Cut Chrysanthemum Research Articles

Expression Analysis of DgD14, DgBRC1 and DgLsL in the Process of Chrysanthemum Lateral Bud Formation

The growth of lateral bud can greatly affect the development of apical bud and reduce the quality of single-flower cut chrysanthemum. However, the wide use of artificial bud removal in production leads to the increase on production cost. Therefore, it is important to study the lateral bud development mechanism in chrysanthemum for plant type regulation and genetic improvement. Auxin (IAA), cytokinins (CKs) and strigolactones (SLs) have direct or indirect effects on the formation of lateral buds. D14, BRC1 and LsL are key factors regulating the signal pathways of hormones, but their regulation mechanisms on the development of lateral buds in chrysanthemum are still unclear. In this study, single-flower cut chrysanthemum ‘Jinba’ and spray cut chrysanthemum ‘Fenyan’ were used as experimental materials. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to observe the effects of apical bud removal and exogenous hormones on the growth of lateral buds and the expression levels of DgD14, DgBRC1 and DgLsL, so as to clarify the expression characteristics of three genes in the process of lateral bud formation. The results showed that GA was effective in promoting the growth of lateral buds, whereas IAA and ABA had little effects on lateral bud growth or even inhibited. Removing apical dominance can significantly affect the expression levels of three genes, which regulated the formation and elongation of lateral buds. Additionally, the three genes showed different responses to different hormone treatments. DgD14 had a significant response to GA, but a gentle response to ABA. The expression levels of DgBRC1 varied in different trends, and it responded to IAA in a more dramatic way. The levels of DgLsL reached the peaks quickly before decreased in most experimental groups, and its response to GA was extraordinary severe.

Comparision of cut chrysanthemum performance in conventional and Aeroponics system on Physio-chemical characters

The purpose of this study was to see if aeroponics farming might be used as an alternative to greenhouse soil-based production in temperate India. In the aeroponics system, most photosynthetic parameters had higher values, resulting in a better yield per plant for the system. Crop quality improved as well under the aeroponics system, as evidenced by higher values of quality parameters such as chlorophyll, protein content, catalase, and peroxidase activity. The study's findings validated aeroponics chrysanthemum production as a viable and long-term alternative to traditional soil-based chrysanthemum production.

A highly efficient auxin-producing bacterial strain and its effect on plant growth

BackgroundVarious bacteria promote plant root growth in the rhizosphere, as a measure of securing and enlarging their ecological niche. These interactions are mediated by plant growth regulators (PGRs) such as auxin, and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is one of the physiologically active auxin. In this study, we isolated an unusual bacterial strain from food process waste with high efficiency and demonstrated its effects on plant rooting and early-stage growth. ResultsThe efficiency of this bacterial strain in producing IAA was 16.6 mg/L/h in Luria-Bertani broth containing 0.05% l-tryptophan (Trp) at room temperature (24 ± 2 °C). Its IAA production was highly dependent on the presence of precursor, Trp. This bacterium was identified as Ignatzschineria sp. by 16S rDNA sequencing. Its bacterial culture supernatant (BCS) enhanced plant root initiation, root growth, and plant growth in the early stages. The root mass formed BCS-treated in apple mint cuttings was twofold of that formed in the control. The root number and length were 46% and 18% higher, respectively, in BCS-treated chrysanthemum cuttings than in the control. ConclusionsThese results show that the BCS of Ignatzschineria sp. CG20001 isolate obtained in this study can be used for agricultural applications. In addition, the novelty of this strain makes it a valuable genetic resource for biotechnological applications.

Effect of the Different Soil Types on Chrysanthemum Cut Flower Quality

Cultivating annual crops in the high upland has the potential to increase avalanche and land erosion. Therefore, chrysanthemum extensification from high upland to medium upland can create sustainable agriculture. The differences between high upland and medium upland are microclimate and soil type. Meanwhile, the effect of soil type between the high upland and the medium upland on the chrysanthemum spray type quality is unknown. The study aimed to determine the effect of different soil types on the quality of chrysanthemums when planted in high upland. The study used a split plot design with two factors. The first factor was the type of soil, such as Andosol from the high upland and Latosol from the medium upland. The second factor was the chrysanthemum varieties, such as Yastayuki (white flower), Arosuka Pelangi (yellow flower) and Socakawani (red flower). The results showed that both Andosol and Latosol soil types could produce the same quality of chrysanthemum in all varieties when planted in high upland. The quality aspects of chrysanthemum were the plant height, the stem diameter, the number of flowers and flower color. Consequently, we could extend the cultivation of chrysanthemum in medium upland by using Latosol type soil.

