Chronic Non-specific Lung Disease Research Articles

Exercise and Training in Chronic Non-specific Lung Disease (CSNLD)

Exercise and Training in Chronic Non-specific Lung Disease (CSNLD)

Pulmonary gas exchange in patients with chronic nonspecific lung diseases

The results of the study of the relationship of all indicators of pulmonary gas exchange in 188 patients with chronic nonspecific lung diseases with obstructive process are presented. It is shown that the cause of respiratory insufficiency and arterial hypoxemia in these diseases are violations of ventilation-diffusion-perfusion relations.

Bronchial obstructive reactions after inhalation with endotoxin and precipitinogens of Haemophilus influenzae in patients with chronic non-specific lung disease.

Bronchial obstructive reactions occur after inhalation of Haemophilus influenzae in the absence of proteolytic activity in patients with CNLSD and a lowered histamine threshold in whom specific precipitins are demonstrated. It may be presumed, that the direct bronchial reaction is caused by its content of endotoxin, whereas the late bronchial reaction is the result of a toxic action and a type III allergic reaction. When proteolytic activity is present it lowers the histamine threshold and may influence the endotoxin effect in this way.

On the classification of chronic inflammatory nonspecific lung disease

On the pages of the Kazan Medical Journal, the issues of the classification of chronic pneumonia are again discussed as a discussion. It should be emphasized that the proposed classifications do not relate to chronic pneumonia in a collective sense, as envisaged by the Minsk (1964) and Tbilisi (1972) classifications, which have been seriously criticized. We are talking about chronic pneumonia, as a strictly localized recurrent inflammatory process in the bronchopulmonary system, characterized not only by localization (in a lobe or segment), but also by variants of the course (rare or frequent exacerbations, continuously recurrent course), the phase of the pathological process (exacerbation, remission) , the degree of disease activity in the exacerbation phase (pronounced or moderate exacerbation, sluggish process).

Socio-medical aspects of chronic non-specific lung disease (C.N.S.L.D.)

Three-hundred-and-eighty-three men aged 20–50 years and suffering from chronic non-specific lung disease were interviewed. A questionnaire with 163 questions was used to obtain detail of their illness and their social, environmental and working conditions. Correlation between the answers were used to identify factors related to severity of symptoms. Mildewed houses, smoking and occupational exposure to chemical vapours were among the factors identified. The illness seemed to take a more favourable course among those who were investigated at an early age.

The British-Norwegian Migrant Study -- Analysis of Parameters of Mortality Differentials Associated with Angina

The prevalence of selected cardiorespiratory symptoms was ascertained by a common mail questionnaire for 73,884 men and women in the United States, Great Britain and Norway. The study groups were identified in the early 1960's and included 30,033 British and Norwegian migrants to the United States and 43,851 non-migrants who resided in Great Britain and Norway. The main study objectives were to contrast the morbidity and mortality experience of the migrant and non-migrant groups in the light of known national differences in mortality from cardiorespiratory diseases in the early 1960's. At that time, the U.S. had the highest death rates from coronary heart disease while Great Britain had the highest rates for lung cancer and for chronic non-specific lung disease. Norway had the lowest rates for all three rubrics. The prevalence of "angina" and other symptoms was ascertained for each of the study groups. Contrary to expectation, angina was reported much more frequently by persons remaining in Britain and Norway than by migrants to the United States. Mortality rates during the five years and responding to the symptoms questionnaire were determined and mortality patterns were evaluated according to the presence or absence of angina. Angina was found to be a strong predictor of cardiovascular mortality. In the absence of angina, it was observed that migrants had similar mortality rates to non-migrants regardless of country of origin. However, the British had higher mortality rates from cardiovascular and from non-cardiovascular causes than the Norwegians. The primary determinant of angina prevalence was found to be migration status. It is believed that this differential was determined primarily by selection of those who migrate, with the migrants to the U.S. being a healthier group than their counterparts remaining in the native country.

Longterm Exposure to Air Pollution and Decline in VC and FEV1: Recent Results from a Longitudinal Epidemiologic Study in the Netherlands

A longitudinal epidemiologic investigation on effects of air pollution on chronic nonspecific lung disease (CNSLD) has been conducted in the Dutch municipalities of Vlagtwedde and Vlaardingen. Vlagtwedde is situated in the east of the province of Groningen; it is a rural area without any industrial air pollution. Vlaardingen is a town of around 80,000 inhabitants situated on the northern side of the Nieuwe Waterweg (a branch of the Rhine river) near its entry into the North Sea. The town is polluted by a concentration of oil refineries on the south and southwest side of the river.

