Chronic Emotional Stress Research Articles

The effect of chronic predatory stress on the histostructure of the rat liver

One of the topical issues of modern circulatory physiology is the study of the peculiarities of the influence of chronic emotional stress on the histostructure of the liver.Aim: To study changes in the histostructure of the liver in the simulation of chronic predatory stress.Methodology and Research Methods. The study was conducted on 60 male Wistar rats weighing 220–370 g, divided into control and experimental groups of 30 rats each. Modeling of chronic predatory stress was performed according to the method of V.E. Zeilikman et al. (2021). Histological examination of the liver was performed in animals of the control and experimental groups. The preparations were stained with hematoxylin-eosin.Results. Under conditions of chronic predatory stress, stress-induced changes develop in the liver of rats. Transformation of hepatocytes occurs with the development of dystrophic changes, expansion and fullness of sinusoidal capillaries with compression of hepatic beams and destruction of hepatic lobules, a decrease in the parenchymal-stromal ratio. Foci of foamy accumulation of macrophages appear without signs of necrosis, single or group apoptotic hepatocytes. Necrotic foci are formed. The number of Kupffer cells and binucleated hepatocytes increases.Conclusion. With chronic predatory stress, the processes of dystrophy, necrosis and apoptosis of hepatocytes, signs of phagocytosis and regenerative processes, and decreased immune protection develop in the liver of rats.

Results of a survey of medical students on key aspects of health preservation

Purpose: Study of the influence and assessment of risk factors for chronic non-infectious diseases in medical students through an online survey. Materials and methods: During the period from 03/19/24 to 04/08/24, an online survey was conducted at the Rostov State Medical University using the google platform. A group of 1232 people was formed, including students from 1st to 6th year of all faculties. The results of the survey were systematized and analyzed. Results: Вy analyzing the information received from respondents, several groups of risk factors for chronic NCDs were identified: 1. Sleep disturbances; 2. Indifference to compliance with healthy eating standards; 3. Susceptibility to chronic emotional stress. Conclusion: Based on the results of the study, risk factors for chronic non-diseases were identified among Rostov State Medical University students (the leading ones were: sleep disturbance, non-compliance with healthy eating standards, stress). It was also found that indicators such as physical activity and the presence of bad habits are not common risk factors in this group of respondents. From the above, we can conclude about the feasibility and importance of introducing preventive measures to increase the importance and significance of such aspects as healthy.

SÍNDROME BURNOUT: DESAFIOS E PERSPECTIVAS

The Burnout syndrome can be defined as one of the most striking consequences of professional stress in the area, being characterized as a reaction to chronic emotional stress generated from direct contact, excessive and stressful with work. This disease causes the person decrease the interest in the work, so that the relationships and events cease to matter and any personal effort seems useless. This article aims to review the scientific literature that addresses the burnout syndrome in nursing professionals, identifying its most important aspects. For screening was used selection of national and international publications with publication period between 1992 and 2012. The proposed study was considered important because it is a current issue that needs a design and implementation of strategies that can contribute to improving the quality of life in professional nursing daily, making the care/caring one-way street in the professional relationship X client health X organization. We conclude this research, there is a close relationship between burnout syndrome and the absence of life quality in professional.

Prosthetic stomatitis in patients with diabetes mellitus: correction of psycho-emotional stress

