Chrysanthemum Plants Research Articles

Isolation and Functional Analysis of the Regulation of Branching by Isopentenyl Transferase Gene CmIPT1 in <i>Chrysanthemum morifolium </i>cv. ‘Jinba’

Today’s chrysanthemums are highly evolved flowering plants and they are considered as one of the most important ornamental cut flowers. In this research an isopentenyl transferase gene named CmIPT1 was isolated from Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. ‘Jinba’ using RACE and RT-PCR methods. The full cDNA sequence of CmIPT1 was 873 bp which encoded a deduced protein of 290 amino acids. It contained GxxGxGKS which is a conserved sequence of the typical domain of IPT family. The phylogenetic tree analysis of CmIPT1 in Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. ‘Jinba’ shows that it has the closest relationship with CcIPT1 in Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus. Expression of CmIPT1 was higher in stems and apex, whereas it was lower in leaves and roots. And the overexpression of CmIPT1 obviously increased the number of rosette branches in Arabidopsis. Here, in our study, we showed that CmIPT1 is a positive regulator of branch development in Chrysanthemum and may play a key role in regulating lateral branch formation of Chrysanthemum plants.

Use of Mulch and Organic Fertilizer on Chrysanthemum

This study aims to determine the growth response and yield of chrysanthemum plants in the application of several types of mulch and organic fertilizer. This research uses the basic design of Randomized Block Design with the factorial pattern with 2 factors and 3 replications. The first factor is mulch treatment consisting of 3 levels ie without mulch, rice husk mulch, and black silver plastic mulch. The second factor is organic fertilizer consists of 3 levels namely petrogenic, cow manure and chicken manure. The research results showed that the highest weight of flower stalk was obtained in silver black mulch treatment, increase of 9.63% when compared with the weight of the lowest flower stalk. The highest economic fresh weight was obtained in mulch treatment, increase of 17.53% when compared with the lowest fresh economic weight on mulch rice husk mulch treatment weighing. The highest weight of the flower stalk was obtained in the treatment of cow manure, increased of 10.14% when compared with the lowest weight of the flower stalk obtained in the treatment of cow manure weighing. The highest economic fresh weight was obtained in the cow manure treatment, which increased by 9.91% when compared with the lowest fresh economic interest weight obtained in the treatment of petrogenic fertilizer weighing.
 
 Keywords: type mulch, petrogenic, manure; flower

First Report of Chrysanthemum Stem Blight and Dieback Caused by Tomato spotted wilt virus in China

Cultivated chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) is a popular flower species from China, where it is widely planted for use as tea and in medicines, as well as for ornamental purposes. In July 2016, a serious stem necrotic disease was observed on chrysanthemum in a commercial greenhouse in Beijing, China. Most chrysanthemum varieties were infected, with a total disease incidence above 50%, rising to over 90% in some sensitive cultivars. Infected chrysanthemum plants exhibited two main symptoms: (i) irregular chlorotic spots on the upper leaves with shortened internodes (cultivar Silvia), or (ii) discontiguous black streaks on stems near the base of the upper petioles, followed by eventual dieback (cultivars Dante, Radost, Stellini, and Olive). These symptoms are very similar to those of chrysanthemum infected with the tospoviruses Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) or Chrysanthemum stem necrotic virus (CSNV). To identify the pathogen, infected chrysanthemum leaves were analyzed using reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with tospovirus universal primers (Hassani-Mehraban et al. 2016). After extracting the total RNA with a Plant RNA kit (Tiangen, Beijing, China), RT-PCR was performed using an RT-PCR kit (Vazyme, Nanjing, China), with infected chrysanthemum showing black streaks on stems as positive controls and virus-free plantlets as negative controls. RT-PCR products were bidirectionally sequenced by Sangon Biotech (Shanghai, China) and aligned in DNAstar. Three clones of 10 infected leaf samples (two of each cultivar) were collected from different sections of the greenhouse and sequenced, revealing high sequence similarity with fewer than 2-bp difference between them. The most conserved sequence, isolated from sample BLZ01, was deposited in GenBank under accession number MF196915. This sequence was 99% identical to TSWV S RNA segments in GenBank and distinctly different from CSNV RNAs, indicating that the devastating disease was caused by TSWV, not CSNV. This diagnosis was further confirmed using commercial ELISA kits (Luyuan Bode Biological, Beijing, China), which revealed TSWV but not CSNV in all symptomatic tissue. Additional RT-PCRs were performed using TSWV-specific (Chung et al. 2006; Qiu et al. 1998) and CSNV-specific (Takeshita et al. 2011) primers complementing the RNA-dependence RNA polymerase gene (L RNA), Gn/Gc gene (M RNA), and nucleocapsid protein gene (NP, S RNA), respectively, and the results confirmed those of the ELISA. Finally, the virus isolated from BLZ01 was mechanically transmitted from infected cultivar Olive collected from the original greenhouse to 1-month-old virus-free chrysanthemum seedlings using chilled 0.01 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.2) containing 0.1% sodium sulfite. After 2 weeks, most inoculated plants (13 of 18) exhibited localized necrotic spots and black streaks on their stems. RT-PCR and sequencing revealed that the partial sequence of the TSWV NP gene from the inoculated chrysanthemum was identical to the virus from the greenhouse materials. TSWV has spread and is causing epidemics on chrysanthemum in many countries. To our knowledge, this is the first report of TSWV detected on chrysanthemum in China, and this article will act as a warning to prevent the spread of TSWV in Beijing.

