Principles Of Choice Research Articles

Two principles for two-person social choice

Two principles for two-person social choice

교육바우처 정책 사상의 원류와 그 원리에 대한 소고

This study explores the ideological foundation of education vouchers, focusing on educational support programs for commoners during the French Revolution and the educational philosophies of Thomas Paine and John Stuart Mill. Thomas Paine emphasized the expansion of educational choice through government support and assistance for the poor, while John Stuart Mill advocated for educational improvement through free choice and competition. Their philosophies have become core ideas in the modern school choice movement and were institutionalized in the education voucher policy by Milton Friedman. This study analyzes the outcomes of education vouchers from the perspective of public choice theory and examines models such as the Tiebout hypothesis, Demand Side Financing, and Home and Community-Based Services (HCBS). Additionally, it explores the relationship between Hirschman's Exit-Voice-Loyalty model and the principle of voucher choice. In conclusion, this paper emphasizes how these concepts are related to choice and competition in public services. Furthermore, it highlights that the principles inherent in education vouchers serve as an important ideological foundation for democracy and economic development.

Legal basis for providing legal aid to a detained person in the context of international standards and practice of the European Court of Human Rights

Based on the analysis of theoretical approaches to the essence of the institute of detention of a person, the article substantiates the position that detention is a procedural action which has a temporary restrictive nature of the rights of a person who was detained during the commission or attempted commission of a criminal offence, immediately after the commission of a criminal offence or during the continuous prosecution of a person suspected of a criminal offence, and which aims to ensure further pre-trial investigation, clarification of the circumstances of the event which occurred. Based on the generalisation of the provisions of international legal acts and taking into account the case law of the European Court of Human Rights, the author defines the standards for providing legal aid to a person detained on suspicion of committing a criminal offence. It is established that the special international standards, compliance with which is crucial for ensuring the rights of a detainee and which also guarantee the effectiveness of legal aid received by a detainee, include 1) the principle of confidentiality in the course of communication between a detainee and a defence lawyer; 2) the principle of verification of the legality of detention without delay; 3) the principle of appealing against the failure to ensure the rights of a detainee or their violation; 4) the principle of independent and free choice of one's legal position. The following are proposed to be the sectoral international standards, compliance with which is crucial for ensuring the rights of a detainee, and which also guarantee the effectiveness of legal aid received by a detainee 1) the principle of confidentiality in the course of a detainee’s communication with a defence lawyer; 2) the principle of verification of the legality of detention without delay; 3) the principle of appealing against the failure to ensure the detainee’s rights or their violation; 4) the principle of independent and free choice of one’s legal position. The emphasis is placed on the fact that the prospects for further research should be to determine the legal mechanisms for implementing the outlined standards into the national practice of law enforcement and judicial authorities.

Family Provision across Borders

It takes little for family provision claims to cross borders, whether state or national. The property may be located in different places — other states or countries; the personal representatives, claimants or beneficiaries under the will may be from different places; or the deceased may have had a strong personal connection with another place. Any one of those cross-border considerations raises questions of a court’s jurisdiction to deal with a family provision application, or of the law that will apply to it. In this article, we give an account of the principles of private international law — which in this area also apply in interstate matters — that affect family provision claims in Australia. In doing so, we explore recurrent complications with these cross-border family provision claims, including those arising under the cross-vesting scheme and in the federal jurisdiction. While we consider that the current equitable principles of choice of law remain best placed to address how provision should be made from different forms of property, reforms must be made to the equitable principles of jurisdiction if complications raised by the cross-vesting scheme and the possible exercise of federal jurisdiction in family provision claims are to be overcome.

Implications of Ramsey Choice principles in ZF$\mathsf {ZF}$

AbstractThe Ramsey Choice principle for families of ‐element sets, denoted , states that every infinite set has an infinite subset with a choice function on . We investigate for which positive integers and the implication is provable in . It will turn out that beside the trivial implications , under the assumption that every odd integer is the sum of three primes (known as ternary Goldbach conjecture), the only non‐trivial implication which is provable in is .

CONTINUITY OF CARER: WHAT DOES IT MEAN AND DOES IT MATTER TO MIDWIVES AND BIRTHING WOMEN?

