Chronic Kidney Disease Dataset Research Articles

Efficient classification of chronic kidney disease by using multi‐kernel support vector machine and fruit fly optimization algorithm

AbstractIn recent days, the gigantic generation of medical data from smart healthcare applications requires the development of big data classification methodologies. Medical data classification can be utilized for visualizing the hidden patterns and finding the presence of disease from the medical data. In this article, we present an efficient multi‐kernel support vector machine (MKSVM) and fruit fly optimization algorithm (FFOA) for disease classification. Initially, FFOA is employed to choose the finest features from the available set of features. The selected features from the medical dataset are processed and provided to the MKSVM for medical data classification purposes. The proposed chronic kidney disease (CKD) classification method has been simulated in MATLAB. Next, testing of the dataset takes place using the own benchmark CKD dataset from UCI machine learning repositories such as Kidney chronic, Cleveland, Hungarian, and Switzerland. The performance of the proposed CKD classification method is elected by accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, false positive rate, and false negative rate. The investigational outcome specifies that the proposed CKD classification method achieves maximum classification precision value of 98.5% for chronic kidney dataset, 90.42904% for Cleveland, 89.11565% for Hungarian, and 86.17886% for Switzerland dataset than existing hybrid kernel SVM, fuzzy min‐max GSO neural network, and SVM methods.

New Method Based Pre-Processing to Tackle Missing and High Dimensional Data of CRISP-DM Approach

The kidneys are one of the most important organs including the excretion system in humans. The kidneys are responsible for maintaining blood concentrations to remain constant (homeostatic) and help to control blood pressure (BP). If the task of the kidney is not functioning properly it will cause kidney failure. In the past decade, data mining methods have been used to diagnose kidney failure. The dataset used to predict kidney failure was successfully summarized by Soundarapandian, and was named the Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) dataset. But the data in the CKD dataset contains missing value and high dimension data (original data) so that it affects the evaluation results on classification. This research proposes methods in preprocessing data, namely modus in every class (MEC) method to solve missing value problems, and the weight information gain (WIG) method for solving high dimensional data problems, the proposed method is named the MEC + WIG method. The MEC + WIG method will be compared with the original method and the MEC method and evaluated based on the accuracy of the traditional classification method (k-NN, Naïve Bayes, C4.5, and CART). The results showed that the average accuracy of the MEC + WIG method was better than the original method and the MEC method, with the average accuracy of the MEC + WIG method at 98.13%, while the average value of the accuracy of the original method and MEC respectively amounting to 88.56% and 92.88%. There were significant differences between the three methods when tested using Friedman test with a p-value of 0.02. It can be concluded that the MEC + WIG method can improve the performance of traditional methods k-NN, Naive Bayes, C4.5 and CART by overcoming the problem of missing value and data high dimension.

An Effect of Machine Learning Based Classification Algorithms on Chronic Kidney Disease

In the recent days, the prediction models of chronic kidney disease (CKD) becomes significant in the area of decision making which is helpful in healthcare systems. Because of large amount of medical data, efficient models are required to obtain precise results and data classification algorithms can be employed to detect the presence of CKD. Recently, various machine learning (ML) dependent on data classifier technique is presented for forecasting CKD. Since numerous classification algorithms for CKD prediction exist, there is a need to investigate the prediction performance of these algorithms. This paper propose a comparative analysis of 4 data classifier technique such as deep learning (DL), decision tree (DT), random forest (RF) and random tree (RT). The process of classification technique is analyzed with the help of reputed CKD dataset attained from UCI repository. From the simulation outcomes, it is evident that the DL method achieved optimal classifier action with respect to various namely accuracy, precision and recall.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Multi-disease prediction model using improved SVM-radial bias technique in healthcare monitoring system

