastlanan Tinocallis (sappocallis) saltans (Nevsky, 1929) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)’ın popülasyon değişimi ve predatörlerini tespit etmek amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Türkiye’de bu karaağaç türü üzerinde T. saltans ilk kez bu çalışma ile belirlenmiştir. Çalışmada, araziden 4 gün aralıklarla karaağaç sürgünleri alınarak laboratuvar ortamına getirilmiş, ergin ve nimf sayımları yapılmıştır. Ayrıca, predatör türler atrap, japon şemsiyesi, aspiratör ve direk elle yakalama yöntemleriyle toplanmışlardır. Predatör türlerin ergin öncesi dönemleri de bulunduğu sürgünlerle laboratuvara getirilmiş ve kültüre alınarak ergin çıkışları sağlanmıştır. Çalışma sonunda, T. saltans’ın 2016 yılında 27 Temmuz (56.83 ergin+nimf), 4 Ağustos (52.32 ergin+nimf) ve 24 Ağustos (47.66 ergin+nimf), 2017 yılında ise 12 Ağustos (39.36 ergin+nimf) tarihinde yaprak başına en fazla birey sayısına ulaştığı tespit edilmiştir. Çalışmada, Coccinellidae (Coleoptera)’den 4 (Adalia bipunctata (L.), Adalia fasciatopunctata revelieri Mulsant; Coccinella septempunctata (L.), Harmonia quadripunctata (Pontoppidan); Anthocoridae (Hemiptera)’den 1 (Orius horvathi Reut.), Nabidae (Hemiptera)’den 1 (Nabis pseudoferus Rem.); Syrphidae (Diptera)’den 5 (Episyrphus balteatus (De Geer), Eristalis pratorum (Meigen), Sphaerophoria rueppelli (Wiedemann), Sphaerophoria scripta (L.), Syritta pipiens (L.)) ve Chrysopidae (Neuroptera)’den 1 (Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens)) tür olmak üzere toplamda 12 predatör tür saptanmıştır. Bu türlerden sırasıyla A. f. revelieri (39 birey), H. quadripunctata (21 birey), C. punctata ve Ch. carnea (16 birey) ve E. balteatus (14 birey) en fazla bireyi elde edilen türler olmuşlardır. Bu predatör türlerin hepsi için T. saltans, Türkiye’de ilk kez bu çalışmada yeni av olarak kaydedilmiş durumdadırlar. Bu türe karşı yapılacak mücadele çalışmalarında özellikle predatörlerinin dikkate alınması büyük önem taşımaktadır.

Predation efficiency of the green lacewings Chrysoperla agilis and C. mutata against aphids and mealybugs in sweet pepper.

Chrysoperla species include well-known predators of aphids and other soft-bodied arthropods. As such, they are considered important biological control agents of herbivorous pests in agroecosystems where many of green lacewings species occur. Despite the high number of species of the genus Chrysoperla, only a few have been assessed for the predation efficiency of their larvae against pests infesting plants, and even fewer are currently marketed for use in biocontrol practice. Difficulties in species identification within the Chrysoperla carnea complex species in particular has been related to varying success of commercial C. carnea s.l. releases in the field. In this study, we assessed the ability of two Chrysoperla species, Chrysoperla agilis a member of the carnea cryptic species group, and Chrysoperla mutata of the pudica group to consume aphid and mealybug individuals and suppress their populations in sweet pepper plants. We found that third-instar larvae of both species were able to consume a high number of aphids (approximately 120 nymphs per larva) and mealybugs (approximately 105 nymphs per larva) within 24 h. Furthermore, the release of second-instar larvae of both C. agilis and C. mutata was shown to be remarkably efficient in suppressing the pest populations in long-term greenhouse experiments. Aphid populations were suppressed by approximately 98% and mealybugs by 78% as compared to control plants. Our results highlight the predation efficiency and the biocontrol potential of two widespread Chrysoperla species for their use in pest control.

Compatibility of the bacterial entomopathogen Pseudomonas protegens with the natural predator Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)

The susceptibility of the green lacewing Chrysoperla carnea to the soil-dwelling bacterial entomopathogen Pseudomonas protegens CHA0 was investigated in this study. Laboratory bioassays were conducted on larval instars exposed to different bacterial concentrations by both direct feeding and indirectly by offering a pre-treated insect prey. Potential toxicity was assessed through dose-response bioassays, while possible sublethal effects were evaluated on immature development time and the reproductive performance (fecundity) of adults emerging from treated juveniles. As a result, no significant effects were observed on larval survival and development in a comparison between treated and untreated (control) groups. No significant impact on adult emergence and no detrimental effects on female fecundity were detected. Everything considered, the use of P. protegens in the agroecosystem appears to be compatible with chrysopids.