Chrysanthemum extract and extract prepared silver nanoparticles as biocides to control Aedes aegypti (L.), the vector of dengue fever

Mosquitoes play a key role in the transmission of some important diseases. The need for controlling these insects is critical to reduce their risks to human and domesticated animals. Recently the trend to explore effective chemical compounds from local plants has begun as a safe means of control. The present study aimed to evaluate the anti-larval activity of Chrysanthemum extract and the prepared silver nanoparticle (AgNPs) against the Aedes aegypti mosquito, the dengue vector in Saudi Arabia. A series of different concentrations of ethanol extract and extract prepared AgNPs against the fourth-life larvae was tested. The effective concentrations of crude extract and AgNPs ranged from 50 to 250 and 10 to 30ppm respectively, and the death percentages corresponding to these concentrations ranged from 18 to 92 and 36 to 96% respectively. According to the LC50 values of treated larvae, AgNPs (12.754ppm) is more effective against A. aegypti mosquito larvae than the crude extract (228.345ppm) at about 17.9 times. The mixing of the plant extract with the silver nitrate has led to potentiation. This is due to the synergy that occurs between the extract and the silver particles during the reduction process. The compounds in the extract are related to the surface of the particles, increasing the strength of their effects. It is recommend to separate the active elements in the Chrysanthemum plant and its preparation in the form of nanoparticles as a promising compound in mosquito control programs with least damage to human kind and the environment.

The siRNAs targeting the left or right terminal region of chrysanthemum stunt viroid (CSVd) sequence suppress the development of disease symptoms caused by CSVd infection of chrysanthemum, but do not suppress viroid propagation

ABSTRACTTransgenic chrysanthemum plants harbouring the genes producing small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) whose sequence was designed based on the chrysanthemum stunt viroid (CSVd) genome were established. The siRNAs are expected to target and decompose CSVd RNA through a silencing mechanism. The CSVd-infected plants were grafted as scions onto the stocks of either non-transgenic or transgenic plants, and axial shoots that elongated from the stocks were rooted and grown to investigate if the plants are resistant to CSVd under greenhouse conditions. The non-transgenic plants infected with CSVd showed severe disease symptoms, i.e. stunted growth and spotty chlorotic lesions on leaves, but no such symptoms were observed in the transgenic plants. The real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR for monitoring the amounts of CSVd indicated that CSVd equally accumulated in both non-transgenic and transgenic plants. The present results suggest that the resistant feature of the transgenic plants to CSVd was due to interference with the pathway of symptom development, and not the inhibition of CSVd replication.