This paper discusses key themes from a large-scale, long-term multi-perspective evaluation of caseload midwifery practice in the United Kingdom (UK). Caseload practice was introduced in several UK settings, on a pilot scale, following the publication of Changing Childbirth intended to put into practice its core principles of continuity, choice and control for women.1 A range of new midwifery practices were piloted and evaluated across the UK. Relatively little attention was given to defining and exploring the nature and meanings of the new models of practice, or to midwives in this new practice context. This has led to difficulty in comparing the impact of different models of practice. We draw on two aspects of our work – an ethnographic study of the experiences of midwives (with and without caseloads) and a study of the women's experiences and responses to care – to explore in greater depth the concepts involved in the caseload model and their meaning for women and for midwives in practice. Interviews were conducted with 40 women and 36 caseload midwives. Other forms of data collection, including questionnaires and observation were used and were analysed thematically using grounded theory principles. Themes emerging included autonomy, confidence, reciprocity and relationship: the idea of knowing and being known. On this basis we have argued that continuity is not an end in itself but an important means towards the end of women-centred care and should be considered in relation to other key themes such as autonomy and environment.

ORGANIZATIONAL AND MANAGEMENT CONDITIONS OF FORMATION OF PRIMARY EDUCATION CONTENT IN GREAT BRITAIN

The study is dedicated to identifying the peculiarities of the formation of the content of primary education in Great Britain. In the modern conditions of globalization the study of the main laws affecting the formation and modernization of primary education content in Great Britain is relevant and necessary for the domestic national education system development. The research aim: to reveal the organizational and managerial conditions for the formation of primary education content in Great Britain. Methods of research: analysis, synthesis, generalization, specification, and comparison. Primary education in Great Britain occupies a prominent place in the education system, it is the basis of schooling. The content of education, primary including, is based on a combination of three key components: the formation of a management system based on educational results; stimulation of diverse cooperation of education subjects; implementation of freedom of choice principles. The countryʼs educational policy is aimed at developing and modernizing the content of primary education while preserving the country culture and history. In Great Britain, organizational and management actions are considered in terms of modern trends of management decentralization and centralization in the field of school education. The model of strategic development, financing, and management of general school education is an organizational condition for the formation of the primary school education content. The British centralized model of school education is a single-state management of general education throughout the country. Standardization is the basis of the organizational and management model of the formation of the content of primary education, which is mandatory with a variable structural and content component, implemented through the National Curriculum. Formation of primary education content in Great Britain depends on many factors, including the basic organizational and management conditions, which is a model of strategic development, management, and financing of general school education.

Analisis Pengambilan Keputusan Rasionalitas Pada Kebijakan Presiden Dibawah Umur 40 Tahun Yang diTetapkan Oleh Mahkamah Konstitusi (MK)

A thorough examination of the temporal dynamics of politics is undertaken in this study. Just days before the last deadline for presidential and vice presidential candidates to register, the public was stunned by the contentious judgement of the Constitutional Court (MK). This research seeks to utilise a rational decision-making framework to understand the rationale behind the Constitutional Court's (MK) ruling on the eligibility of presidential and vice presidential candidates under the age of 40, as outlined in article 90/PUU-XXI/2023. This ruling is a continuation of the previous article, specifically Article 169 letter q of Law Number 7 of 2017 concerning Elections, which established this age limit. In addition to original data collected from applicable statutes, journals, and other sources, this study employs a literature review methodology. this study delves into the relationship between the determination process and article 90/PUU-XXI/2023. The participants in this research demonstrated a comprehension of rational choice principles and the process of choosing presidential and vice presidential candidates, according to the findings. As well as showing that the decisions decided are subjective and irrational because they focus on actors because actors are considered as humans with goals, which means they perform certain actions and goals to achieve their goals.