Identification of patients with chronic nonspecific lung diseases by mass questioning

For early detection of patients with chronic lung diseases, we used a simple and publicly available questionnaire proposed by Professor G.A. Smirnov. 527 railway workers (355 men and 172 women), who are under the supervision of a road clinic, were interviewed. The survey was carried out simultaneously with mass fluorography, which made it possible to reduce the time spent by respondents and medical personnel to a minimum.

Pulmonary Gas Exchange in Patients with Acquired Heart Diseases and Chronic Nonspecific Pulmonary Diseases

In 294 patients with circulatory insufficiency due to rheumatic heart defects and in 188 patients with respiratory failure resulting from chronic nonspecific lung diseases, a comparative study of ventilation, ventilation-perfusion relations, diffusion capacity of the lungs, blood gases and acid-base balance was carried out.

Features of the course of chronic nonspecific lung disease in young patients

The data of long-term follow-up of 130 patients who suffered in childhood with protracted (32) and chronic (98) pneumonia are presented. When examined at the age of 14-30, 23 people were recognized as healthy, in 107 chronic nonspecific lung diseases were revealed, in the formation and course of which viral and bacterial pneumonia transferred in childhood, pathology of pregnancy and childbirth in the mother, tuberculous bronchoadenitis were important; smoking and unfavorable living conditions contributed to the development of severe forms of bronchitis.

Pharmacodynamics of sulfalene

The pharmacodynamics of sulfalene was studied. When administered to patients with chronic nonspecific lung diseases, 1 g on the first day and 0.2 g in the next 6 days, the drug circulates in the blood and is excreted in the urine throughout the entire course of treatment, after it continues to circulate in the blood for 6-9 days and is released with urine for 9-11 days. After a single dose of 2 g, it circulates in the blood for 6-7 days and is excreted in the urine for 6-9 days.

Chronical bronchitis

The modern views on the etiology and pathogenesis of chronic bronchitis, the most common form of chronic nonspecific lung diseases, are presented. On the basis of long-term observations and generalization of the latest literature data, the features of the clinical course of this disease are characterized. Methods of diagnosis and treatment are described.

Effects of NO2 on chronic bronchitics.

The acute influence of NO2 on mechanics of breathing and respiratory gas exchange was investigated in a total of 111 subjects, aged 25 to 74 years, with chronic nonspecific lung disease (CNSLD). They breathed NO2-air mixtures containing 0.5 to 8.0 ppm NO2 for up to 15 to 60 min. Additionally in nine subjects the protective action of atropine, meclastine, and orciprenaline was investigated. While the alveolar PO2 remained constant during inhalation of 5 and 4 ppm NO2, a significant decrease of the arterial PO2 and a corresponding increase of the arterial to alveolar PO2 gradients occurred. Inhalation of 2 ppm NO2 had not such an effect. Inhalation of NO2 at concentrations down to 1.5 ppm resulted in a significant increase of airway resistance. Lower concentrations had no significant effect. Prolongation of the exposure period from 15 to 60 min at a NO2 concentration of 5 ppm did not result in a more pronounced disturbance of the respiratory gas exchange for oxygen beyond the extent observed after exposure to 5 ppm NO2 for 15 min. Meclastine, in comparison with orciprenaline and atropine, showed a pronounced protective effect on the negative impact of NO2 on respiratory gas exchange and airway resistance. It is concluded that NO2 may act by release of histamine, causing a bronchiolar, alveolar, and interstitial edema, thus differing from irritant air pollutants like SO2, where reflex bronchoconstriction causes in some bronchitics dramatic increases of airway resistance at similar low concentrations.

Total serum IgE levels in normals and patients with chronic non-specific lung diseases.

Total serum IgE was measured, using a sensitive sandwich method, in a healthy control population, in healthy persons with a familial history of chronic non-specific lung disease and in patients with chronic non-specific lung disease (CNSLD). In the control population a median total serum IgE of 39 I.U./ml was found. Total serum IgE levels were significantly lower in women that in men. Healthy persons with a familial history of CNSLD had significantly increased total IgE levels compared with the control population. The IgE level was even higher in the group of patients with CNSLD. The presence of specific IgE antibodies and/or an early onset of the symptoms of CNSLD was accompanied by higher total serum IgE levels compared with the IgE values in the other CNSLD patients. But the total IgE levels were increased in all subgroups of CNSLD patients. A significant decrease of the IgE level with age was observed in CNSLD patients.

Chronic nonspecific lung disease and alcohol consumption

The relationship of the symptoms and signs of chronic nonspecific lung disease and alcohol consumption was studied in a group of 763 male workers aged 20–59, mean age 37 years. The effects of concurrent smoking habit and age were also considered. The results obtained indicate that in addition to being associated with the use of tobacco and age, respiratory symptoms and ventilatory impairment are also related to alcohol consumption. This is particularly true for the syndrome of chronic bronchitis.