A high level of chronic emotional stress affects the occurrence and increases the severity of diseases of the oral mucosa and internal pathology. The aim of the work is to increase the effectiveness of the treatment of prosthetic stomatitis in patients with diabetes mellitus against the background of psycho-emotional stress by correcting it. To objectify the state of psycho-emotional stress, in 2005-2015 and in 2022 psychological testing was carried out by the D. Taylor method on 230 people aged 19-70 years, among whom 85 patients were diagnosed with diabetes mellitus – the main group; 145 people were without internal diseases – two control groups. General examination and treatment of patients of the main group – 46 women and 39 men aged 19-70 years was carried out by endocrinologists according to the relevant protocols. Dental examination and treatment of prosthetic stomatitis was carried out in 12 patients with diabetes mellitus who had a high level of general anxiety according to the D. Taylor method. Own method of treatment: after the correction of the prosthesis, sanitation of the oral cavity, applications of thiotriazoline 2% ointment, a course of 7-10 days on the areas of the prosthetic bed, most often subject to trauma were prescribed. For general therapy, an additional stress-protective drug which corrects psycho-emotional stress in patients with diabetes mellitus was prescribed, thiotriazoline, orally, for 30 days. In patients of the main group, a high level of general personal anxiety was recorded in 21.63% of respondents and an average level with a tendency to high – in 54.29%. In many cases, the dentist should know the level of the patient's psycho-emotional stress in order to justify an individual approach to therapeutic measures and maintenance therapy in the choice of drugs and methods. The proposed method of treatment of prosthetic stomatitis has an individual approach, includes the stress-protective drug thiotriazoline, which corrects psycho-emotional stress, allowing to achieve a stable remission of the disease.

DEPENDENCE OF CARDIOTROPHIN-1 ON BIOCHEMICAL AND HORMONAL FACTORS IN PATIENTS WITH COMORBID PATHOLOGY: ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION, DIABETES MELLITUS TYPE 2 AND OBESITY

The prevalence of arterial hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus (type 2 DM), and obesity is constantly increasing worldwide. Today, a complex of factors, which primarily include chronic emotional stress, pandemics of infectious diseases, military conflicts, have led to a significant increase in chronic non-communicable diseases. The aim of the study. To determine the dependence of Cardiotrophin-1 on a number of biochemical and hormonal indicators in patients with arterial hypertension, type 2 DM, and obesity, representatives of the Ukrainian population. Materials and methods. The study included 211 patients aged 49 to 65 years, who were divided into groups depending on the pathology: patients with arterial hypertension – 49 persons, Group I; patients with arterial hypertension in combination with class 1 obesity – 54 persons, Group 2; patients with arterial hypertension in combination with type 2 DM – 57 persons, Group 3; patients with arterial hypertension, type 2 DM, class 1 obesity – 51 persons, Group 4; as well as 20 persons – the Control group. Determination of the content of Cardiotrophin-1, catestatin, leptin, cystatin C, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), N-terminal brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), 25-OH of common vitamin D (Vitamin D3), blood levels was carried out by enzyme immunoassay on Labline-90 analyzer (Austria), using commercial test systems manufactured by FineTest (ELISA, China), BT LAB (ELISA, China), DBC (ELISA, China), Elabscience (ELISA, Canada), Monobind Inc. (ELISA, USA). Statistical data analysis was performed, using the statistical software package Statistica, 12 (Stat Soft Inc, USA), Microsoft Office Excel 2013. Data are shown as mean (M) and standard deviations (δ). An error of less than 5% was considered to be significant (p<0.05). Stepwise regression analysis was used to determine the extent of exposure of the studied indicators to the CTF-1 level, with its effectiveness assessed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results. Thus, the study indicates that comorbid patients with arterial hypertension, type 2 DM, and obesity are predicted to develop complications from the cardiovascular system and Cardiotrophin-1 is a marker of their development. In the examined patients as a whole, the level of Cardiotrophin-1 is closely related to the peptide-hormonal complex: catestatin, leptin, cystatin C, brain natriuretic peptide, and lipocalin associated with neutrophil gelatinase. Conclusions: The serum concentration of Cardiotrophin-1 in patients with arterial hypertension increases significantly in a progression with the rate of accession of comorbid pathology and its severity. The Cardiotrophin-1 level in patients with comorbid pathology is affected by catestatin, leptin, cystatin C, NT-pro BNP, as well as the level of triglycerides, HDL-C, creatinine, and BMI. Cardiotrophin-1 can be considered as a universal biomarker for the development and progression of cardiovascular disorders in patients with comorbid pathology of arterial hypertension, type 2 DM, and obesity.