The Role of Flavonoids in Invasion Strategy of Solidago canadensis L.

This study provides data on the problem of potential complexation of phenolic compounds synthesized by the plants Solidago canadensis L. and Solidago gigantea Ait. with ammonium forms of nitrogen, partly immobilized in the soil. A comparative analysis of secondary metabolites of the studied plants was performed by HPLC. The leaves of invasively active Solidago canadensis contain nine times more rutin than the plants of Solidago gigantea. Adding to the leaf extracts (v/v1/20) aqueous ammonia solution to pH 8.0 on the chromatograms decreases the intensity or completely causes peaks of flavonoids to disappear; instead, there are peaks of new polar substances (tR 1.5 and 2.0 min). The selective effect of the phenol-ammonium complex on various plant species was revealed. At a concentration of 20 μg/mL, these substances stimulated the formation of lateral roots in soybean seedlings and chrysanthemum cuttings. The suppression of root growth in radish seedlings occurred at a concentration of flavonoids in the extract of 25 μg/mL. In addition, a positive chemotaxis of the Pseudomonas putida (PGPR) was detected in the nitrogen-containing complex based on rutin (5 μg/mL). The identified feature allows PGPR colonization of the root system of Solidago canadensis with corresponding changes in the structure of the microbial community. The ability of the obtained nitrogen-containing polar complexes to regulate the growth processes of plants at extremely low concentration points to promising research in this direction.

Phenylalanine treatment generates scent in flowers by increased production of phenylpropanoid-benzenoid volatiles

Fragrance is a desirable characteristic for cut flowers, but is rare among commercial cultivars. To date, there are no transformed commercial flower cultivars with increased fragrance, despite the fact that genetic engineering can generate fragrance in ornamentals without compromising on other commercial traits. One of the major volatile groups responsible for fragrance of flowers such as roses, petunia, snapdragon and clarkia, are the phenylalanine-derived benzenoid phenylpropanoids (BPVs). Here we show that a variety of commercial flowers, belonging to taxonomically distant plant species have the potential of producing fragrant BPVs when treated with exogenous phenylalanine. This group of flowers includes chrysanthemums, roses, anemones, Ornithogalum dubium and gerberas. Chrysanthemums, among the five leading flowers in the cut flower industry, lack flowery fragrance. However, treatment of cut chrysanthemums with phenylalanine resulted in an increase in BPVs preexisting in the flowers, producing a flowery fragrance clearly distinguished by a sensory panel. Similarly, phenylalanine treatment of anemones, also lacking fragrance, resulted in fragrant flowers. However, unlike chrysanthemums, in anemones, in addition to increasing preexisting BPVs, phenylalanine treatment resulted in production of new BPVs, not detected in non-treated flowers. Production of novel compounds due to phenylalanine treatment suggests that concealed metabolic pathways do exist in plants, may be activated by increased substrate availability. This study presents the potential of phenylalanine treatment as a way for increasing flowery fragrance in a large variety of non-fragrant commercially important plants.

Partitioning of transpiration to cut flower organs and its mediating role on vase life response to dry handling: A case study in chrysanthemum

