Risk Assessment of the Biological Control Product «Gulløyelarver» with the Active Organism Chrysoperla Carnea

Upon herbivore attack, plants produce and emit volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Some of these compounds may be used in defensive strategy namely the attraction of the herbivores natural enemies. To increase our knowledge of aboveground-induced VOCs on beneficial organisms, we describe laboratory study on the chemotactic behavior of two-spotted lady beetle (Adalia bipunctata L.) and green lacewing (Chrysoperla carnea [Stephens]) larvae toward synthetic VOCs (methyl salicylate, (E)-β-farnesene, (E)-β-ocimene, and E-nerolidol) typically emitted by insect-damaged peach cultivars. All tested VOCs influenced the behavior of both tested organisms. Our results are suggesting that VOCs can influence the movement of green lacewing larvae only for short period of time, while on the other hand two-spotted lady beetle larvae can follow the chemical signal for longer period of time. Results demonstrate a laboratory attraction of two-spotted lady beetle and the green lacewing larvae to a synthetic (E)-β-ocimene. Furthermore, our study showed a repellency of two-spotted lady beetle and the green lacewing larvae to a synthetic (E)-nerolidol, (E)-β-farnesene, and methyl salicylate.

Immature development of the common green lacewing, Chrysoperla (= Chrysopa ) carnea Stephens, requires 20.5, 21.6, and 24.9 d at 27°C, with a photoperiod of 16:8 (L:D), when fed Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner) (European corn borer) eggs, Agrotis ipsilon Hufnagel (black cutworm) eggs, and A. ipsilon neonates, respectively. Twenty-six to 40% of the individuals died when reared on eggs, 65% died when reared on A. ipsilon neonates, and all died when fed O. nubilalis neonates. Mortality of Chrysoperla carnea larvae on O. nubilalis neonates was due to entanglement in the silk produced by these larvae. An average of 377 ± 7 O. nubilalis eggs, 641 ± 43 A. ipsilon eggs, and 2,056 ± 148 A. ipsilon neonates were preyed upon by Chrysoperla carnea during larval development. Chrysoperla carnea and Chrysopa oculata Say first instars were unable to survive on stalk borer, Papaipema nebris (Guenee), eggs. More than 80% of Chrylsopa oculata larvae, reared on corn leaf aphids, Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch), as first and second instars and then switched to P. nebris eggs died as third instars, whereas only 30% of similarly reared Chrysoperla carnea third instars died. The most suitable prey, resulting in the fastest development with highest survival, for Chrysoperla carnea were O. nubilalis and A. ipsilon eggs; R. maidis was most favorable for Chrysopa oculata .

In the last ten years, whitefly has presented a serious risk to vegetables most commonly the tomatoes and natural products in the field. Another significant issue is associated with the pest management control system and insect preferences for the tomato plants. In these lines we investigate Predatory efficiency capability and capacity of Chrysoperla carnea with whitefly Bemisia tabaci in a greenhouse were study at Hyderabad, Pakistan. Larvae of Chrysoperla carnea were used against whitefly in a greenhouse. Adult, eggs and nymph of Bemisia tabaci is affected by Chrysoperla carnea. In this experiment used different numbers of larvae is attached to tomatoes plants to measure the efficiency of Chrysoperla carnea larvae. The overall mean population of whitefly indicates positive correlation with the number of larvae introduced. Highest overall mean whitefly population is observed in Un-Treated (13.11±1.614) and (4.012±0.804), the lowest count found in 10larvae/plant (7.400±0.904) and (1.363±0.561) for adult and nymph respectively. Up to 50% mortality is observed as compared to untreated plants. During this experiment, a strong negative correlation is observed between Chrysoperla carnea applied/plant and whitefly population (-0.808) and (-0.978) in adult and nymph respectively. Data also clearly showed decreased from start and after introduced Chrysoperla carnea larvae to tomato plants. Keywords: Chrysoperla carnea; Bemisia tabaci; larvae; mortality; tomato http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2020.90227