Development and implementation of Yu.V. Moikin's ideas about professional stress (analytical review)

According to the International Labor Organization, 50–60% of all lost working days are associated with work-related stress. Back in the late 80s, early 90s of the last century, Yu.V. Moikin emphasized that labor physiologists face the need to identify psychophysiological and neurophysiological mechanisms of transition from the norm to the occurrence of nervous overstrain under the influence of chronic emotional stress. Currently, it is possible to recognize the fact that the prolonged influence of hormones of the pituitary-adrenal, sympathoadrenal, thyroid systems involved in the development of stress reactions and causing changes in lipid, carbohydrate, electrolyte metabolism and other metabolic processes in the body leads to the development of diseases. Stress-limiting systems, including GABAergic, opioid, dopaminergic, serotonergic, protect the body from the excessive influence of stress factors. The interface between the stress-implementing and stress-limiting systems is genetically determined. The modern concept of occupational stress suggests the need to analyze both external factors and individual characteristics that play an important role in the development of stress reactions and their fixation in the form of stable negative manifestations. The analysis of the genetic correspondence of an individual to the position and the nature of the work performed will contribute to the optimal realization of professional skills and abilities of a person.

Влияние профессиональной деятельности сотрудников органов внутренних дел на стрессоустойчивость и психофизиологические процессы организма

The specific features of the activity of ATS employees have a significant impact on the personal and psychophysiological characteristics of individuals and can lead to the development of maladaptive States. Employees subject to emotional instability, chronic emotional stress causes changes in the personality structure, manifested in the strengthening of accentuation, deviant behavior, the occurrence of professional deformation. The study was conducted among the employees of the internal Affairs bodies, in the amount of 708 people sent to the Center for psychological diagnosis, for the purpose of psychoprophylactic examination. When assessing the reserves of mental and psychophysiological stability of employees, the reference criterion was the length of service in the internal Affairs bodies. The following psychodiagnostic methods were used: lüscher color test, the method of assessing the overall intellectual development of the “CAT”, standardized multifactorial method of personality research “Smith”. These methods made it possible to diagnose the presence or absence of signs of socio-mental maladjustment, the presence of accentuations and negative personal characteristics, the level of intellectual productivity. According to researches it is established that the period of service in law-enforcement bodies from 6 to 10 years is critical when there is a critical accumulation of emotional tension, and as a result — psychological mechanisms of protection of an organism weaken, owing to it functional violations in a state of health increase, psychosomatic diseases are formed. The objective of this study was to identify the characteristics of the personality of employees of the internal Affairs bodies, which are more exposed to the development of the state of maladjustment in the process of official activity. As these factors, the stability of the emotional sphere and the stability of the functional reserves of the body were considered.

Comprehensive Management of Hypertension: Enhancing Non-Pharmacological Treatments

Background: In the entire world, cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are primarily brought on by hypertension, or elevated blood pressure. From 4.5% (0.9 billion adults) in 2000 to 7% (1.6 billion adults) in 2010, the prevalence of hypertension has increased in relation to the global burden of diseases. Comprehensive management including non-pharmacological and pharmacological strategies of hypertension. Healthy lifestyle choices can lower cardiovascular risk and postpone or prevent the onset of high blood pressure. Additionally, the first line of antihypertensive therapy is lifestyle change. One of the best way of life adjustments for lowering blood pressure is weight loss. Physical activity on a regular basis can reduce high blood pressure by 5 to 8 mm Hg. Every day, try to engage in at least 30 minutes of moderate exercise, such as walking, running, cycling, swimming, or dancing. High-intensity interval training is an alternative option. Short bursts of intense exercise are interspersed with slower intervals of activity during this form of training. A diet low in saturated fat, salt, and cholesterol and high in whole grains, fruits, vegetables, and low-fat dairy products can reduce high blood pressure by up to 11 mm Hg. It is possible to reduce blood pressure by roughly 4 mm Hg by limiting alcohol consumption to fewer than one drink per day for women and two drinks per day for males. Quitting smoking can potentially extend life by lowering blood pressure, lowering the risk of heart disease, and improving general health. The quality of your sleep can affect your blood pressure. Chronic (long-term) emotional stress may be a factor in high blood pressure. Controlling blood pressure also requires taking it at home and going to the doctor frequently. Strong social networks of family and friends are crucial for health. Following lifestyle changes, pharmacological therapy should be started. The choice of medication is based on the patient's age, general cardiovascular risk, and co-morbidities. The pharmaceutical treatment plans suggested here are generally in line with the most recent US and European recommendations. Conclusion: The optimal initial treatment strategy for hypertension should be comprehensive hypertension management, which focuses on lowering total cardiovascular risk through lifestyle changes, BP lowering, and lipid management.