The mediating role of water relations on vase life response to prior desiccation (dry handling) was addressed in cut chrysanthemum. In the first part of the study, the contribution of different organs to whole-cut flower transpiration was determined in 12 cultivars. During desiccation, leaf transpiration decreased owing to stomatal closure. Instead, no active regulation was apparent in either stem or flower. Cultivar differences in leaf transpiration were related to the weight loss required to induce stomatal closure (R2 = 0.919). A small portion of cut flower transpiration was through the flower (12.3 ± 0.3 %), with the major contributor being either leaves or stem, depending on the water status and the cultivar. Leaf transpiration was positively correlated with whole-cut flower transpiration (R2 = 0.879). In the second part of the study, the postharvest longevity upon arrival and following desiccation (5 or 10 % weight loss) was determined on six cultivars with contrasting whole-cut flower transpiration rates. In these cultivars, the rehydration ability following a dehydration event, petal carbohydrate and soluble protein contents, as well as leaf carbohydrate, soluble protein and mineral contents were also assessed. Impaired water transport, as a result of prior desiccation, was not associated with the vase life response to dry handling. A strong correlation between whole-cut flower transpiration in the desiccation experiment and the vase life response to prior desiccation was found. Low vase life decrease in response to prior desiccation was associated with decreased whole-cut flower transpiration during the postharvest period. In conclusion, cultivar differences in vase life response to prior desiccation were attributed to variation in leaf stomatal characteristics.

Responses of mixed light-emitting diode ratios on vegetative, flower regulation, and stalk elongation of cut chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora Tzvelev)

A Greenhouse experiment on the study of responses of mixed light-emitting diode ratios in cut chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora Tzvelev) was conducted at the Department of Floriculture and Landscape Architecture, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore during 2019-20. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with three replications. The treatment comprises of seven varied light-emitting diode irradiance levels viz., L1 – 100% White; L2 – 100% Red; L3 - 80% Red + 20% Blue; L4 – 80% Red + 20% Far-red; L5 – 75% Blue + 25% Far-red; L6 – 60% Red + 20% Blue + 20% Far-red; L7 - High pressure sodium vapour lamp (as check) in Salvador and Pusa Centenary varieties. The results revealed that the growth in terms of height of the chrysanthemum at critical stages was maximum (48.88 cm in Salvador and 41.92 cm in Pusa Centenary) under the light irradiance of B75FR25 (L5) during the peak vegetative stage and registered maximum leaf area. Highest internodal length up to 3rd leaf of 1.07 cm was registered in sodium vapour lamp irradiance (L7) and 1.39 cm in 100% Red irradiance (L2). The early flower bud emergence (39 days in Salvador and 50 days in Pusa Centenary) was observed in B75Fr25 spectral irradiance (L5). The highest total cut stem yield per square meter (42.65 in Salvador and 41.99 in Pusa Centenary) was registered in R80B20. The study revealed that blue LEDs combined with Far-red promoted early flowering and inhibited stem elongations. Red and Blue wavelength increased the total leaf area and registered improved flower yield.

ANALYSIS OF VALUE CHAIN CRISAN CUTTING INTEREST (Case Study of Chrysanthemum Cut Flower Farmer Group in Sidomulyo Village, Batu District, Batu City)

This study aims to analyze the value chain of chrysanthemum cut flower farmers. The object of this research is located in Sidomulyo Village, Kec. Batu, Stone Town. This research was conducted on 34 respondents of chrysanthemum cut flower farmers using the census method. Data analysis using the Value Chain Analysis method by Kaplinsky and Morris. The results of this study indicate that the chrysanthemum cut flower farmer groups in the village of Sidomulyo have a value chain, namely, collectors (Florist) → Event Organizer / Florist. Value Chain Mapping shows that all activities in the production of sudan chrysanthemum cut flowers are quite optimal, but there are 2 points that are lacking in outbound logistics and supporting activities in Product Segment Determination and Key Market Success Factors. Chrysanthemum cut flowers are influenced by price, constraints on delivery, packaging, flexibility and innovation

Conditioning of Temperature and Soil Moisture in Chrysanthemum Cut Flowers Greenhouse Prototype based on Internet of Things (IoT)

Currently, cut chrysanthemum cultivation in a greenhouse is still using a conventional system. Temperature and soil moisture are the most important factors in the growth process. If the temperature and humidity of the soil are not conditioned, the roots will quickly rot and slow the growth process of chrysanthemums. Internet of Things is an integrated system with a data-based server that stores data in the cloud from sensors so that the system can be monitored remotely in real-time. Based on this, an integrated system was designed to make it easier for farmers to condition the temperature and humidity of the chrysanthemum flower soil. In temperature conditioning, if the temperature of cut chrysanthemum is detected <24 ℃ then the heater will be "on" by adjusting the fan rotation and vice versa. Meanwhile, soil moisture conditioning is carried out by distributing water if the detected soil moisture is <50%, then the water pump is in the "on" state. The data on the degree of temperature and the percent of soil moisture will be recorded into the cloud which will then be displayed in the form of graphs and history data on the webserver and Android. By using this system, it is found that the growth process of cut chrysanthemums can grow 7 days faster than the standard harvest time of 30 days.