Pension security in Ukraine: current trends and directions of development

The article aims to substantiate the directions for reforming and developing the pension system in Ukraine. To achieve the goal, the following research methods were used: methods of analysis and synthesis; abstract logical method; methods of theoretical generalization − formulating definitions of the concepts "pension security", "accumulated pension", etc.; systemic approach − changes and problems in the indicators of the pension system and the development of measures to solve them. As a result of the research, the concept of pension security and the pension system as a process of securement financial support in the form of pensions to a specific category of unemployed citizens, which is aimed at reducing the level of poverty due to its positive impact on such social risks as old age, disability and loss of working capacity, is defined as a set of legal, organizational, financial and economic institutions and norms, as well as professional organizational structures aimed at reducing the level of poverty by positively influencing such social risks as disability and loss of working capacity. The main problems of the pension system of Ukraine at the current stage are substantiated, namely the rapid deterioration of the ratio between the working age and the retirement age due to the drop in the birth rate and the increase in emigration, a permanent deficit of pension funds due to budget imbalance; low level of pensions; underdevelopment of non-state pension security; decrease in the number of payers due to economic instability, military events and other factors; significant lack of public awareness of pension provision; lack of trust in state financial programs and reforms. The main direction of the reform of the pension system has been determined − the introduction of non-state pension security, based on the principles of voluntary choice of the type of pension security and the creation of conditions for non-state pension security at the legislative level, as well as taking into account the risks associated with non-state pension security, such as the risk of investment losses, the instability of the financial market and the possibility of abuse by pension funds. Additional areas of pension development have been identified: increasing the efficiency of the system of tax collection and control over their payment to ensure stable financing of the Pension Fund; support for programs and initiatives aimed at increasing financial literacy among the population, which will contribute to more effective management of personal finances and retirement planning; introducing mechanisms to encourage additional voluntary contributions to the pension fund, such as tax benefits or special support programs for those who actively plan their financial future; development of social programs and services for pensioners aimed at improving their quality of life, access to medical care, cultural and educational events; strengthening mechanisms for controlling the Pension Fund's expenses and effective use of its resources to meet the needs of pensioners as much as possible; open and transparent control over the activities of pension funds and the functioning of the pension system. The scientific novelty of the study consists in substantiating the set of measures for the development and reform of the pension system of Ukraine, which involves the development of non-state pension schemes. The practical significance of the work is that the research results can be used at the level of individual organizations and industries and at the level of individual regions of Ukraine. Prospects for further research are the substantiation of the toolkit for the practical implementation of non-state pension funds. Keywords: pension security, accumulative pension security, pension system, non-state pension security, corporate pension fund

Lives, Limbs, and Liver Spots: The Threshold Approach to Limited Aggregation

AbstractLimited Aggregation is the view that when there are competing moral claims that demand our attention, we should sometimes satisfy the largest aggregate of claims, depending on the strength of the claims in question. In recent years, philosophers such as Patrick Tomlin and Alastair Norcross have argued that Limited Aggregation violates a number of rational choice principles such as Transitivity, Separability, and Contraction Consistency. Current versions of Limited Aggregation are what may be called Comparative Approaches because they involve assessing the relative strengths of various claims. In this paper, we offer a non-comparative version of Limited Aggregation, what we call the Threshold Approach. It states that there is a non-relative threshold that separates various claims. We demonstrate that the Threshold Approach does not violate rational choice principles such as Transitivity, Separability, and Contraction Consistency, and we show that potential concerns regarding such a view are surmountable.

Towards sustainable assessment formats in language teaching: testing integrated skills with portfolio-based tasks

In this paper, we share our experience of using portfolio-based tasks to assess integrated skills in German and Spanish language modules at level C1. The modules, delivered during the academic year 2022-23, are part of the institution-wide language provision at Durham University, which means that students come from various disciplines different from Modern Languages.
 The assessment system we have used is based on the principles of flexibility and choice. Throughout the year, students build up a body of work where they record and reflect on the experiences of a person living in a country where the target language is spoken. The portfolio contains both formative and summative submissions, so that students can benefit from the feedback received for formative tasks to fine-tune their summative work. In this regard, the system involves a combination of assessment for learning and assessment as learning. Every submission integrates different language skills, as well as transferable skills such as decision-making, autonomy, creativity, critical thinking and intercultural knowledge. Besides adding authenticity to the assessment tasks, the development of these skills is aligned with the principles of education for sustainable development (AdvanceHE, 2021).
 At the end of the paper, we explain what we have learned from the use of this assessment system, as well as the aspects that we would like to enhance and those that we would need to improve in future editions.