Myofascial Facial Massage in Correction of Stress, Anxiety and Depressive Symptoms: a Сase Report

INTRODUCTION. At present, neuropsychiatric disorders are widespread among the population. Their occurrence is associated with the effect of chronic emotional stress. However, most people are not ready to seek help from a psychologist or psychotherapist. The original technique of decreasing the bioelectrical activity of facial muscles, developed and described in this study, can be an affordable and safe way to correct psycho-emotional states and, consequently, improve the aesthetic appearance. AIM. To develop a modern method of correction of psychoemotional derivations, based on the use of neuromuscular relaxation techniques and the development of a facial feedback mechanism. MATERIAL AND METHODS. The research methods included psychological, neurophysiological, and clinical-functional components that allowed assessing the psychoemotional status and electrophysiological parameters of the facial muscles. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. The results have shown a high efficiency of neuromuscular relaxation methods in the correction of psychoemotional disorders, which was manifested in reducing the level of depressiveness, situational and personal anxiety and increasing the bioelectric activity of the facial muscles, as well as the state of parafunction It have become possible to establish a clear correlation between the presence of severe depression and anxiety and increased electrical activity of the facial muscles, and the data obtained suggested that the use of neuromuscular relaxation techniques is an effective psychocorrective. СONCLUSION. The method of neuromuscular relaxation is a new effective tool for diagnosing psychoemotional derivations and increasing the tonus of facial muscles by creating facial feedback.

Chronic restraint stress promotes gastric epithelial malignant transformation by activating the Akt/p53 signaling pathway via ADRB2.

The etiology of gastric cancer is associated with infectious, environmental and dietary factors, as well as genetic background. Additionally, emerging evidence has supported the vital role of chronic emotional stress on gastric carcinogenesis; however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of chronic stress and a detrimental diet on gastric malignant epithelial transformation in rats. Therefore, 26 Wistar rats were randomly divided into the following four groups: i) Control; ii) detrimental diet (DD); iii) detrimental diet with chronic restraint (DR) and iv) detrimental diet with chronic restraint and propranolol treatment (DRP). ELISA was performed to detect the serum levels of epinephrine and norepinephrine. Epithelial cell apoptosis was analyzed using the TUNEL assay. The mRNA and protein expression levels of Akt and p53 were detected using reverse transcription quantitative PCR and western blotting, respectively. Pathological changes were analyzed using hematoxylin and eosin staining (H&E). The H&E staining results showed that dysplasia in the gastric mucosa occurred in two of eight rats in the DD group and in four of five rats in the DR group, whereas no dysplasia was detected in the DRP group. The apoptotic ratios of gastric epithelial cells were significantly decreased in all treatment groups compared with the control group. Adrenoceptor β2 (ADRB2) protein expression levels were increased significantly only in the DR group and this effect was significantly reduced in the DRP group. The mRNA expression levels of Akt and p53 were significantly upregulated in the DD group, and Akt mRNA expression was further elevated in the DR group. With regard to protein expression, the levels of Akt and p-Akt were significantly increased in the DR group, whereas these effects were reversed in the DRP group. Furthermore, the ratio of p-p53/p53 protein was significantly reduced in the DD or DR groups, but was reversed in the DRP group. Collectively, the findings of the present study suggested that chronic restraint stress potentially aggravates the gastric epithelial malignant transformation induced by a detrimental diet, at least partially via the Akt/p53 signaling pathway mediated via ADRB2.