Feeding potential and development of <em>Chrysoperla carnea</em> (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) on <em>Paracoccus marginatus</em> (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) under no-choice conditions

Purpose: Considering the predatory effectiveness of Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), studies were carried out at National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad, Pakistan to determine the feeding potential and developmental period of its larval instars on Paracoccus marginatus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). Research Method: Eggs, 1st, 2nd, and 3rd nymphal instars and adults of P. marginatus was provided to all three larval instars of C. carnea in a Completely Randomized Design experiment, replicated ten times. Findings: Results indicated that all C. carnea larval instars were found to feed on all P. marginatus stages. Overall mean consumption of C. carnea larvae on P. marginatus eggs, 1st, 2nd and 3rd instar nymphs, and adults was 1359.8, 1409.1, 1012.4, 1165.7 and 130.30 individuals, respectively. Third instar C. carnea larvae was more voracious than 2nd and 1st instars. The shortest developmental period (12.40±0.37 days) of C. carnea larvae was recorded on 3rd nymphal instar of P. marginatus. Moreover, C. carnea larvae took 14.90±0.23, 14.00±0.25, 13.10±0.23, and 13.60±0.34 days on eggs, first, second nymphal instars and adults of P. marginatus, respectively to complete their development. Originality/value: Therefore, it is suggested that C. carnea should be included as a key component in the integrated management of P. marginatus, especially its 3rd larval instar

Bioagents of the Chrysopidae (Neuroptera) feeding on Myzus persicae Sulzer (Hemiptera; Aphididae) in a crop of oriental tobacco

Abstract. This study was conducted with the aim to establish the bioagents of the Chrysopidae (Neuroptera) family feeding on green peach aphid Myzus persicae Sulzer (Hemiptera; Aphididae) in an oriental tobacco crop. The results showed low multiplication density of the aphidophagous species throughout the two-year course of the study. Four representatives of the Chrysopidae were established and the species with the highest densities were seven-spotted lacewing Chrysopa septempunctata Wesmael and beautiful lacewing Chrysopa formosa Brauer – 55.6% and 27.8%, respectively. Оrdinary lacewing Chrysopa carnea Stephens and green lacewing Chrysopa prasina Burmeister related to the control of the green peach aphid represented correspondingly 11.1% and 5.5% of the total number of lacewings, but single representatives were found and hence it could be assumed that they did not play a significant role in the limitation of M. persicae. Later emergence of the lacewings in the tobacco crop was observed, in the period 20th – 30th June of 2021 and 2022, which is a period of relatively high multiplication rate of the green peach aphid.

Response of Natural Enemies toward Selective Chemical Insecticides; Used for the Integrated Management of Insect Pests in Cotton Field Plots

Sucking pests of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), such as thrips, or Thrips tabaci Lindeman, and jassid, or Amrasca biguttula Ishida, are among the most threatening insect pests to young cotton plants in Pakistan. New chemical insecticides have been trialed to control their damage in commercial fields. Formulations that show good suppression of these pest’s populations, while sparing bio-controlling agents, are always preferred for obtaining better crop yield. Six different commercially available insecticides, namely Fountain® (fipronil and imidacloprid), Movento Energy® (spirotetramat and imidacloprid), Oshin® (dinotefuran), Concept Plus® (pyriproxyfen, fenpyroximate, and acephate), Maximal® (nitenpyram), and Radiant® (spinetoram) were evaluated in the present study to shortlist the best available insecticide against targeted pests. Harmful impacts of selected insecticides were also evaluated against naturally occurring predators, such as spiders and green lacewings (Chrysoperla carnea). Radiant® (spinetoram) and Movento Energy®, respectively, were best at controlling thrips (with 61% and 56% mortality, respectively) and jassid (62% and 57% mortality, respectively) populations during 2018 and 2019. Radiant® proved itself as the best option and showed minimal harmful effects on both major arthropod predators of cotton fields i.e., spiders (with 8–9% mortality) and green lacewings (with 12–16% mortality). Movento Energy® also showed comparatively less harmful effects (with 15–18% mortality) towards natural predatory fauna of cotton crops, as compared to other selective insecticides used in the study. The findings of current study suggest that the judicious use of target-oriented insecticides can be an efficient and predator-friendly management module in cotton fields. However, the impact of these chemicals is also depended on their timely application, keeping in consideration the ETL of pests and the population of beneficial arthropods.