Aims: To control aphids without the misdeeds of the chemical insecticides. To make sure of the harmlessness of three bio-aphicides.
 Study Design: Experimental device in complete random block with three replications.
 Place and Duration of Study: Laboratory of bio-insecticidal entomology, Regional Center of Agricultural Research of Kenitra, INRA- Morocco and the Biodiversity and Natural Resources Laboratory of Sciences Faculty, Ibn Tofail kenitra, morocco. The experiments were done between March and December 2017.
 Methodology: The present study highlighted the lethal and sublethal effects of three bio-aphicides plants collected from the Gharb region of morocco: Capsicum frutescens, Nerium oleander and Melia azedarach, tested in five concentrations of their plant material against Chrysoperla carnea larvaes. Adding to these concentrations, two controls were used: one without any treatment (blanc) and another treated with a chemical insecticide (Deltamethrine).
 Results: The obtained results indicated that the aqueous extract of the Nerium oleander was harmful to the larvae of the Chrysoperla carnea. Indeed, the insecticidal activity of different concentrations increased with the exposure time, reaching about 10; 16 and 20% of mortality, respectively by applying 10; 15 and 20 g/20 ml after three days of exposure. However, low concentrations of 2 and 5 g/20 ml caused no effect whatever the duration of exposure. Also, the corrected mortality rate caused by the aqueous extract of Nerium oleander, at the concentrations tested is much lower than that caused by the insecticide Deltamethrin.
 Conclusion: Nerium oleander plant is harmful to the larvae of the Chrysoperla carnea at concentrations of 10; 16 and 20%. At these concentrations, the aqueous extracts of hot pepper and melia are not haurmful to the larvae of the green lacewing, so they can be recommended as a biological insecticide. Moreover, other works on these two extracts are outstanding in our laboratory.

Food/Feed and Environmental Risk Assessment of Insect Resistant Genetically Modified Maize 1507 for Cultivation, Import, Processing, Food and Feed Uses under Directive 2001/18/EC and Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 (C/ES/01/01, C/NL/00/10, EFSA/GMO/NL/2004/02)

The pests and the natural enemies were determined on the protected pepper in 1997 in the Izmir province of Turkiye. Spidermite [ Tetranychus urticae Koch. (Acar-ina:Tetranychidae)], aphids [ Aphis gossypii Glover, Myzus persicae Sulzer (Hom.: Aphididae)], whiteflies [ Bemisia tabaci Gern and Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westw. (Hom.:Aleyrodidae)], leafhoppers [ Asymmetrasca decedens (Paoli), Empoasca decipiens Paoli (Hom.:Cicadellidae)], thrips [ Haplothrips distingundus Uzel (Thys.:Thripidae)] andleafminers [ Liriomyza bryoniae (Kaltenbach) L.trifolii (Burges), L.huidobrensis Blanchard (Dip.:Agromyzidae)] were found to be the pests on the protected pepper. Aphid and leafminers densities were reach to the maximum at the beginning of the season. Whiteflies, spidermite and leaf hoppers were high in densities towards the end of the season. The population density of H.distingundus are high at the middle of the season. There was no treatment against any pests in the plastic tunnels. Therefore the beneficial were conserved and their populations increased at the begining of the season and suppressed the pest populations. Leafminerswere suppressed by the larval parasitoids, Diglyphus isaea (Walker)(Hym.:Eulophidae). The parasited aphids[( Diaretiella rapae (M'inst) Lysiphlebus fabarum Marshall, Aphidius matricariae Hal., Trioxys angelicae (Hal.) (Hym.:Aphidiidae)] were seen in the early vegetation. After the predators were seen in the plastic tunnels, the parasitism weren't recorded in the aphid population. Propylea quotuordecimpunctata (Goeze), Adonia variegata (Goeze)(Col.:Coccinellidae), Chrysoperla carnea (Steph.) (Neur.:Chrysopidae), Aphidoletes aphidimyza (Rond.)(Dip.:Cecidomyiidae), Sphaero-phoria scripta (L.)(Dip.:Syrphidae) were effective on aphid population. Stethorus gilvifrons (Muls.), Scymnus rubromaculatus (Goeze), S.apetzi Mulsant, S.interruptus (Goeze), S.frontalis (Fabricius)(Col.:Coccinellidae), C.carnea , Scolothrips longicornis Priesner (Thys.:Thripidae) were effective on spidermite population. Macrolophus caliginosus (Wgn.) (Het.:Miridae) were effective on whiteflies population.