Applicability of the Neutrophil/Lymphocyte Ratio in Behavioral Studies

The balance of neutrophilic and lymphocytic populations in the body is sensitive to neuroendocrine changes present in acute and chronic emotional stress, influencing a range of behaviors intrinsically related to real or potential environmental stressors. In this sense, the Neutrophil/Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) is a simple and low-cost tool, derived from the analysis of the blood count, capable of showing changes in several health parameters, since it is related to the pro-inflammatory status of the organism.

The COVID-19 Pandemic Crisis and Patient Safety Culture: A Mixed-Method Study.

The COVID-19 pandemic has put inordinate pressure on frontline healthcare workers (HCWs) and hospitals. HCWs are under chronic emotional stress, affected by burnout, moral distress and interpersonal issues with peers or supervisors during the pandemic. All of these can lead to lower levels of patient safety. The goal of this study was to examine patient safety culture values in a COVID-19 frontline hospital. Patient safety represents action, while patient safety culture represents the beliefs, values and norms of an organization that support and promote patient safety. Patient safety culture is a prerequisite for patient safety. A cross-sectional study on healthcare workers (228, response rate of 81.43%) at a COVID-19 frontline hospital was conducted using the Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture (HOSPSC), which had PSC dimensions, single question dimensions and comments. Our research revealed that, during the COVID-19 pandemic, a number of patient safety issues have been identified: low communication openness and current punitive response to errors, which might have incapacitated HCWs in the reporting of adverse events. Although participants expressed high supervisor/management expectations, actual support from the supervisor/management tier was low. Poor teamwork across units was identified as another issue, as well as low staffing. The infrastructure was identified as a potential new PSC dimension. There was a lack of support from supervisors/managers, while HCWs need their supervisors to be available; to be visible on the front line and to create an environment of trust, psychological safety and empowerment.

NAc-VTA circuit underlies emotional stress-induced anxiety-like behavior in the three-chamber vicarious social defeat stress mouse model

Emotional stress is considered a severe pathogenetic factor of psychiatric disorders. However, the circuit mechanisms remain largely unclear. Using a three-chamber vicarious social defeat stress (3C-VSDS) model in mice, we here show that chronic emotional stress (CES) induces anxiety-like behavior and transient social interaction changes. Dopaminergic neurons of ventral tegmental area (VTA) are required to control this behavioral deficit. VTA dopaminergic neuron hyperactivity induced by CES is involved in the anxiety-like behavior in the innate anxiogenic environment. Chemogenetic activation of VTA dopaminergic neurons directly triggers anxiety-like behavior, while chemogenetic inhibition of these neurons promotes resilience to the CES-induced anxiety-like behavior. Moreover, VTA dopaminergic neurons receiving nucleus accumbens (NAc) projections are activated in CES mice. Bidirectional modulation of the NAc-VTA circuit mimics or reverses the CES-induced anxiety-like behavior. In conclusion, we propose that a NAc-VTA circuit critically establishes and regulates the CES-induced anxiety-like behavior. This study not only characterizes a preclinical model that is representative of the nuanced aspect of CES, but also provides insight to the circuit-level neuronal processes that underlie empathy-like behavior.

Chronic emotional stress therapy in dogs

Chronic emotional stress therapy in dogs

Meta-Analysis of Factors Associated with Occupational Therapist Burnout.

Burnout, a reaction to chronic emotional stress, affects health and reduces the quality of service. Reportedly, healthcare professionals are especially vulnerable to burnout. This meta-analysis is aimed at examining the factors associated with occupational therapists' burnout. The results of 2,430 occupational therapists, across 17 peer-reviewed English articles, the most recent published in 2020, were analysed. Results revealed significant associations between related variables and burnout. Marital status, work field, and work hours, job challenges, patient age, position, turnover intention, working type, and work addiction showed significant positive correlation effect sizes in relation to burnout, whereas age, education, engagement, job satisfaction, personal identity, professional identity, rewards, and feeling valued showed significant negative correlation effect sizes. The results of this meta-analysis suggest that strategies to reduce occupational therapists' burnout need to consider organizational as well as psychological aspects.