The Choice Principle and the matrix verb fear in recent New Zealand English

ABSTRACT The present study investigates aspects of the non-finite complementation of the subject control verb fear using recent data from the New Zealand section of the NOW corpus. The matrix verb fear selects both infinitival and gerundial complements and a first objective of this article is to inquire into their incidence in the corpus selected. Another, more theoretical objective, is to test the applicability of the Choice Principle to a new set of data and a pair of competing complements not previously analysed from this angle. In earlier work, the Principle has been shown to be applicable to contexts of prepositional gerunds, and this article indicates that its scope can also be extended to contexts of bare gerunds. The article also places an emphasis on examining constructions containing a complement other than the one predicted by the Choice Principle, and the authors argue that in many such cases the principle affords a useful window for examining the difference in meaning between the two constructions.

Norwegian perspectives on health care for people with intellectual and developmental disabilities

AbstractThe Norwegian health care system is built on individual rights and the principles of universal access, decentralization, and free choice of provider. Norway has universal health coverage, funded primarily by general taxes and by payroll contributions shared by employers and employees. Local authorities at the municipal level organize and finance primary health care services according to local demand and within national frameworks. Habilitation services are offered both in the primary health care and as a part of the specialist health services. They offer both inpatient and outpatient services for people with intellectual/developmental disabilities (IDD). National guidelines, known as Good health and care services for people with IDD, have recently (2021) been launched after various reports over the years of serious breaches and challenges in the health and care services provided to people with IDD.

Sinonasal hemangiomas: principles of diagnosis and treatment. Literature review

Hemangiomas of the nasal cavity are extremely rare in the practice of an otorhinolaryngologist and can be presented in various histopathological variants. Scientific data on hemangiomas of the sinonasal region are analyzed and systematized. The article describes the principles of diagnosis and choice of the method of surgical treatment of hemangiomas. An analysis of the literature data shows that with hemangiomas of the nasal cavity, a comprehensive examination of the patient is required, including collection of complaints and anamnesis, endoscopy of the nasal cavity and computed tomography of the paranasal sinuses, and with significant hemangiomas spreading to neighboring anatomical areas, magnetic resonance imaging with intravenous contrast.

교육받은 종교인: 에라스무스의 르네상스적 시각

This study is to understand Erasmus’s view on free will and liberal education from the perspective of the Renaissance man.
 In Erasmus’s view on free will, human being’s soul consists of both reason and free will which are considered to be inseparable and necessarily connected to each other, and free will could be cultivated in the process of improving reason through education. Erasmus accepts the concept of free choice which plays a role in arbitrarily choosing good or evil. Furthermore, he insists that the free choice is born from free will and reason. In his view, free will and reason exist as a form or a principle of the free choice. In other words, Erasmus presupposes the metaphysical dualism of the free choice and the free will. However, free will and reason corrupted by the Fall are not destroyed but restored through education.
 From the standpoint of education at the present time, Erasmus’s educational theory shows that there exists a intimate the relation between knowledge and morality. More specifically, he tries to reconcile Hellenism with Hebraism and demonstrate that there exists a necessary connection between reason and free will.

Dualism of Non Litigation Dispute Settlement in Sharia Economics at Basyarnas and Alternatif Dispute Resolution Agencies

The legal norms governing the resolution of sharia economic disputes in Basyarnas and LAPS OJK have created the legal dualism. it can be analyzed based on the choice of law, the choice of forum, and nature of the decision. This research uses normative legal methods to analyze problems qualitatively. It can be concluded that first, the dualism of resolving sharia economic disputes in Basyarnas and LAPS OJK can be seen from four aspects, namely legal sources, legal subjects, legal structures and legal facts. secondly, the POJK clause which requires the financial industry to become members of LAPS has violated the principles of choice of law and choice of forum of the parties. Third, Basyarnas' competence in resolving disputes by means of arbitration has had a legal relationship with the court to exercise executor authority, while the OJK LAPS has not. Apart from that, the OJK in this case seems very strong because apart from being a regulator, it is also an operator and even interferes with the duties and functions of the judicial power. The author suggests that legal unification is needed to create legal certainty.