Simple SummaryBaculoviruses (BV) infect several lepidopteran pests of economic importance, such as the beet armyworm Spodoptera exigua. The joint use of microbiological and macrobiological strategies may improve the efficacy of control. Laboratory bioassays were developed to evaluate the interactions between two BVs: the multiple nucleopolyhedroviruses of S. exigua (SeMNPV) and Autographa californica (AcMNPV), and the predator Chrysoperla carnea. The excretion products of the predator’s larvae (drops) and adults (meconia) were microscopically examined after the ingestion of BV-infected S. exigua larvae. For both types of excreta and BVs, viral occlusion bodies (OBs) (resistance forms) were observed. These OBs were infective to healthy S. exigua larvae when applied in water suspension and in direct deposition. The virulence of meconia was higher in suspensions (higher viral load), while larval drops were more virulent in direct application due to their liquid nature and their easiness of consumption. The fitness of C. carnea was slightly affected by the consumption of both BV-infected prey. No preference was shown between healthy and BV-infected S. exigua, and both were preferred vs. the aphid Macrosiphum euphorbiae. Our findings present C. carnea, and particularly its larvae, as a promissory candidate for BV dispersion in the field.Baculoviruses (BV) are highly effective against lepidopteran pests of economic importance such as Spodoptera exigua. The combined use of entomopathogens and macrobiological control agents requires the study of their relationships. Laboratory bioassays were developed to evaluate the interactions between the multiple nucleopolyhedroviruses of S. exigua (SeMNPV) and Autographa californica (AcMNPV), and the predator Chrysoperla carnea. The microscopic examination of predator’s excreta (larval drops and meconia) after the ingestion of BV-infected S. exigua revealed the presence of viral occlusion bodies (OBs). The reinfection of S. exigua larvae with BVs-contaminated excreta by using OBs water suspensions or by direct application both yielded high mortality values but different speed-of-kill results. Meconia killed before in suspensions due to their higher viral load and larval excretion drops did so in direct application due to their liquid nature and their easiness of consumption. The prey-mediated ingestion of SeMNPV and AcMNPV triggered slight effects in C. carnea, which were probably derived from the food nutritional quality. Chrysoperla carnea larvae did not discriminate between healthy and BV-infected S. exigua, while a preference was shown for S. exigua (healthy or infected) vs. Macrosiphum euphorbiae. Our findings present C. carnea, and particularly its larvae, as a promissory candidate for BV dispersion in the field.

The pests and the natural enemies were determined on protected eggplant in 1997 in Izmir province of Turkiye. Tetranychus urticae Koch. (Acarina:Tetranychidae), and Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hom.:Aphididae) were found to be the major pests. Bemisia tabaci Gern (Hom.:Aleyrodidae), Asymmetrasca decedens Paoli, Empoasca decipiens Paoli (Hom.:Cicadellidae), Trips tabaci Lindeman and Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thy.:Thripidae), Liriomyza bryoniae (Kaltenbach) (Dip.:Agromyzidae) were found to be the secondary pests. Eristalodes taeniops Wiedeman (Dip.:Syrphidae) and Epitrix hirtipennis (Melsh) (Col.:Chrysomelidae) were found very rarely on protected eggplant. Natural enemies suppressed the secondary pests if there was no disturbance of the natural balance. L. bryoniae were suppressed by the larval parasitoids, Diglyphus isaea ( Walker) (Hym.:Eulophidae). The parasitoid of M. persicae , Diaretiella rapae (M'inst) , parasited M. persicae in the early vegetation. However, after the predators were seen in the plastic tunnels, the parasitism was not recorded. Propylea quotuordecimpunctata (Goeze) and Adonia variegata (Goeze) (Col.:Coccinellidae); Chrysoperla carnea (Steph.) (Neur.: Chrysopidae); Aphidoletes aphidimyza (Rond.) (Dip.:Cecidomyiidae); Sphaerophoria scripta (L.) (Dip.:Syrphidae) were effective on M.persicae population. Stethorus gilvifrons (Muls), Scymnus rubromaculatus (Goeze), S.apetzi Mulsant, S.interruptus (Goeze), S. frontalis (Fabricius) (Col.:Coccinellidae); C.carnea ; Deraeocoris serenus D.Sc., Orius niger (W.) (Het.:Miridae) were effective on T.urticea population. O.niger and Aelothrips collaris Priesner (Thy.:Thripidae) were effective on T.tabaci and F.occidentalis populations. Macrolophus caliginosus (Wgn.) (Het.:Miridae) were effective on whitefly population. O.niger, C.carnea were effective on Cicadellidae species.