In this digital world, data is an asset, and enormous data was generating in all the fields. Data in the healthcare industry consists of patient information and disease-related information. This medical data and machine learning techniques will help us to analyse a large amount of data to find out the hidden patterns in the disease, to provide personalised treatment for the patient and also used to predict the disease. In this work, a general architecture has proposed for predicting the disease in the healthcare industry. This system was experimented using with reduced set features of Chronic Kidney Disease, Diabetes and Heart Disease dataset using improved SVM-Radial bias kernel method, and also this system has compared with other machine learning techniques such as SVM-Linear, SVM-Polynomial, Random forest and Decision tree in R studio. The performance of all these machine learning algorithms has evaluated with accuracy, misclassification rate, precision, sensitivity and specificity. From the experiment results, improved SVM-Radial bias kernel technique produces accuracy as 98.3%, 98.7% and 89.9% in Chronic Kidney Disease, Diabetes and Heart Disease dataset respectively.

Feature Selection Using Improved Teaching Learning Based Algorithm on Chronic Kidney Disease Dataset

Abstract Feature selection plays an important role in almost any data mining application especially in medical data mining to solve the problem of ‘curse of dimensionality’ and provide early diagnosis with relevant features and high accuracy. Innumerable feature selection methods have been presented in state-of-arts literature to tackle the problems of high dimensional data. Many evolutionary and swarm intelligence algorithms find solutions based on algorithm-specific control parameters. However, it is a challenging task to identify the optimal feature subset using a feature selection algorithm that is not dependent on the controlling parameters of an algorithm that is specific to a particular problem in hand. Hence, the present research work is based on the working principle of the original TLBO algorithm which does not require any algorithm-specific parameters. The proposed research work is known as Improved Teacher Learner Based Optimization (ITLBO) algorithm which aims to select the best feature subset based on Chebyshev distance formula in the evaluation of the fitness function and common control parameters viz., population size and number of generations to find the optimal feature subset for early diagnosis of chronic diseases. The proposed feature selection technique was applied to Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) dataset and has achieved a significant feature reduction of 36% compared to the feature reduction of 25 % obtained by applying the original TLBO algorithm. The derived optimal feature subset obtained from TLBO algorithm and feature subset obtained from ITLBO algorithm is validated by evaluating the accuracy of Support Vector Machine (SVM), Convolution Neural Networks (CNN) and Gradient Boosting classification algorithms. Experimental results reveal that there is an overall improvement of classification accuracy for the three algorithms for the derived feature subset from the proposed feature selection algorithm compared to the original TLBO algorithm.

A Machine Learning Methodology for Diagnosing Chronic Kidney Disease

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global health problem with high morbidity and mortality rate, and it induces other diseases. Since there are no obvious symptoms during the early stages of CKD, patients often fail to notice the disease. Early detection of CKD enables patients to receive timely treatment to ameliorate the progression of this disease. Machine learning models can effectively aid clinicians achieve this goal due to their fast and accurate recognition performance. In this study, we propose a machine learning methodology for diagnosing CKD. The CKD data set was obtained from the University of California Irvine (UCI) machine learning repository, which has a large number of missing values. KNN imputation was used to fill in the missing values, which selects several complete samples with the most similar measurements to process the missing data for each incomplete sample. Missing values are usually seen in real-life medical situations because patients may miss some measurements for various reasons. After effectively filling out the incomplete data set, six machine learning algorithms (logistic regression, random forest, support vector machine, k-nearest neighbor, naive Bayes classifier and feed forward neural network) were used to establish models. Among these machine learning models, random forest achieved the best performance with 99.75% diagnosis accuracy. By analyzing the misjudgments generated by the established models, we proposed an integrated model that combines logistic regression and random forest by using perceptron, which could achieve an average accuracy of 99.83% after ten times of simulation. Hence, we speculated that this methodology could be applicable to more complicated clinical data for disease diagnosis.