Rhaponticum uniflorum and Serratula centauroides Extracts Attenuate Emotional Injury in Acute and Chronic Emotional Stress.

In modern life, the use of plant stress-protectors has taken on particular significance due to the wide distribution of neurosis-like and neurotic diseases caused by neuroendocrine-immune system imbalance. Special attention has been paid to the plants containing ecdysteroids, i.e., hormone-like bioactive substances with high adaptogenic activity. The article deals with the study of bioactivity of two plant extracts as Rhaponticum uniflorum (L.) DC. and Serratula centauroides L. with a high content of ecdysteroids and phenolic compounds. The models of acute and chronic emotional stress in white rats were used to estimate the stress-protective activity of R. uniflorum and S. centauroides extracts. Both extracts showed the stress-protective effect via inhibiting the development of signs induced by single and long-term effects of stress factors. In acute stress, the development of Selye's triad signs was less pronounced against the background of the plant remedies introduction. In chronic stress, the extracts prevented the development of anxiety-depressive syndrome. Besides, R. uniflorum and S. centauroides extracts banned the development of stress-induced injuries in the brain cortex and had a neuroprotective effect on ischemia against chronic stress. The stress-protective effects of both plant extracts were based on a decrease of hyperactivation of the central stress-promoting systems (sympathoadrenal, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal) due to their GABA-mimetic effects. Peripheral mechanisms were connected with the inhibition of free radical oxidation processes and with an increase in the endogenous antioxidant system activity. Thus, R. uniflorum and S. centauroides extracts have a high potential to increase non-specific body resistance against acute and chronic emotional stress effects.

Influence of personal and social characteristics on the formation of mental trauma in police officers in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic

Relevance. Due to the peculiarities of professional activity, the COVID-19 pandemic for police officers was associated not only with a high risk of infection, but also pronounced mental stress and emotional destabilization, with higher risk of developing severe psychological consequences. In police officers, incidence of a new coronavirus infection, according to departmental statistics, was 6.6 times higher than in general population and close to that of healthcare workers of the Ministry of Health of Russia. High risk of COVID-19 infection in police officers during performance of their duties contributes to the symptoms of psychoemotional maladjustment and a constant state of chronic tension and emotional stress. Identification of the causes of professional maladjustment is important for justification of preventive measures and search for markers of professional success in employees of internal affairs bodies.Intention. To identify the influence of personal and social characteristics on the formation of mental trauma in police officers in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.Methodology. A complete empirical study of 371 male employees of the divisions of the Main Directorate of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia in Moscow was conducted. Three groups were identified: 1st – 127 police officers with positive test results and clinical manifestations of COVID-19; 2nd – 118 persons released from duty and quarantined due to their contacts with COVID-19 patients; 3rd – 126 police officers who were on duty to protect public order in crowded places during the COVID-19 pandemic. An experimental psychological survey of the police officers was conducted using electronic digital resources to comply with anti-epidemic measures.Results and Discussion. Symptoms of emotional burnout against the background of stressful service were shown to contribute to the formation of mental trauma during the COVID-19 pandemic in all surveyed police officers. Specifically, Group 1 typically demonstrates anxiety-phobic reactions; Group 2 – dysthymic-pessimistic outlook; and Group 3 – decreased neuropsychiatric stability, pronounced exhaustion and fatigue associated with official duties.Conclusion. The obtained data should be taken into account when conducting psychocorrection and medical and psychological rehabilitation of police officers in emergency situations associated with the long-term psychosocial and occupational stress.