RHYTHM AND NATURE: APPLYING TRAUMA-INFORMED APPROACHES TO RESEARCH TO PRIORITIZE CHOICE, EXPRESSION, AND JUSTICE

Abstract Trauma-informed approaches are widespread in direct clinical and particularly in social work practice, and have gained momentum in other areas such as research, organizational culture, supervision, and leadership. Given the recent collective global trauma of the pandemic and the cumulative effects of historic and ongoing racial injustice, a trauma-informed approach to research with older adults, especially with those who have disabilities, such as relating to dementia, can contribute to the movement for access, justice, equity, and inclusion for all. Closely aligned with practices of community-based participatory action research, trauma-informed research pays particular attention to the consideration of the design of studies, the analytical and theoretical frameworks, collaboration among researchers and participants, data collection methods, research questions that capture the knowledge and experiences of participants’ resiliency, strengths, and challenges, and the processes of reflexivity. Rhythm & Nature was a 10-week pilot study designed to incorporate trauma-informed research approaches to promote principles of safety, trustworthiness, collaboration, choice, self-expression, and justice. We created a modifiable drumming and nature-based intervention to promote opportunities for self-expression and confidence. Before and after each drumming and nature-based session, we collected data using emojis (e.g., to increase access for people with limited language or literacy) to indicate how participants felt in the moment and used their ongoing feedback to continuously tailor the program to their unique abilities and needs. Both quantitative and qualitative results of this pilot study and implications for future research, policy, practice and education with older adults, particularly with disabilities, will be discussed.

Principle of Choice of Customs Procedure in EU Customs Traffic

The research topic of the article focuses on the analysis of the principle of choosing a customs procedure in EU customs trade, which is of a normative nature. It is also the basic method of dealing with goods. In addition to the general legal principles constituting this principle, the article discusses the principle of freedom of trade in goods abroad; the principle of equal treatment of entities; the principle of equal treatment of goods; the principle of universality of customs duties and customs fees; the principle of universal access to information on customs law; the principle of non-revokability of the customs declaration. The conditions for export and import customs procedures were also discussed.

If it is bad, why don’t I quit? Algorithmic recommendation use strategy from folk theories

Users persist in utilizing algorithmic recommendations despite perceiving their adverse consequences, such as privacy invasion and filter bubbles. This behavior appears contradictory to the innate human inclination to seek benefits and avert disadvantages. Employing folk theories, this study conducted in-depth interviews with 24 users who acknowledged the detrimental effects of algorithms and maintained a non-positive attitude toward them but continued their usage. The findings revealed that users adhere to the principle of rational choice: they engage in positive risk aversion (confining their usage to entertainment domain and affirming their own abilities) and negative self-avoidance (acknowledging the inevitability of privacy invasion, imagining the additional costs of turning off algorithmic recommendations, and believing that everyone relies on algorithms, rendering the costs relatively inconspicuous). Throughout this process of self-adaptation, users assumed diverse roles (the inactive, active, resister, swayer) to achieve a harmonious state and sustain their reliance on algorithmic recommendations.

A Novel Skin Disease Detection Technique Using Machine Learning

Skin sicknesses present critical medical care difficulties around the world, requiring precise and opportune location for successful therapy. AI became promising stuff for computerizing the discovery and characterization of skin illnesses. This study presents a clever methodology that uses the choice tree strategy for skin sickness location. In computerized location, we utilize an exhaustive dataset containing different skin sickness pictures, including melanoma, psoriasis, dermatitis, and contagious diseases. Dermatologists skillfully mark the dataset, guaranteeing solid ground truth for precise grouping. Preprocessing strategies like resizing, standardization, and quality improvement are applied to set up the symbolism for the choice tree calculation. Then, we remove applicable elements from the preprocessed pictures, enveloping surface, variety, and shape descriptors to catch infection explicit examples successfully. The choice tree model is prepared utilizing these removed elements and the named dataset. Utilizing the choice tree's capacity to learn progressive designs and choice principles, our methodology accomplishes an elevated degree of exactness in grouping skin sicknesses. Extensive experiments and evaluations on a dedicated validation set demonstrate the effectiveness of our decision tree-based method, achieving a classification accuracy of 96%. Our proposed method provides a reliable and automated solution for skin disease detection, with potential applications in clinical settings. By enabling early and accurate diagnoses, our approach has the capacity to improve patient outcomes, trim down healthcare overheads, and alleviate the burden on dermatologists.