Computer-Aided Diagnosis of Chronic Kidney Disease in Developing Countries: A Comparative Analysis of Machine Learning Techniques

The high incidence and prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD), often caused by late diagnoses, is a critical public health problem, especially in developing countries such as Brazil. CKD treatment therapies, such as dialysis and kidney transplantation, increase the morbidity and mortality rates, besides the public health costs. This study analyses the usage of machine learning techniques to assist in the early diagnosis of CKD in developing countries. Qualitative and quantitative comparative analyses are, respectively, conducted using a systematic literature review and an experiment with machine learning techniques, with the k-fold cross-validation method based on the Weka © software and a CKD dataset. These analyses enable a discussion on the suitability of machine learning techniques for screening for CKD risk, focusing on low-income and hard-to-reach settings of developing countries, due to the specific problems faced by them, e.g., inadequate primary health care. The study results show that the J48 decision tree is a suitable machine learning technique for such screening in developing countries, due to the easy interpretation of its classification results, with 95.00% accuracy, reaching a nearly perfect agreement with an experienced nephrologist`s opinion. Conversely, random forest, naive Bayes, support vector machine, multilayer perceptron, and k-nearest neighbor techniques, respectively, yield 93.33%, 88.33%, 76.66%, 75.00%, and 71.67% accuracy, presenting at least moderate agreement with the nephrologist, at the cost of a more difficult interpretation of the classification results.

Density Based Feature Selection Method for Medical Datasets

High dimensional data are found in the medical domain that needs to be processed for improved data analysis. In order to deal with the curse of dimensionality, feature selection process is employed in almost all data mining applications. In this research work, Density based Feature Selection (DFS) method that ranks the features by finding the Probability Density Function (PDF) of each feature is applied to medical datasets that suffer from the curse of dimensionality. The DFS method is a filter based approach that selects the most discriminatory features from the given feature set. The feature selection method evaluates the importance of the feature with regard to the target class using density function. The DFS method has major advantages over other methods, since it is based on the ranking method to select the most discriminatory features from the whole feature set. This research work finds the best feature subset that can be used in prediction and classification of medical datasets imbibed with high dimensionality. The DFS method based on PDF is applied on the three medical datasets namely Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) dataset, Breast Cancer Wisconsin Dataset and Parkinsons Dataset. The proposed feature selection method evaluates the merit of each feature, assign weights to the feature and rank the features based on their feature density. The reduced feature subset is then validated by the application three classification algorithms namely Support Vector Machine (SVM), Gradient Boosting, and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). The performance of the classification algorithms are evaluated based on the performance metrics Accuracy, Sensitivity and Specificity. Experimental results indicate that the performance of the classification algorithms SVM, Gradient Boosting, and CNN is improved after the feature selection process.

Optimization of C4.5 algorithm using meta learning in diagnosing of chronic kidney diseases

The accuracy in diagnosing a disease is very important and crucial for the hospital institution. The big patient data can be processed into information to diagnose a disease. One of diseases can be diagnosed is chronic kidney disease. The existing data of chronic kidney disease patients can be used for data processing. Data processing is included in the process of data mining. One method that can be implemented to disease diagnosis, namely classification. The algorithm used in this research is decision tree namely C4.5 algorithm. It can be applied in classifying patient data. This study used Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) dataset. The purpose of this study is optimizing the accuracy of C4.5 algorithm by applying meta learning in diagnosing CKD by comparing the results before and after MultiboostAB and Bagging applied. The validation used 10 fold cross validation. The accuracy is measured by confusion matrix. The combination of C4.5 and MulitboostAB obtained 99.5% accuracy which increased 0.5% from accuracy of C4.5 standalone. Then, C4.5 and Bagging obtained 100% accuracy. The result of this research is the application of bagging on C4.5 algorithm is good in optimizing accuracy.

Improving Classifier Accuracy for diagnosing Chronic Kidney Disease Using Support Vector Machines

Preventing Chronic Kidney Disease has become one of the most intriguing task to the healthcare society. The major objective of this paper is to deal mainly with different classification algorithms namely NaiveBayes, Multi Layer Perceptron and Support Vector Machine. The work analyzes the Chronic Kidney Disease dataset taken from the machine learning repository of UCI. Pre-processing techniques such as missing value replacement, unsupervised discretization and normalization are applied to the Chronic Kidney Disease dataset to improve accuracy. Accuracy and time are the taken as the experimental outcomes of the classification models. The final conclusion states that Support Vector Machine implements much superior than all the other classification methods.