EFEKTIVITAS Trichoderma sp. DAN Gliocladium sp. DALAM PENGENDALIAN LAYU FUSARIUM PADA TANAMAN KRISAN

[THE EFFECTIVENESS OF Trichoderma sp. AND Gliocladium sp IN CONTROLLING FUSARIUM WILT ON CHRYSANTHEMUM]. Fusarium wilt is a major soil borne disease in chrysanthemum, which results in yellowing and permanent wilt on the plant. The disease has capability to remains intact in the soil for years so that preventive operation prior planting often fail to provide fusarium-free environment for the plant. The elaboration of use of antagonistic organisms as the biological agents may provide an effective solution for controlling the disease. Objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of two species of fungi, Trichoderma sp. and Gliocladium sp., as the antagonistic agents for controlling the development of fusarium wilt on chrysanthemum. Both fungi were applied singly or in combination onto the fusarium inoculated soil which were prepared as growing media for chrysanthemum plants. Results indicated that Trichoderma sp. and Gliocladium sp. were effective in controlling the development of fusarium wilt in krisan, where application of combined antagonistic agents had produced the highest suppression to the fusarium development (70.1 %), followed by single application of Trichoderma sp. (56.4 %) and Gliocladium sp. (55.9 %).

Control of chrysanthemum flowering through integration with an aging pathway

Age, as a threshold of floral competence acquisition, prevents precocious flowering when there is insufficient biomass, and ensures flowering independent of environmental conditions; however, the underlying regulatory mechanisms are largely unknown. In this study, silencing the expression of a nuclear factor gene, CmNF-YB8, from the short day plant chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium), results in precocious transition from juvenile to adult, as well as early flowering, regardless of day length conditions. The expression of SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING-LIKE (SPL) family members, SPL3, SPL5, and SPL9, is upregulated in CmNF-YB8-RNAi plants, while expression of the microRNA, cmo-MIR156, is downregulated. In addition, CmNF-YB8 is shown to bind to the promoter of the cmo-MIR156 gene. Ectopic expression of cmo-miR156, using a virus-based microRNA expression system, restores the early flowering phenotype caused by CmNF-YB8 silencing. These results show that CmNF-YB8 influences flowering time through directly regulating the expression of cmo-MIR156 in the aging pathway.