Chemical preservation for increasing shelf life of Chrysanthemum indicum L. cut flower

Chrysanthemum indicum L. is the second most important ornamental and marketable flower from Asteraceae family in the world. Vase life is a main factor for evaluating the post-harvest quality of cut flowers that determine their marketability. Chrysanthemum is one of the top most cut flowers sold in international flower markets. The post-harvest study was carried out on chrysanthemum cut flower to observe the effect of different chemical preservatives solution for vase life. Here, the different chemical preservative treatments consisting of sucrose, salicylic acid, citric acid, aluminum sulphate and their combination were used to increase the vase life and the petal discoloration of chrysanthemum cut flowers. It was observed that all the preservatives treatments (expect T3) extend the vase life and reduced petal discoloration over the control. The result showed in containing T2 [sugar (4%) + salicylic acid (100ppm)] and T6 [citric acid (150ppm) + aluminum sulphate (500ppm) +7% sucrose] resulted in maximum vase life 18 days and 16 days in room temperature and reduced leaf browning more than control. Cite as Dhrumi Patel, Rachana Suthar, & Hiteshkumar A. Solanki. (2021). Chemical preservation for increasing shelf life of Chrysanthemum indicum L. cut flower. Research and Reviews: Journal of Environmental Sciences, 3(1), 1–7. http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4668605

Biological and molecular characterization of tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) infecting Chrysanthemum in India

Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) infecting chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora L.) has been identified as a major constraint for chrysanthemum cut-flower industries in Southern India. The disease symptoms include veinal necrosis, necrotic spots on leaves, deformed flowers, and stem necrosis. The presence of TSWV in chrysanthemum plants collected from farms at Kotagiri, Nedugula, and Yercaud in Tamil Nadu State, India, was confirmed by the triple antibody sandwich-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (TAS-ELISA). The pathogenicity of TSWV was established for three isolates (TN1KO, TN2NE, and TN3YE) by mechanical inoculation of sap into chrysanthemum cuttings. Host range experiments in different host plants indicated that the isolates expressed symptoms typical of TSWV in all hosts assayed. Furthermore, Nicotiana tabacum L. had maximum virus titre among the tested host plants, and therefore was identified as the best indicator and the propagative host. The nucleocapsid (N) gene of the three studied isolates shared 99.2–100% identity at the amino acid level among themselves and 96.5–99.6% identity with reference TSWV isolates. The non-structural movement protein (NSm) gene of studied isolates shared 99.0% identity among themselves and 96.0%–100% identity at the amino acid level with reference TSWV isolates. The phylogenetic relationship analyzed based on the amino acid sequence identity of the N gene revealed that the studied isolate clustered as a single group with all the TSWV isolates taken for comparison. However, analysis based on the NSm gene indicated that the Indian isolates grouped with isolates from South Korea, the USA, Italy, Spain, and Australia.

Hydrogen Sulfide Improves the Vase Life and Quality of Cut Roses and Chrysanthemums

Recent studies indicate that hydrogen sulfide (H2S) plays various physiological roles in plants. However, whether H2S participates in the postharvest senescence in cut flowers remains unknown. In this study, the regulatory roles of H2S during the senescence of cut roses (Rosa hybrida L.) and chrysanthemums (Dendranthema morifolium Ramat.) were investigated. The results showed that compared with the control (distilled water), the 50 μM sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS) treatment, a H2S donor, extended the vase life of cut roses to 9.3 days and their flower diameter also showed an increment of 22.7% after 4 days treatment. Treatments with 30 μM NaHS significantly prolonged the vase life of cut chrysanthemums to 8.87 days and the flower diameter was 13.21% longer than the control on day 6. Additionally, results also indicated that a 30 or 50 μM NaHS treatment effectively decreased the rate of fresh weight changes and O2− production and H2O2 content, increased the levels of soluble sugar, soluble protein, anthocyanin and carotenoid, and enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase) of cut roses and chrysanthemums in comparison with the control, implying that H2S might be involved in regulating the osmotic balance, antioxidant system and the degradation of nutrient and pigments. Altogether, H2S at proper doses might play an important role in improving the longevity and quality of cut roses and chrysanthemums by maintaining water balance, reducing the degradation of pigments and nutrient and enhancing antioxidant capacity.