SVM Optimization Based on PSO and AdaBoost to Increasing Accuracy of CKD Diagnosis

Classification is data mining techniques which used for the purposes of diagnosis in the medical field as measured by the high accuracy produced. The accuracy of classification algorithm is influenced by the use of features and dimensions in dataset. In this study, Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) dataset was used where the data is one of the high dimension datasets. Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithm is used because its ability to handle high-dimensional data. In the dataset, it consists of 24 attributes and 1 class which if all are used results accuracy of classification will be diminished. Method for selecting features with Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is applied to reduce redundant features and produce optimal features. In addition, ensemble AdaBoost also applied in this research to increase performance of entirety classification algorithm. The results showed that the optimization of SVM algorithm by using PSO as a selection and ensemble feature of AdaBoost with an average of selected features of 18 features could increase the accuracy of 36.20% to 99.50% in the diagnosis of CKD compared to the SVM algorithm without optimization only resulting in accuracy 63.30%. This research can be used as a reference for further research in focusing on the preprocessing stage.

Combining a gravitational search algorithm, particle swarm optimization, and fuzzy rules to improve the classification performance of a feed-forward neural network

Background and objectiveA feed-forward neural network (FNN) is a type of artificial neural network that has been widely used in medical diagnosis, data mining, stock market analysis, and other fields. Many studies have used FNN to develop medical decision-making systems to assist doctors in clinical diagnosis. The aim of the learning process in FNN is to find the best combination of connection weights and biases to achieve the minimum error. However, in many cases, FNNs converge to the local optimum but not the global optimum. Using open disease datasets, the purpose of this study was to optimize the connection weights and biases of the FNN to minimize the error and improve the accuracy of disease diagnosis. MethodIn this study, the chronic kidney disease (CKD) and mesothelioma (MES) disease datasets from the University of California Irvine (UCI) machine learning repository were used as research objects. This study applied the FNN to learn the features of each datum and used particle swarm optimization (PSO) and a gravitational search algorithm (GSA) to optimize the weights and biases of the FNN classifiers based on the algorithms inspired by the observation of natural phenomena. Moreover, fuzzy rules were used to optimize the parameters of the GSA to improve the performance of the algorithm in the classifier. ResultsWhen applied to the CKD dataset, the accuracies of PSO and GSA were 99%. By using fuzzy rules to optimize the GSA parameter, the accuracy of fuzzy–GSA was 99.25%. The accuracies of the combined algorithms PSO–GSA and fuzzy–PSO–GSA reached 100%. In the MES disease dataset, all methods exhibited good performance with 100% accuracy. ConclusionsThis study used PSO, GSA, fuzzy–GSA, PSO–GSA, and fuzzy–PSO–GSA on CKD and MES disease datasets to identify the disease, and the performance of different algorithms was explored. Compared with other methods in the literature, our proposed method achieved higher accuracy

Chronic Kidney Disease Prediction by Using Different Decision Tree Techniques

Early detection and proper management of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) are solicited for augmenting survivability due to fact that CKD is one of the life-threatening diseases. The UCI’s CKD dataset which is selected for this study is consisting of attributes like age, blood pressure, specific grativity, albumin, sugar, red blood cells, plus cell, pus cell clumps, bacteria, blood glucose random, and blood urea. The main purpose of this work is to calculate the performance of various decision tree algorithm and compare their performance. The decision tree techniques used in this study are DecisionStump, HoeffdingTree, J48, CTC, J48graft, LMT, NBTree, RandomForest, RandomTree, REPTree, and SimpleCart. Hence, the results show that RandomForest serves the highest accuracy in identifying CKD.