استجابة نبات الأقحوان سي في. "Debonair" حتى موعد معسر ويترك الرش مع التيروزين

نفذت التجربة في الظلة الخشبية التابعة لمحطة ابحاث قسم البستنة وهندسة الحدائق/كلية الزراعة/جامعة ديالى لدراسة استجابة نبات الداودي صنف 'Debonair' ذو الازهار البنفسجية اللون لموعد قرط القمة النامية, والذي تضمن ثلاث مستويات (بدون قرط وقرط القمة النامية بعد 15 يوم من الشتل وقرط القمة النامية بعد 30 يوماً من الشتل), والرش الورقي بالتايروسين بأربع مستويات (50 و100 و150 ملغم/لتر علاوة على الرش بالماء المقطر كمعاملة مقارنة). نفذ البحث كتجربة عاملية (3×4) في قطع منشقة Split plots وفق تصميم القطاعات العشوائية الكاملة RCBD وبثلاث مكررات, إذ مثلت معاملة موعد قرط القمة النامية القطع الرئيسة ومثلت معاملة الرش الورقي بالتايروسين القطع الثانوية. يمكن تلخيص نتائج الدراسة كالآتي:-أثر موعد قرط القمة النامية معنويا في كل من صفات النمو الخضري والزهري لنبات الداودي وتبين ان اعلى معدل لارتفاع النبات تحقق عند معاملة المقارنة (بدون قرط) وتفوقت معنوياً على معاملتي القرط بعد 15و30 يوماً من الشتل اللتان لم تختلفا معنوياً فيما بينهما. أدت معاملة القرط بعد15 يوماً من الشتل الى حصول زيادة معنوية في عدد الافرع/نبات وعدد الاوراق/نبات والمساحة الورقية/نبات ومحتوى الكلوروفيل النسبي في الاوراق ونسبة الكربوهيدرات الكلية في الاوراق وعدد الأزهار/نبات ومحتوى البتلات من الانثوسيانينات الكلية، في حين أدت معاملة القرط المتأخر (30 يوم بعد الشتل) الى تأخير موعد ظهور اول زهرة وانخقاض معنوي في قطر الزهرة. أدى رش النباتات ورقياً بالتايروسين الى تحسين كافة صفات النمو الخضري والزهري لنبات الداودي وتفوقت معاملة الرش بالتركيز 100ملغم/لتر معنوياً في اعطائها افضل النتائج بالنسبة لصفات ارتفاع النبات وعدد الافرع/نبات وعدد الاوراق/نبات والمساحة الورقية/نبات ومحتوى الكلوروفيل النسبي في الاوراق والوزن الجاف للمجموع الخضري ونسبة الكربوهيدرات الكلية في الاوراق وعدد الازهار/نبات وقطر الزهرة وعمر الزهرة على النبات والوزن الجاف للزهرة ومحتوى البتلات من الانثوسيانينات الكلية، في حين أدت معاملة الرش بالتركيز 150 ملغم/لتر التبكير في موعد ظهور اول زهرة. كان للتداخل بين موعد قرط القمة النامية والرش الورقي بالتايروسين تأثير معنوي في جميع صفات النمو الخضري والزهري وتفوقت المعاملة P15×Tyr100 في اعطائها افضل النتائج بالنسبة لصفات عدد الافرع/نبات وعدد الاوراق/نبات والمساحة الورقية ومحتوى الكلوروفيل النسبي في الاوراق والوزن الجاف للمجموع الخضري ونسبة الكربوهيدرات الكلية في الاوراق وعدد الازهار/نبات وعمر الزهرة على النبات ومحتوى البتلات من الانثوسيانينات الكلية، في حين تفوقت المعاملة P0×Tyr100 معنوياً في التبكير في موعد ظهور اول زهرة وزيادة قطر الزهرة والوزن الجاف للزهرة.

Involvement of abscisic acid in microbe-induced saline-alkaline resistance in plants

ABSTRACTSoil salinity-alkalinity is one of abiotic stresses that lead to plant growth inhibition and yield loss. It has recently been indicated that plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) can enhance the capacity of plants to counteract negative effects caused by adverse environments. However, whether PGPR confers increased saline-alkaline resistance of plants and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We thus investigated the effects of Bacillus licheniformis (strain SA03) on Chrysanthemum plants grown under saline-alkaline conditions. Soil inoculation with SA03 significantly mitigated saline-alkaline stress in plants with augmented photosynthesis, biomass and survival rates. Moreover, the inoculated plants accumulated more Fe and less Na+ content than the non-inoculated plants under the stress. However, the inoculation with SA03 failed to trigger a series of saline-alkaline stress responses in abscisic acid (ABA)- and nitric oxide (NO)-deficient plants. Furthermore, NO acted as a secondary messenger of ABA to regulate the stress responses and tolerance in Chrysanthemum plants. Therefore, these findings indicated that B. licheniformis SA03 could be employed to improve saline-alkaline tolerance of plants by mediating cellular ABA levels.

Biochar and Nitrogen Fertilizers Effects on Growth and Flowering of Garland Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum Coronarium L.) Plant

