Choice Of Regime Research Articles

Принципи правового регулювання митних режимів в Україні

У науковій публікації досліджуються принципи правового регулювання митних режимів в Україні як міжгалузевого інституту митного права.
 Зазначається, що митний режим є комплексом взаємопов'язаних правових норм, що відповідно до заявленої мети переміщення товарів через митний кордон України визначають митну процедуру щодо цих товарів, їхній правовий статус, умови оподаткування і зумовлюють їх використання після митного оформлення.
 Формулюється висновок про те, що роль принципів права в регулюванні митних режимів є визначальною, враховуючи євроінтеграційні прагнення України та зумовлену ними необхідність дотримання принципів верховенства права, правової визначеності та належного урядування органами публічної адміністрації.
 До принципів правового регулювання митних режимів слід віднести загально-правові (верховенства права, законності, правової визначеності, рівності всіх перед законом, гласності тощо), а також спеціальні принципи, серед яких: принцип сприяння розвитку міжнародної торгівлі; принцип захисту національних інтересів та безпеки у сфері зовнішньоекономічної діяльності; принцип диспозитивності вибору митного режиму суб'єктом зовнішньоекономічної діяльності, принцип доступності адміністративних послуг, які надаються органами публічної адміністрації (реалізація принципу «єдиного вікна» в роботі органів та посадових осіб Державної митної служби України) тощо.
 Зазначається, що зважаючи на мету національної держави набути повноправного членства в Європейському Союзі, наближення національних митних правил та процедур до стандартів та принципів ЄС є ключовим завданням публічної адміністрації в Україні.
 Формулюється висновок про те, що дослідження принципів правового регулювання митних режимів в Україні є основою для подальшого вдосконалення чинного національного законодавства та юридичної практики, розроблення перспективного законодавства у сфері правового регулювання митних режимів.

Effect of closed versus open kinetic chain exercise to improve knee muscles strength and balance in elderly population: A hypothetical literature review

Background Chronic knee pain is becoming a significant social issue with ageing. The loss in muscle strength and balance with increasing age often lead to physical and quality of life impairments, as well as increased morbidity. Since knee pain and impaired balance are major issues affecting the quality of life of the elderly population, a preventive approach is required to decrease the incidence of muscle weakness and decrease proprioception. Objective to compare the effectiveness of open kinetic-chain (OKC) and closed kinetic-chain (CKC) exercise in improving the elderly population's knee strength and balance. Method A literature review was done where number of previously published articles were searched from various online platforms to find the effectiveness of OKCE versus CKCE in improving knee muscle strength and balance in elderly population. Result Both CKCE and OKCE were found to improve strength in lower leg musculature but OKCE are comparatively more effective strength training program. However, when it comes to improving balance and proprioception, CKCE were found to be more effective. Conclusion OKCE are better strengthening exercise regimes whereas CKCE are better choice of exercise regimes when it comes to improving balance and proprioception.

Monetary transmission: Are emerging market and low-income countries different?

We use the Christensen, Diebold, and Rudebusch (2011) representation of the yield curve to test the functioning of the interest rate transmission mechanism along the yield curve based on government paper in advanced, emerging market, and low-income countries. We find a robust link from the policy and short-term interbank rates to the longer-term bond yields in all countries. Two policy implications emerge. First, the presence of well-developed secondary markets does not seem to affect transmission of short term rates along the yield curve. Second, the strength of the transmission mechanism seems to be affected by the choice of the monetary regime and the level of development: advanced countries with a credible inflation targeting regime seem to have better-behaved yield curves than the countries with other monetary regimes.

Currency areas and voluntary transfers

Fiscal integration is recognized as an important issue in determining whether countries establish a common currency area. Fiscal integration between sovereign states is, however, limited by the ability of countries to commit to fiscal transfers. This paper supposes that fiscal transfers between countries must be voluntary and asks how this influences the choice between a currency area and a flexible exchange rate regime. It presents a model with wage rigidity in which, absent transfers, the flexible exchange rate regime is preferred. If there are transfers that equalize consumption, then the choice of exchange rate regime is irrelevant. Nevertheless, the currency area may be preferable if transfers are made voluntarily, because the currency area can sustain greater risk sharing. It is shown that the currency area can be optimal for a plausible set of parameter values. We consider the robustness of the conclusions to some modifications of the model.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE INGOTS’ HEATING STUDY IN INDUSTRIAL FURNACES

"Establishing the technology for hot processing of some steels with special destination is connected in the first place to defining the warming conditions, depending on their technological characteristics. The choice of optimal regime is made, most of the times, relying on the practical experience because the analytical calculation methods give relative alues. This paper proposes to compare the data obtained from industrial experiments with theoretical calculation methods for their approximation. The key innovation introduced in this paper is represented by analytical solutions to determine the evolution of the ingot mass temperature. We focused on presenting an analytical solution to determine the evolution of temperature in the ingots’mass and comparing it with the data resulted from experiments. The proposed analytical procedure successfully substitutes for hard-to-perform experiments, in conditions of the current practice. The usage of the proposed mathematical technique also assures the shortage of the total heat duration with economic effects generated by the reduction of fuel quantity and by the increase of productivity of the deep furnaces. "