Oxygen Consumption by Phalaenopsis Plantlets and Chrysanthemum Cuttings as a Function of Temperature and Time: Model Structure Validation

Phalaenopsis spp. and Chrysanthemum are ornamentals with an important economic value. Currently, quality loss during storage and transport of plantlets and cuttings is a limiting factor for spreading the workload, broadening the export range, and the use of slower but more environmentally friendly transport. In the agro-food sector, equilibrium modified atmosphere packaging has enhanced the shelf-life of minimally processed produce. The required properties for an equilibrium modified atmosphere packaging system can be estimated from the respiration rate of the packaged commodity under specified atmospheric composition and storage temperature. In this work, a model structure is validated to estimate the respiration rate as a function of oxygen concentration and temperature for Phalaenopsis and Chrysanthemum. The oxygen concentration as a function of time was monitored in a closed system for different storage temperatures. The models show a good fit to the data. The model coefficients were dependent on the plant species and characteristics. The resulting formulae can be used to estimate the oxygen consumption rate of the produce under a range of oxygen concentrations and a temperature range from 15 °C to 32 °C for Phalaenopsis and from 2 °C to 14 °C for Chrysanthemum. The oxygen concentrations for which the formulae are valid depend on the storage temperature and plant species. The models can be used to estimate a dynamic oxygen consumption rate profile during storage and transport.

Utilization of environmentally friendly essential oils on enhancing the postharvest characteristics of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat cut flowers

Chrysanthemum is one of the most consumed and most valuable cut flowers worldwide. In this study, the effectiveness of three concentrations of either thyme oil (300,400 and 500 mg/l) or clove oil (150,250 and 500 mg/l) as additives in holding the postharvest solutions of chrysanthemum ‘‘Arctic Queen White’’ cut flowers were investigated. The experiments were carried out as a completely randomized design in three replicates. Many postharvest characteristics have been evaluated, such as the vase life of cut flowers, diameters of head flowers and stem, dry matter of flowers, total vase water uptake, total loss of water, relative fresh weight. Additionally, the chlorophyll contents, total sugar, and bacterial counts were determined. The results showed that the longest vase life of cut chrysanthemum was 36.50, 33.40 days, and 35.88, 31.33 days by addition of either the thyme oil (500 mg/l) or clove oil (250 mg/l) in holding solution as compared with distilled water (18.09 and 17.22 days) in both seasons. The highest total vase water uptake and relative fresh weight were (225.00, 211.05 g/flower/day) and (79.89, 70.37 %) of cut chrysanthemum treated with 500 mg/l thyme oil in both seasons. Whereas the lowest total water loss in the two seasons was 155.11 and 156.60 g/flower/day was found with 400 mg/l thyme oil. The greatest chlorophyll a, b, carotenoids, and total sugar contents obtained from treated cut chrysanthemum with 500 mg/l thyme oil (6.89, 2.37, 5.99 mg/g, and 0.88 mg/gm D.W, respectively). Furthermore, the treatment of cut flowers with selected oils has significantly decreased the bacterial growth compared to the control. Whereas the minimum bacterial activities were <1 C.F.U/ml with cut chrysanthemum fortified with 500 mg/l thyme and clove oils. Moreover, the superlative treatments with thyme (500 mg/l) and clove (250 mg/l) showed a prime state of xylem vessels comparable with the control.thus, the usage (addition) of thyme and clove oils as a natural preservative in holding solutions instead of chemicals would be of great economic and environmental impact (Values).

Effect of pulsing solutions and durations on post-harvest life of cut chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora Tzvelev.)

Effect of pulsing solutions and durations on post-harvest life of cut chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora Tzvelev.)