This experiment was conducted to study the effect two types of biochar and nitrogen fertilizers amendment, with different rates on morphological attributed of garland chrysanthemum plant. Two different types of biochar (BT) Eucalyptus biochar (EB), and Salix biochar (SB), four biochar rates- BR (at 0, 1, 2 and 3%), and three rates of nitrogen fertilizer- NR (0, 140 and 280 mg kg-1) with three replications on plant growth were used in this research. The (Chrysanthemum coronarium L.) was used as a test plant to study some morphological characters including: Plant Height (PH) cm, Fresh Weight Per Plant (FWP) g, Number of Leaves Per Plant (NLP), Stem Diameter (SD) cm, Flower Diameter (FD), Number of Flower Per Plant (NFP) and Number of Flower Bud Per Plant (NFBP) cm. The Double Barrel Design was used for making biochar by pyrolysis system. The experiment was conducted in the plastic house condition. The results showed that biochar applications at a rate of 3%, significantly increase PH, FWP, NLP, SD, FD, and NFBP, while NFP increased only at 2% biochar application and decrease at the 3% rate. The application of 280 mg kg-1 of nitrogen significantly increased all of the parameters. The plant grown in the soils amended with the EB were higher than grown in the soils of the SB. In addition, the best value in the study was observed were biochar combined with nitrogen fertilizers.

Bacillus licheniformis SA03 Confers Increased Saline-Alkaline Tolerance in Chrysanthemum Plants by Induction of Abscisic Acid Accumulation.

Soil saline-alkalization is a major abiotic stress that leads to low iron (Fe) availability and high toxicity of sodium ions (Na+) for plants. It has recently been shown that plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) can enhance the ability of plants to tolerate multiple abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, and nutrient deficiency. However, the possible involvement of PGPR in improving saline–alkaline tolerance of plants and the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the effects of Bacillus licheniformis (strain SA03) on the growth of Chrysanthemum plants under saline–alkaline conditions. Our results revealed that inoculation with SA03 alleviated saline–alkaline stress in plants with increased survival rates, photosynthesis and biomass. The inoculated plants accumulated more Fe and lower Na+ concentrations under saline–alkaline stress compared with the non-inoculated plants. RNA-Sequencing analyses further revealed that SA03 significantly activated abiotic stress- and Fe acquisition-related pathways in the stress-treated plants. However, SA03 failed to increase saline–alkaline tolerance in plants when cellular abscisic acid (ABA) and nitric oxide (NO) synthesis were inhibited by treatment with fluridone (FLU) and 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide (c-PTIO), respectively. Importantly, we also found that NO acted downstream of SA03-induced ABA to activate a series of adaptive responses in host plants under saline–alkaline stress. These findings demonstrated the potential roles of B. licheniformis SA03 in enhancing saline–alkaline tolerance of plants and highlighted the intricate integration of microbial signaling in regulating cellular Fe and Na+ accumulation.

Growth Response of Two Varieties Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum sp.) On Some Media Composition

Abstract— Chrysanthemum is one type of ornamental plants flowers are very popular and have a relatively high economic value in Indonesia and have good marketing prospects. Requests cut flowers and potted chrysanthemum plants is increasing from year to year, in line with improving standards of living. This study aims to obtain best medium composition on the growth of two varieties of chrysanthemum. Research was conducted in greenhouses West Sumatera Institute Assessment and Agricultural Technology in Sukarami Solok, from August 2015 to January 2016. The study is based on completely randomized design factorial of two factors with three replications. The first factor is the chrysanthemum varieties consisting of two levels (Limeron and Merahayani) and the second factor is the composition of the media that consists of four levels (soil: sand: husk fuel: 1: 1: 1, soil: sand: chicken manure: 1: 1: 1, soil: sand: coconut fibers 1: 1: 1 and soil: sand: municipal waste compost: 1: 1: 1. The results showed that growth of Merahayani varieties better than Limeron varieties. The composition of medium affect the growth of chrysanthemum ornamental plant. The media composition soil: sand: municipal waste compost: 1: 1: 1 the best for the growth in the number of leaves, number of flowers, fresh weight and dry weight of plants. The composition of the soil media: sand: husk fuel: 1: 1: 1 the best for the growth of flower diameter and length of the longest root.