Larvae of the common green lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera :Chrysopidae) were fed with different densities of Hyalopterus pruni (Geoffer) (Homoptera: Aphididae) in Petri dishes under laboratory conditions. Functional response, developmental time, mortality rate and fecundity of the predator were measured. Treatments were carried out at 25±1°C, 65±5% RH and a 16L:8D photoperiod in a controlled temperature cabinet. Prey was given at densities of 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, 160 and 250 aphids per larva per day and the number of consumed prey, developmental time and mortality rate of the predator were recorded daily. Larvae of C. carnea responded to increasing prey densities with increasing food consumption and older larval stages displayed a higher rate of predation than younger ones. The behaviour of each of the three larval stages matched Holling’s type II functional response. Larvae were able to complete their development in each of the seven prey densities, although increased prey densities reduced developmental time and mortality rate. Increased prey consumption in immature stages resulted in a higher net reproduction rate (R 0) and the intrinsic rate of increase (r m) of adult females.

This chapter describes the laboratory method for testing the side-effects of pesticides on Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae), which is the first tier within the sequential testing scheme. This would be followed by the semi-field method (Bigler and Waldburger, 1988, 1994) and then the field method (Vogt et al., 1992; Vogt, 1994) using released organisms.

Studies in southern England on aphids in cereals and adjacent wasteland included observations on the survival of aphid-specific predators (Coccinel-lidae and Syrphidae) and the more polyphagous Chrysoperla carnea (Steph.), with particular reference to their parasites. Counts were made of all the predator stages found on samples of shoots in each plot and, in wheat only, collected with a vacuum sampler. All stages of predators seen were collected and reared in the laboratory to estimate mortality and parasitism rates. Overwintering survival outdoors of Coccinella septempunctata L. was studied in partly sheltered and exposed netting cages over dense ground cover. At least 90% of predator eggs hatched in the laboratory, and no parasites were reared from them or from larvae. In cereals, there were significantly fewer larvae than eggs of Coccinellidae, probably because of cannibalism, whereas eggs and larvae of Chrysoperla carnea and Syrphidae (mainly Episyrphus balteatus Deg.) occurred in similar numbers. Unlike Coccinellidae, however, there were fewer cocoons of C. carnea and syrphid pupae on the shoots than expected. Since larval mortality was apparently small, it is suggested that many larvae pupate in the soil. Two parasite species emerged from coccinellid pupae and one from the adults, compared with two species from C. carnea cocoons and nine species from syrphid pupae. Parasitism rates were usually small (25%). More individuals of Coccinella septempunctata survived overwinter in partly sheltered than in exposed cages.

The objective of this research was to compare the toxicity of reduced doses and enzymatic activity associated with insecticide tolerance to abamectin and profenofos on Chrysoperla carnea Stephens and its prey Bactericera cockerelli Sulc. Residual toxicity was measured at 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0% of the recommended dose of abamectin and profenofos for controlling B. cockerelli. Measured were α-esterases, β-esterases, glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), and oxidase content of larvae and nymphs of C. carnea and B. cockerelli exposed to the insecticides. The three abamectin concentrations killed more nymphs of the pest than did larvae of green lacewing. Profenofos at 1.0% concentration was very toxic to the pest and its predator. At concentrations of 0.5 and 1.0, fewer died and was similar for both species. Abamectin killed fewer C. carnea than did profenofos at the three doses. Enzymatic activity of α and β-esterase was greater for C. carnea compared with B. cockerelli exposed to abamectin and profenofos. Activity of the enzyme glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) and oxidase content where greater for B. cockerelli than C. carnea. The study demonstrated that abamectin was less toxic to C. carnea and more to B. cockerelli, suggesting the insecticide was very selective, which could be related to greater esterase enzymatic activity.