Influence of Hamiltonella defensa infection and predator type on anti‐predator behaviours in pea (Acyrthosiphon pisum) and potato aphids (Macrosiphum euphorbiae)

AbstractFacultative endosymbionts can induce benefits and costs to their aphid hosts. In the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), infection with the γ‐proteobacterium Hamiltonella defensa Moran et al. can confer resistance against parasitoids, but may also reduce the frequency of aggressive and escape behaviours exhibited in response to predators. In potato aphids, Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), H. defensa does not appear to influence susceptibility to parasitism, but its impact on anti‐predator behaviours remains unexplored. Here we investigated defensive behaviours in two pea aphid lines (differing in H. defensa‐infection status) and four potato aphid lines (that additionally differed in genotype‐associated parasitism susceptibility) when faced with foraging ladybirds – Adalia bipunctata (L.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) – and lacewings – Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). In response to ladybirds, symbiont‐infected pea aphids exhibited proportionately fewer evasive defences (dropping and walking away) than non‐infected (cured) pea aphids, but more frequent aggressive kicking. Ladybirds provoked more evasive, aggressive, and total defensive behaviours than lacewings. For potato aphids, symbiont status, predator type, and aphid genotype (i.e., assumed parasitism susceptibility) all influenced behavioural repertoires. Overall, infected lines showed greater differentiation in behaviours in response to the two predators than the uninfected lines. The presence of the symbiont H. defensa may be a key determinant of aphid anti‐predator behaviours, but the fitness consequences of this are unresolved. In our study, neither symbiont infection status nor aphid genotype affected the number of aphids consumed by predators.

Risk Assessment of the Biological Control Product «Gulløyelarver» with the Active Organism Chrysoperla Carnea

Gulløyelarver (green lacewing larvae, Chrysoperla carnea) is a product for biological control. The application is for use against aphids in green-houses and tunnels.
 Gulløyelarver was used in Norway from 1985-1993. An assessment in 2001 concluded however that the use of products with Chrysoperla carnea could represent an environmental risk since it was not known if the species in the products were the same as the ones with natural occurrence in Scandinavia.
 In this regard, The Norwegian Food Safety Authority would like VKM to perform an assessment of possible risks related to health and environment in light of possible new data.
 VKM’s conclusions are as follows:
 Health:
 The larvae of Chrysoperla carnea have hollow jaws through which they can inject digestive enzymes into their prey. In contact with humans, the larvae are capable of delivering painful bites which may cause local swelling. Such bites are however not considered dangerous, and can be avoided with preventive measures.
 Allergic asthma and rhino conjunctivitis has been reported in persons working in the production of biological agents with Chrysoperla carnea, but it is the opinion of VKM that such effects are not likely to be relevant for users of the agents.
 Environment:
 A previous assessment in 2001 concluded that the use of products with Chrysoperla carnea represented an environmental risk because of the risk of genetic interference with natural populations of the species in Norway.
 Lacewings belonging to the Chrysoperla carnea complex are considered established and indigenous in Norway, and a recent study by the Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research (Bioforsk) strongly suggests that the lacewings in the commercial products belong to the same cryptic species complex as individuals sampled in Norway. In case the species in the products is different from those present in Norway, any genetic interference with local populations in Norway is prevented by differences in duetting songs.
 If an invertebrate biological control agent is indigenous and has limited direct or indirect effect on the environment, it is the opinion of VKM that it could be authorized for release in greenhouses or plastic tunnels.
 Chrysoperla carnea is polyphagous and cannibalistic. They prefer aphids, but may also consume other insects and mites. It is however the opinion of VKM that the environmental risk from this will be minimized in greenhouses and tunnels where the release will be in a contained environment and directed against aphid colonies.
 Establishment, host range and dispersal ability should be carefully reviewed, even if the species is indigenous. Chrysoperla carnea may establish in the greenhouse and plastic tunnels and may also possess the ability to disperse and survive in the field. However, it is the opinion of VKM that the direct and indirect effects of this are at most moderate, although it cannot be completely excluded that Chrysoperla carnea species in the products might also have properties that have not been reviewed.