Studies on the O-specific polysaccharide of the lipopolysaccharide from the Pseudomonas mediterranea strain C5P1rad1, a bacterium pathogenic of tomato and chrysanthemum

An O-specific polysaccharide (OPS) was isolated from the lipopolysaccharide of Pseudomonas mediterranea strain C5P1rad1, the causal agents of tomato pith necrosis and Chrysanthemum stem rot, and studied by one- and two-dimensional 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The following structure of the trisaccharide repeating unit of the OPS was established, which, to our knowledge, is unique among the known bacterial polysaccharide structures:→4)-β-d-ManpNAc3NAcA-(1 → 4)-β-d-ManpNAc3NAcA-(1 → 3)-α-d-QuipNAc4NAc-(1→where QuiNAc4NAc and ManNAc3NAcA indicate 2,4-diacetamido-2,4,6-trideoxyglucose and 2,3-diacetamido-2,3-dideoxymannuronic acid, respectively. Pre-treatment of leaves with LPS or OPS preparations at 250 and 50 μg mL−1 did not inhibit development of a hypersensitivity reaction induced by P. mediterranea C5P1rad1 on tobacco, tomato and chrysanthemum plants. The same preparations at 250 μg mL−1 partially prevented elicitation of the hypersensitivity reaction by Pseudomonas syringae KVPT7RC on chrysanthemum but not tobacco and tomato.

Molecular diversity among viroids infecting chrysanthemum in India.

Association of Chrysanthemum stunt viroid (CSVd) and Chrysanthemum chlorotic mottle viroid (CChMVd) with the Chrysanthemum plants exhibiting severe stunting, distinct yellow leaf mottling, and chlorosis was detected in the main chrysanthemum-growing regions of India. Sequence analysis of 90 cDNA clones obtained for CSVd and CChMVd, representing the chrysanthemum-growing regions of India, revealed the high degree of sequence variation throughout the genome under natural conditions. Additionally, all the analyzed CChMVd clones revealed the presence of UUUC in the tetraloop, a signature of symptomatic variants in susceptible cultivars. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that Indian CSVd is closely related to European isolates from ornamentals, whereas CChMVd clustered along with the isolates reported from the East Asian countries.

감국(Chrysanthemum indicum L.) 추출물과 분획물의 항산화 및 α-Glucosidase 와 PTP1B 저해 활성

In this study, we evaluated the polyphenol content, flavonoid content, antioxidant and biological of 70% EtOH extract and its fractions (dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and water) of the plant Chrysanthemum indicum L. (CI) belonging to family chrysanthemum. antioxidant activity was determined 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2’-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS), and superoxide scavenging activity. The biological activity tests included measurement of α-glucosidase and PTP1B. The results show that content of polyphenol and flavonoid in 70% EtOH of CI 30.20 mg and 31.58 mg, respectively. Among the different samples, ethyl acetate (EA) fraction showed the highest level of polyphenol (87.87 mg) and flavonoid (65.12 mg). The DPPH, ABTS and superoxide dismutase(SOD) antioxidant assay of EA fraction showed 93.84%, 93.38% and 84.68% inhibition respectively. The EA fraction also showed the highest antioxidant activity compared to 70% EtOH extract and other fractions. EA fraction (20 μg/mL) showed the highest 30.29% and 99.24%, respectively compared to other samples. The results of this study show that the EA fraction contained more antioxidant and antidiabetic components than 70% EtOH extract and other fractions. In conclusion, we believe that CI may be useful natural antioxidant and functional material.

Analisis Preferensi Bunga Krisan (Chrysanthemum morifolium r) di Pusat Promosi dan Pemasaran Bunga dan Tanaman Hias, Rawa Belong, Jakarta Barat

The purpose of this study is to identify and assess the consumer characteristics of chrysanthemum plants at Pusat Promosi dan Pemasaran Bunga dan Tanaman Hias Rawa Belong, West Jakarta, and analyze consumer preferences towards attributes chrysanthemum plants andanalyze the level of customer satisfaction of chrysanthemum plants. The analysis used is descriptive analysis, Importance Performance Analysis (IPA) using Minitab 16 and the analysisof Customer Satisfaction Index (CSI). The results showed the average level of performance of chrysanthemum plants was 4,07 and the average level of consumer interest is 4,19 with acompliance rate of 97,06%, so it can be said that the performance of chrysanthemum plants have to meet consumer expectations. CSI value amounted to 81,87% at an interval of 80-100% can be interpreted so that consumers are satisfied with the performance of the marketing mix PusP2BTH Rawa Belong West Jakarta.Keywords: Consumer Preferences, Chrysanthemum, IPA, CSI