Many organisms possess chemical defences against their natural enemies, which render them unpalatable or toxic when attacked or consumed. These chemically‐defended organisms commonly occur in communities with non‐ or less‐defended prey, leading to indirect interactions between prey species, mediated by natural enemies. Although the importance of enemy‐mediated indirect interactions have been well documented (e.g. apparent competition), how the presence of prey chemical defences may affect predation of non‐defended prey in terrestrial communities remains unclear. Here, an experimental approach was used to study the predator‐mediated indirect interaction between a chemically‐defended and non‐defended pest aphid species. Using laboratory‐based mesocosms, aphid community composition was manipulated to include chemically‐defended (CD) aphids Brevicoryne brassicae, non‐defended (ND) aphids Myzus persicae or a mixed assemblage of both species, on Brassica oleracea cabbage plants, in the presence or absence of a shared predator (Chrysoperla carnea larvae). Aphid population growth rates, aphid distributions on host plants and predator growth rates were measured. In single‐species treatments, C. carnea reduced M. persicae population growth rate, but had no significant impact on B. brassicae population growth rate, suggesting B. brassicae chemical defences are effective against C. carnea. Chrysoperla carnea had no significant impact on either aphid species population growth rate in mixed‐species treatments. Myzus persicae (ND) therefore experienced reduced predation in the presence of B. brassicae (CD) through a predator‐mediated indirect effect. Moreover, predator growth rates were significantly higher in the M. persicae‐only treatments than in either the B. brassicae‐only or mixed‐species treatments, suggesting predation was impaired in the presence of B. brassicae (CD). A trait‐mediated indirect interaction is proposed, consistent with associational resistance, in which the predator, upon incidental consumption of chemically‐defended aphids is deterred from feeding, releasing non‐defended aphids from predatory control.

Toxicity and antifeedant activity of crude seed extracts of Annona squamosa (Magnoliales: Annonaceae) from Maluku, Indonesia, against the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) and the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) were determined using different bioassays. Aqueous seed extracts and an aqueous emulsion of ethanolic seed extracts were toxic to both species. Crude aqueous extract also deterred feeding of fourth-instar P. xylostella in a leaf disc choice bioassay. Toxicities of crude aqueous extracts to natural enemies, Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) and Orius insidiosus (Say) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) were investigated using direct spray and residual contact tests. Chrysoperla carnea larvae were less susceptible to the extracts than were O. insidiosus adults.

The predator Chrysoperla carnea is a model species for the study of non-target effects of pesticides under different scenarios: registration of plant protection products under the European Union and effects of the Bt toxin. Laboratory and persistence studies were carried out with six pesticides currently used in corn crops in Spain that were applied at their maximum field recommended concentrations. The assessed end-points were larval mortality, survivorship until adult stage, duration of the larval and pupal periods, fecundity, fertility and sex ratio of the emerged adults. Based on the total effect (lethal and sublethal) caused to L3 larvae in contact with fresh residues in the laboratory, pendimethalin was harmless (IOBC 1), lambda-cyhalothrin, abamectin, and hexythiazox were slightly harmful (IOBC 2), deltamethrin was moderately harmful (IOBC 3) and chlorpyrifos was harmful (IOBC 4). Afterwards, the residues of the two most toxic pesticides in the lab (deltamethrin and chlorpyrifos) were aged under greenhouse conditions (22±2°C, 40±10% R.H., 16.9 μmol m(-2) s(-1) UV radiation) in the presence and absence of artificial rainfall (10lm(-2)h(-1), applied 24h after pesticide application). Deltamethrin was classified as short lived (IOBC A) in both cases. However, degradation of chlorpyrifos residues was accelerated in the presence of rainfall, leading to the classification as slightly persistent (IOBC B), while in absence of rainfall it behaved as persistent (IOBC D). Every pesticide can be recommended for inclusion in corn IPM programs where the predator is present except chlorpyrifos that exhibited high direct toxicity in the lab and prolonged residual action even in the presence of rainfall.