Predictive Analytics of Chronic Kidney Disease using Machine Learning Algorithm

According to the health statistics of India on Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) a total of 63538 cases has been registered. Average age of men and women prone to kidney disease lies in the range of 48 to 70 years. CKD is more prevalent among male than among female. India ranks 17th position in CKD during 2015[1]. This paper focus on the predictive analytics architecture to analyse CKD dataset using feature engineering and classification algorithm. The proposed model incorporates techniques to validate the feasibility of the data points used for analysis. The main focus of this research work is to analyze the dataset of chronic kidney failure and perform the classification of CKD and Non CKD cases. The feasibility of the proposed dataset is determined through the Learning curve performance. The features which play a vital role in classification are determined using sequential forward selection algorithm. The training dataset with the selected features is fed into various classifier to determine which classifier plays a vital and accurate role in detection of CKD. The proposed dataset is classified using various Classification algorithms like Linear Regression(LR), Linear Discriminant Analysis(LDA), K-Nearest Neighbour(KNN), Classification and Regression Tree(CART), Naive Bayes(NB), Support Vector Machine(SVM), Random Forest(RF), eXtreme Gradient Boosting(XGBoost) and Ada Boost Regressor (ABR). It was found that for the given CKD dataset with 25 attributes of 11 Numeric and 14 Nominal the following classifier like LR, LDA, CART,NB,RF,XGB and ABR provides an accuracy ranging from 98% to 100% . The proposed architecture validates the dataset against the thumb rule when working with less number of data points used for classification and the classifier is validated against under fit, over fit conditions. The performance of the classifier is evaluated using accuracy and F-Score. The proposed architecture indicates that LR, RF and ABR provides a very high accuracy and F-Score.

Intelligent Diagnostic Prediction and Classification System for Chronic Kidney Disease

At present times, healthcare systems are updated with advanced capabilities like machine learning (ML), data mining and artificial intelligence to offer human with more intelligent and expert healthcare services. This paper introduces an intelligent prediction and classification system for healthcare, namely Density based Feature Selection (DFS) with Ant Colony based Optimization (D-ACO) algorithm for chronic kidney disease (CKD). The proposed intelligent system eliminates irrelevant or redundant features by DFS in prior to the ACO based classifier construction. The proposed D-ACO framework three phases namely preprocessing, Feature Selection (FS) and classification. Furthermore, the D-ACO algorithm is tested using benchmark CKD dataset and the performance are investigated based on different evaluation factors. Comparing the D-ACO algorithm with existing methods, the presented intelligent system outperformed the other methodologies with a significant improvisation in classification accuracy using fewer features.

Online clinical decision support system using optimal deep neural networks

The Internet of Health things (IoHT) has numerous applications in healthcare by integrating health monitoring things like sensors and medical devices for remotely observe patient’s records to provide smarter and intelligent medicare services. To avail best healthcare services to the users using the e-health applications, in this paper, we propose an IoT with cloud based clinical decision support system for the prediction and observance of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) with its level of severity. The proposed framework collects the patient data using the IoT devices attached to the user which will be stored in the cloud along with the related medical records from the UCI repository. Furthermore, we employ a Deep Neural Network (DNN) classifier for the prediction of CKD and its level of severity. A Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) based feature selection method is also used to improve the performance of DNN classifier. The proposed model is validated by employing the benchmark CKD dataset. Different classifiers are employed to compare the performance of the proposed model under several classification measures. The proposed DNN classifier alone predicts CKD with an accuracy of 98.25% and is further enhanced to 99.25 by PSO-FS method. At the same time, the improved classification performance is verified with higher values of 98.03 specificity, 99.25 accuracy, 99.39 F-score and 98.40 kappa value respectively.