Lung function and immunological changes in poultry breeders.

The results of the study of 61 persons occupationally exposed to the inhalation of dust from waste materials in chicken breeding are presented. The subjects were divided into three groups: 1. females in permanent exposure, 2. males in permanent exposure, 3. males in intermittent exposure. The following examinations were performed: case histories with special reference to symptoms of allergic alveolitis and/or chronic nonspecific lung disease, testing of skin hypersensitivity to allergens prepared from material collected in working places, blood analysis for the precipitins against chicken dropping and cock serum, testing of ventilatory lung function including measurements of residual volume, and testing of lung diffusion capacity. A very high prevalence of positive early and late skin reaction was found with no large differences between different groups of subjects. The highest percentage of precipitins was found in permanently exposed women. FVC, FEV1 and MEF 25% values were significantly lower than predicted normal values. A statistically significant increase of the residual volume was recorded in all subjects in permanent exposure. Lung diffusion capacity in all the subjects was normal. The prevalence of acute respiratory symptoms indicative of allergic alveolitis was significantly higher in subjects in permanent than in those in intermittent exposure.

Respiratory abnormalities and ventilatory capacity in a Papua New Guinea Island community.

On Karkar Island, off the coast of Papua New Guinea, 87 per cent of the 1,026 resident adults of 3 villages were surveyed for respiratory abnormalities. The prevalence of abnormalities suggestive of chronic lung disease was similar for each sex and increased with age. After 35 years of age, the combined rates were: adventitious breath sounds, 29 per cent; positive loose cough sign, 33 per cent; chronic cough, 11 per cent; and shortness of breath on exertion, 12 per cent. All of these abnormalities were associated with an obstructive ventilatory defect. Smoking began in late adolescence and was established in more than 90 per cent of both sexes by 25 years of age. Most persons smoked a home-grown variety of Nicotiana tabacum. The nonsmoking group was too small to allow adequate comparison; but among smokers, inhalation was related to both respiratory abnormalities and reduced lung function. The prevalence of respiratory abnormalities appeared to be at least as high as in some developed western societies, despite the fact that smoking habits resembled those of cigar smokers elsewhere, and that atmospheric and occupational exposures were absent. Among persons more than 35 years of age, 4 per cent had a history of pulmonary tuberculosis, and 5 per cent showed evidence of localized lung disease in a 70-mm chest radiograph. The predominant condition resembled the chronic nonspecific lung disease of developed societies. Unless this population is unusually susceptible to the effect of cigar-type smoking, other etiologic factors must be considered. These might include repeated acute chest infections, the indirect effects of pulmonary tuberculosis, larval migrations of intestinal parasites, or impaired host response as a result of poor nutrition. A wide spectrum of severity coexisted with a uniform environment and smoking pattern, which suggests that individual susceptibility is important.

Quantitative assessment of chronic non-specific lung disease at necropsy. Report by Panel on Pathology of the Medical Research Council Committee on Research into Chronic Bronchitis, April 1972.

Quantitative assessment of chronic non-specific lung disease at necropsy. Report by Panel on Pathology of the Medical Research Council Committee on Research into Chronic Bronchitis, April 1972.

Lung function tests and a 'vertical' P wave axis in the electrocardiogram.

<b>Chapman, T. T. (1974).</b><i>Thorax</i>, <b>29</b>, 106-109. <b>Lung function tests and a `vertical9 P wave axis in the electrocardiogram.</b> The relationship between a vertical P wave axis and impaired lung function was studied in 1,144 patients with chronic non-specific lung disease. There was a significant relationship between a vertical P wave axis and reduction in forced expiratory volume (FEV₁), FEV₁ as a percentage of vital capacity (FEV₁%VC), residual volume (RV), and transfer factor (TF); this relationship was closest in the case of the FEV₁%VC. There was no significant correlation between P wave axis and the forced inspiratory volume (FIV₁).

Epidemiological investigations in the Netherlands into the influence of smoking and atmospheric pollution on respiratory symptoms and lung function disturbances.

Results of epidemiological cross-sectional studies of chronic non-specific lung diseases (CNSLD) in the Netherlands suggest that the exogenous factors smoking and atmospheric pollution have an effect on chronic production of phlegm. These factors seemed to have no effect on bronchial obstruction, except in one subgroup of men, in whom there was a relationship between the exogenous factors and the prevalence of dyspnoea, although no relationship was found between these factors and impairment of FEV1. The implications of the findings are discussed.