Effects of Varieties, Cutting Health and Fungicide Application on Chrysanthemum White Rust

White rust caused by fungal pathogen Puccinia horiana P. Henn. is one devastated disease that could make significant economic loss in chrysanthemum production. The study of effects of varieties, cutting health and fungicide application on chrysanthemum white rust was established. The treatments were arranged in split-split plot completely randomized design with three replications. Three chrysanthemum varieties i.e. cv. Puma White, Reagent Purple and Town Talk served as main plot. Seedlings with 20 % intensity of white rust infection and symptomless functioned as sub plot, while fungicide application on the transplanted cutting (no fungicide) and dithiocarbamate (Antracol R 75 WP, 2 g L -1 ) application served as sub-sub plot. Result showed genetic background of the cultivars significantly determined the degree of infection of white rust. Reagent Purple exhibited least disease intensities. Fungicide application was less effective in controlling white rust development, yet gave significant impact on the plant height and number of leaves of chrysanthemum plants. Cuttings selection based on the visual observation on the presence or absence of white rust pustules symptom did not gave significant differences on the further development of the disease. The symptomless cuttings were also infected with this fungal disease after the cuttings were planted under plastic house.

Sequence variability ofChrysanthemum stunt viroidin different chrysanthemum cultivars

Viroids are the smallest infectious agents, and their genomes consist of a short single strand of RNA that does not encode any protein. Chrysanthemum stunt viroid (CSVd), a member of the family Pospiviroidae, causes chrysanthemum stunt disease. Here, we report the genomic variations of CSVd to understand the sequence variability of CSVd in different chrysanthemum cultivars. We randomly sampled 36 different chrysanthemum cultivars and examined the infection of CSVd in each cultivar by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Eleven cultivars were infected by CSVd. Cloning followed by Sanger sequencing successfully identified a total of 271 CSVd genomes derived from 12 plants from 11 cultivars. They were further classified into 105 CSVd variants. Each single chrysanthemum plant had a different set of CSVd variants. Moreover, different single plants from the same cultivar had different sets of CSVd variants but identical consensus genome sequences. A phylogenetic tree using 12 consensus genome sequences revealed three groups of CSVd genomes, while six different groups were defined by the phylogenetic analysis using 105 variants. Based on the consensus CSVd genome, by combining all variant sequences, we identified 99 single-nucleotide variations (SNVs) as well as three nucleotide positions showing high mutation rates. Although 99 SNVs were identified, most CSVd genomes in this study were derived from variant 1, which is identical to known CSVd SK1 showing pathogenicity.

A highly sensitive method for the detection of Chrysanthemum virus B

Background: Chrysanthemum plants are subject to serious virus diseases. The viruses cause severe losses of quantity and quality of chrysanthemum. The most problematic pathogens of chrysanthemum are typically considered to be Chrysanthemum virus B (CVB). A method for the simultaneous detection of Chrysanthemum virus B is needed. Results: We use specific primers, which is derived from coat protein region, for reverse transcription to obtain cDNA. At the same time, the nested amplification PCR is employed to detect it. The sensitivity is up to the 10 -9 , greatly improved the sensitivity. Conclusion: A highly specific and sensitive nested PCR-based assay is described for detecting Chrysanthemum virus B . This new method is highly specific and sensitive for detection of Chrysanthemum virus B , which are known to infect chrysanthemum plants in the field. Further, this protocol has an advantage over traditional methods in that it is more cost-effective. This assay is ideal for performing an early stage diagnosis of the disease.

Bio-Treatment of Flavour Effluent and its Reuse for Growth of Ornamental Plant CHRYSANTHEMUM SP

Bio-Treatment of Flavour Effluent and its Reuse for Growth of Ornamental Plant CHRYSANTHEMUM SP