Performance of Datamining Techniques in the Prediction of Chronic Kidney Disease

Data mining being an experimental science is very important especially in the health sector where we have large volumes of data. Since data mining is an experimental science, getting accurate predictions could be tasking. Getting maximum accuracy of each classifier is necessary. It is therefore important that the appropriate feature selection method should be selected. Feature selection is highly relevant in predictive analysis and should not be overlooked. It helps reduce the execution time and provide a more accurate and reliable result. Therefore, more researches on predictive analysis and how reliable these predictions are needs to be delved into. Application of data mining techniques in the health sector ensures that the right treatment is given to patients. This study was implemented using WEKA. This study is aimed at using 3 classifiers: multilayer perceptron, naive bayes and J48 decision tree in the prediction of chronic kidney disease dataset. The aim of this research is to evaluate the performance of the classifiers used based on the following metrics-accuracy, specificity, sensitivity, error rate and precision. Based on the performance metrics mentioned above, results shows that J48 decision tree gave the best result but naive bayes had the lowest execution time therefore making it the fastest classifier.

Machine Learning-Based Prediction System For Chronic Kidney Disease Using Associative Classification Technique

Technological development, including machine learning, has a huge impact on health through an effective analysis of various chronic diseases for more accurate diagnosis and successful treatment. Kidney disease is a major chronic disease associated with aging, hypertension, and diabetes, affecting people 60 and over. Its major cause is the malfunctioning of the kidney in disposing toxins from the blood. This study analyzes chronic kidney disease using machine learning techniques based on a chronic kidney disease (CKD) dataset from the UCI machine learning data warehouse. CKD is detected using the Apriori association technique for 400 instances of chronic kidney patients with 10-fold-cross-validation testing, and the results are compared across a number of classification algorithms including ZeroR, OneR, naive Bayes, J48, and IBk (k-nearest-neighbor). The dataset is preprocessed by completing and normalizing missing data. The most relevant features are selected from the dataset for improved accuracy and reduced training time. The results for selected features of the dataset indicate 99% detection accuracy for CKD based on Apriori. The identified technique is further tested using four patient data samples to predict their CKD.

Comparative Study of Classification Models with Genetic Search Based Feature Selection Technique

Feature selection plays a very important role to retrieve the relevant features from datasets and computationally improves the performance of a model. The objective of this study is to evaluate the most important features of a chronic kidney disease (CKD) dataset and diagnose the CKD problem. In this research work, the authors have used a genetic search with the Wrapper Subset Evaluator method for feature selection to increase the overall performance of the classification model. They have also used Bayes Network, Classification and Regression Tree (CART), Radial Basis Function Network (RBFN) and J48 classifier for classification of CKD and non-CKD data. The proposed genetic search based feature selection technique (GSBFST) selects the best features from CKD dataset and compares the performance of classifiers with proposed and existing genetic search feature selection techniques (FSTs). All classification models give the better result with proposed GSBFST as compared to without FST and existing genetic search FSTs.

Ensemble swarm behaviour based feature selection and support vector machine classifier for chronic kidney disease prediction

Kidney Disease and kidney failure is the one of the complicated and challenging health issues regarding human health. Without having any symptoms few diseases are detected in later stages which results in dialysis. Advanced excavating technologies can always give various possibilities to deal with the situation by determining important realations and associations in drilling down health related data. The prediction accuracy of classification algorithms depends upon appropriate Feature Selection (FS) algorithms decrease the number of features from collection of data. FS is the procedure of choosing the most relevant features, removing irrelevant features. To identify the Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD), Hybrid Wrapper and Filter based FS (HWFFS) algorithm is proposed to reduce the dimension of CKD dataset. Filter based FS algorithm is performed based on the three major functions: Information Gain (IG), Correlation Based Feature Selection (CFS) and Consistency Based Subset Evaluation (CS) algorithms respectively. Wrapper based FS algorithm is performed based on the Enhanced Immune Clonal Selection (EICS) algorithm to choose most important features from the CKD dataset. The results from these FS algorithms are combined with new HWFFS algorithm using classification threshold value. Finally Support Vector Machine (SVM) based prediction algorithm be proposed in order to predict CKD and being evaluated on the MATLAB platform. The results demonstrated with the purpose of the SVM classifier by using HWFFS algorithm provides higher prediction rate in the diagnosis of CKD when compared to other classification algorithms.