Shagen metabolism dynamics in tissues of rats with experimental diabetes on the background of chronic emotional stress

Shagen metabolism dynamics in tissues of rats with experimental diabetes on the background of chronic emotional stress

Effect of chronic emotional stress induced by empty bottle stimulation on inflammatory factors in rats with acute myocardial infarction: analysis of the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis

To investigate the effect of chronic emotional stimulation induced by empty bottle stimulation on CXCL12/CXCR4-mediated inflammatory response in rats with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Rat models of anxiety were established by a 21-day stimulation with uncertain empty bottle drinking water, and myocardial infarction was induced by ligating the left anterior descending branch of the coronary artery; compound models were established by performing myocardial infarction operation on the 15th day of anxiety modeling. The rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: shamoperated group (n=6), myocardial infarction group (n=6), compound model group (with myocardial infarcted and anxiety; n= 6), and inhibitor group (compound models treated daily with 1 mg/kg AMD3100 for 6 days; n=7). Echocardiography was used to examine the LVEF and LVFS to evaluate the cardiac function of the rats. Elevated maze test and open field test were used to evaluate the behaviors of the rats. The expressions of CXCL12, CXCR4, IL-1β, IL-18 and neutrophil active protease (NE) in the myocardial tissues and blood samples were detected with ELISA and immunohistochemistry. The LVEF and LVFS were lower in the compound model group than in the sham group and myocardial infarction group (P < 0.05), and were higher in inhibitor group than in the compound model group (P < 0.05). LVID; d and LVID; s were lower in the inhibitor group than in the compound model group (P < 0.05). Compared to those in the sham group and myocardial infarction group, the rats in the compound model group more obviously preferred to stay in the closed arm (P < 0.05) in EPM; the rats in the inhibitor group had more times of entering and staying in the open arm than the compound model rats (P < 0.05); the horizontal and vertical movements were less in the compound model rats than in those in the sham group and the myocardial infarction group (P < 0.05) in OFT, and the vertical movement of the rats in inhibitor group was higher than those in the compound model group (P < 0.05). The expression of CXCR4 in the marginal zone of myocardial infarction was significantly higher in the compound model group than in the sham-operated group, myocardial infarction group and inhibitor group (P < 0.05). The expressions of IL-1β, IL-18 and NE in the inhibitor group were significantly lower than those in the compound model group (P < 0.05). Compared with at in the sham-operated group, the number of Nissl bodies in the compound model group decreased significantly (P < 0.01). Chronic emotional stress induced by empty bottle stimulation can lead to dysfunction of the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis, which causes inflammatory cascade after myocardial infarction to worsen myocardial cell necrosis, cardiac function and hippocampal neuronal damage after the infarction.

Gallbladder-warming Decoction with Bupleurum and Scutellaria inhibits Anxiety and Depression of Rats

Objectives: To search the behavioral effect of Gallbladder-warming Decoction with Bupleurum and Scutellaria (GWBS) on anxiety and depression model rats and explore its mechanism. Methods: Twenty SD rats were randomly divided into four groups with 5 in each group: blank control group, model group, weastern medicine group and GWBS group. The unpredictable chronic emotional stress method was used to induce anxiety and depression of model rats. Rats in weastern medicine group were given diazepam at 0.26 mg/kg/d and the 5 rats in GWBS group were given GWBS at 11.5g/kg/d, otherwise, the other two groups were given the same volume of normal saline once a day. The experiment lasted for 10 days, during which the general state including body weight, hair color, activity level and so on were observed and the data were recorded. The results of sucrose consumption test and the light-dark box test were also recorded during the ten days. After the experiment, the changes of histological pathologic in the hippocampus were examined, and the γ-aminobutyric acid concentration of the rat hippocampus was detected using ELISA kit. Results: Pathological results indicated that GWBS improved pyramidal cells in hippocampus keeping the disordered arrangement. In comparison of the model group, the body weights of the weastern medicine group and the GWBS group apparently increased. Besides, the retention time of the light box was significantly prolonged and the concentrations of γ-aminobutyric acid in the hippocampus were significantly promoted in the two groups. The differences above were with statistical significance (P<0.05). In addition, the sucrose consumption values were improved markedly. Conclusion: GWBS, the agent of relieving the depressed liver and resolving phlegm, makes a difference in treatment of anxiety and depression rats and its mechanism may be related to the increase of GABA concentration in hippocampus.