Comparison of Environment, Growth, and Management Performance of the Standard Cut Chrysanthemum ‘Jinba’ in Conventional and Smart Farms

Comparison of Environment, Growth, and Management Performance of the Standard Cut Chrysanthemum ‘Jinba’ in Conventional and Smart Farms

Comparison of Growth Conditions of Cut Spray &lt;i&gt;Chrysanthemum&lt;/i&gt; in Smart Farm and Greenhouse

The yield and quality of cut flowers (Chrysanthemum) in a conventional greenhouse and a smart farm were assessed. The two sites were compared in terms of facilities, soils, and growth conditions. The three cultivars of cut spray chrysanthemums used in this study were ‘Abishag’, ‘Ford’, and ‘Henna’. The smart farm was equipped with 16 automatic sensor channels for monitoring temperature, humidity, CO2, nutri-culture solution, air flow, and light. Fog spray devices were used in the smart farm but not in the greenhouse, where temperature was lowered by opening side windows for ventilation. We found that cut chrysanthemums of excellent quality are produced in the smart farm, due to the uniform environment year-round. The chrysanthemum crop was harvested at the smart farm 3.5 times per year and produced an average of 129 plants/m2 annually, in one year, which is an improvement over the conventional greenhouse, in which the crop was harvested 3 times per year, yielding 91 crops/m2 annuallyin 1 year. The smart farm has an appropriate amount of organic matter and pH; however, the greenhouse has high organic matter. The electrical conductivity in the smart farm was 3.8 times higher than the corresponding value in the greenhouse. The three varieties grown on the smart farm were all superior to the greenhouse plants in terms of plant height, number of leaves, and stem diameter. On the other hand, chlorophyll content tended to be higher in the greenhouse plants. Through these results, we found that cut chrysanthemums of commercially excellent quality are produced in the smart farm, due to the uniform environment year-round using smart-farming system.

Discrimination of Floral Scents in &lt;i&gt;Chrysanthemum morifolium&lt;/i&gt; Cultivars using Electronic Nose

The aim of the present study was to investigate the differences in volatile profiles among different Korean chrysanthemum cultivars grown as cut flowers. To optimize a method for sampling and comparing scents, the scents were evaluated by electronic nose (E-nose) at different flowering stages and in different organs and cultivars. The values of maximum resistance changes of metal oxide semiconductor sensors and relative aroma intensity were highest at flowering stage III (full flower stage of ray florets and initial opening disc florets) among different stages and in disc florets among different floral organs of cut chrysanthemums. Among the 12 chrysanthemum cultivars, the highest values for response change and relative aroma intensity were observed in the flowers of the ‘Ilweol’ cultivar. To compare scent patterns among the cultivars, E-nose sensor data was subjected to multivariate statistical analysis. Principal component analysis and discriminant function analysis of the volatile metabolic profile data indicated that chrysanthemum samples were clearly discriminated in a cultivar-dependent manner. These results show that different cultivars are characterized by distinct volatile profiles. Hierarchical cluster analysis showed that the 12 chrysanthemum cultivars were separated into 3 main groups according to the relationship of volatile profiles; however, chrysanthemum cultivars were not clustered according to the flower shape. We propose that these results could be used as the basis on which to improve the breeding of cut chrysanthemums based on volatile characteristics.

Somaclonal Variation in Chrysanthemum × morifolium Protoplast Regenerants.

Chrysanthemum × morifolium protoplasts were isolated and regenerated to assess possible protoclonal variation in the regenerants. After a preliminary screening of the potential of different regeneration systems for protoplast regeneration, we produced a series of cut chrysanthemum ‘Arjuna’ leaf protoplast regenerants through liquid culture. Regenerants (54) were vegetatively propagated and grown under a commercial production system in 2 different seasons. All screened regenerants were significantly affected with regard to either flower number, flower size, flower weight, leaf weight, stalk weight, or plant size. A significant plant size reduction in 43/52 and 48/49 regenerants for both seasons was the most recorded effect. Also a reduction in flowering induction time up to 10 days, altered flower types and colors were observed. Differences between growing seasons were notable. Possible molecular backgrounds including genome size variation and commercial applications in breeding of chrysanthemum are discussed.