EFFECT OF DIFFERENT NATURAL MIXED MEDIA ON THE BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GREEN LACEWING Chrysoperla carnea (STEPHENS)

The experiments were carried out in the laboratories of the mass rearing units of biological enemies Plant Protection Directorate / Ministry of Agriculture /Abu Ghraib in order to study the effect of different nutritional mixtures of media on some biological charecters of the adult predator Chrysoperla carnea(stephens). The results showed that the highest egg laying was obtained at the mixture (0.5 g yeast + 1.5 g Spirulina + 4g Honey + 0.5 Ml Water), reached to 881.33 eggs / female. In addition, the feeding on the mixture (0.5 g Spirulina + 4g Honey + 0.5 Ml Water) showed a positive effect in the incubation period of eggs, with an average of 3.54 days. The feeding on the mixture (0.5 g Ganoderma + 4g Honey + 0.5 Ml Water) resulted in better egg hatching ratio, reaching to 93.33%. A positive effect was shown with females’ survival when fed on the mixture (0.5 g yeast + 1.5 g Spirulina + 4g Honey + 0.5 Ml Water), the average longevity was 54 days. The longest male longevity was 36 days recorded at the mixed media of (0.5 g yeast + 1.5 g Spirulina + 4g Honey + 0.5 Ml Water). Longest post oviposition period was 5 days recorded at the mixed media of (1.5 g Spirulina + 4g Honey + 0.5 Ml Water). The longest period of eggs laying was at the mixture (Spiro Lina 1.5 g + yeast 0.5 g + honey 4 g + sterile distilled water 0.5 ml) was (46.47) days. Result indicated that some of the mixed media have a positive effect on the performance of aphid lion therefore; these combinations can be used in the quantitative mass rearing of the predator aphid lion.

Field Release Performance of Chrysoperla Carnea for Population Management of Sucking Insect Pests of Cotton

Chrysoperla carnea egg cards in cotton field were released for two years for population management of sucking insect pests of cotton. Releases were made at the rate of 40 cards per acre, starting from the first week of June when crop was five weeks old and continued at fortnightly interval up to the end of September. On over-all basis C. carnea caused pest population reduction of more than 40-75% of different insect pests. In first year release, reduction was 76%, 86%, 39% and 52% of aphid, jassid, thrip and whitefly population, respectively. While, results of second year study showed that the predator caused 75%, 80%, 62% and 45% pest population reduction of aphid, jassid, thrip and whitefly, respectively. Whereas, in second-year of study, C. carnea larvae were released in field cage cotton plants which caused pest population reduction of 19.5%, 31.18% and 40.23% by 1st, 2nd and 3rd instars of C. carnea, respectively.

Food preference and comparative feeding efficacy of Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) in population management of invasive Cotton mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis (Tinsley)

Food preference and comparative feeding efficacy of Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) in population management of invasive Cotton mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis (Tinsley)

Range of host plants, spatial distribution, and insect predator of Phenacoccus manihoti (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) as an emerging pest of cassava plants in Bali, Indonesia

Abstract. Supartha IW, Widaningsih D, Susila IW, Yudha IKW, Utama IWEK, Wiradana PA. 2022. Range of host plants, spatial distribution, and insect predator of Phenacoccus manihoti (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) as an emerging pest of cassava plants in Bali. Biodiversitas 23: 3022-3030. The cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) is a very destructive pest in cassava farming in Indonesia. The insect has already made its way into Indonesia, where it has attacked cassava plants with indications of a bunchy top, which may cause plant death. The objectives of this study were to 1) discover and identify an invasive pest of cassava mealybug pest, P. manihoti, that attacks cassava plants in Bali; 2) map the distribution and abundance of these pest species populations on cassava plants in Bali; 3) describe the structure of the pest population in cassava plantations in Bali; 4) identify the dominant factors that influence the population structure of P. manihoti in Bali, and 5) evaluate the predator fauna in regulating the population. The findings revealed that the mealybug species that attacked cassava in Bali was P. manihoti, an exotic species that had never been published earlier. With a high population abundance, the pest has spread far and effectively overall in regencies/cities in Bali Province. In all regency/city regions, the population structure of P. manihoti was dominated by age groups of instar-1 and two nymphs, with the exception of the Buleleng Regency, which was dominated by age groups of nymphs instar 3 and 4. The nature of polyphagy and cosmopolite features that are readily adaptable to the environment and host plant variables, farming pattern, temperature and rainfall factors were the key factors impacting the population structure of P. manihoti in the field. Cryptolaemus montrouzieri, Chrysoperla carnea, and Scymnus sp. were discovered to have a role in managing P. manihoti populations in the field. The predator fauna community is structurally diverse, abundant, and has a low dominance. Cryptolaemus montrouzieri was the most dominant of the three producer species in the field. These results indicate that there is a positive potential shown by predatory mealybugs in the field and can be used as an initial model by related parties in formulating policies related to controlling insect pests of cassava plants.

Toxicity Evaluation of certain Pesticides against Green Lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) under Laboratory Conditions

Toxicity Evaluation of certain Pesticides against Green Lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) under Laboratory Conditions