The dynamics of quantum correlations and quantum coherence ina classical colored noise

The dynamics of one-way information deficit, geometric quantum discord and quantum coherence in mixed bipartite qubit state in the presence of classical colored noise with 1/fα spectrum are investigated. The source of the noise spectrum is a single fluctuator with undetermined switching rate. The analysis is made under the frame work of collective coupling between the components of the system and environment. Qualitatively the responses of all the three quantities are similar to the noise, however, quantum coherence stands robust than the other two quantities. Depending on choice of the different regimes of the characteristic parameters of the noise, the decay in all the three quantities can be monotonic, damped oscillating or exhibiting sudden death with revivals.

Tying Another's Hand: A Strategic Decision to Join A Monetary Union

This paper investigates the monetary regime choice between a monetary union and a flexible exchange rate regime in a large open economy framework. The classical approach argues that a monetary union should be established between countries with positively correlated shocks so that the cost of the one-size-fits-all monetary policy in a monetary union is minimized. This study suggests that this criterion is insufficient to determine optimal monetary unions. A country has a signi cant incentive to choose a monetary union over a flexible exchange rate regime if prospective or existing member countries have larger or proportional cost-push shocks relative to domestic ones. In reverse, a country has a signi cant incentive to choose a flexibleexchange rate regime if domestic cost-push shocks are relatively larger. For this reason, the relative variance of cost-push shocks between countries should be accounted for in the monetary regime choice. The classical criterion should be updated: countries with positively correlated efficient shocks and proportional cost-push shocks should form monetary unions.

Complete mid-portion rupture of the rat achilles tendon leads to remote and time-mismatched changes in uninjured regions.

To examine healing adaptations over 17weeks post Achilles tendon (AT) rupture in the injured region (IR) compared to an uninjured region (UIR) of the AT. Twenty-four rats were subjected to a complete right-sided AT rupture, while the left side served as a control. ATs were harvested at 1, 2, 8 and 17weeks post-rupture and stained with antibodies specific to Collagen type I (Col I) and II (Col II) as well as Alcian Blue and Picrosirius Red staining techniques. Histopathological changes, proteoglycan content, collagen alignment and immunoexpression were assessed. Both regions examined, IR and UIR, exhibited over weeks 1-17 similar healing adaptations of increasing collagen alignment, decreasing Col I immunoexpression, as well as increasing proteoglycan content and Col II occurrence. Increased proteoglycan content was found already at week 2 in the UIR, while it first increased at week 8 in the IR. The area positive to Col II was increased compared to controls at week 8 in the UIR, whereas it first raised at week 17 in the IR. Collagen disorganization successively declined to reach control levels at week 17 in the UIR, but was still higher in the IR. This study demonstrated that uninjured areas of the AT remote from the rupture site also undergo pronounced remodeling, although with time-span differences relative to injured AT portions. These changes including the pathologic heterotopic mineralization and chondrogenic differentiation observed in both regions may have implications in the choice of rehabilitation regimes in order to prevent secondary rupture.

Exchange rate policy and external vulnerabilities in Sub-Saharan Africa: nominal, real or mixed targeting?

ABSTRACT This paper discusses the theoretical choice of exchange rate regimes in Sub-Saharan African countries that are facing external vulnerabilities. To reduce instability, policymakers choose among promoting external competitiveness using a real anchor, lowering the burden of foreign debt using a nominal anchor or using a policy mix of both anchors. We observe that these countries tend to adopt mixed anchor policies. We solve a state space model to explain the determinants of and the strategy behind this policy. We find that the mixed targeting policy is a two-step strategy: First, monetary authorities choose the degree of nominal exchange rate flexibility according to the velocity of money, trade openness, foreign debt, degree of exchange rate pass-through and exchange rate target zone. Second, authorities seek to stabilize the real exchange rate depending on the degree of competition in the domestic goods market and the degree of foreign exchange intervention. We conclude with regime-switching estimations to provide empirical evidence of how these economic fundamentals influence exchange rate policy in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Monetary policy and the effect of the transfer of oil prices to inflation

The paper examines the impact of oil price shocks on inflation, as well as the impact of the choice of the monetary policy regime on the strength of this influence. We used dynamic models on panel data for the countries of the world for the period from 2000 to 2017. It is shown that mainly the impact of changes in oil prices on inflation is carried out through the channel of exchange rate. The paper demonstrates the influence of the transition to inflation targeting on the nature of the relationship between oil price shocks and inflation. This effect is asymmetrical: during periods of rising oil prices, inflation targeting reduces the effect of the transfer of oil prices, limiting negative effects of shock. During periods of decline in oil prices, this monetary policy regime, in contrast, contributes to a stronger transfer, helping to reduce inflation.

The welfare implications of exchange rate choices in developing agricultural economies

This paper analyzes the appropriate choice of an exchange rate regime in agricultural commodity-exporting economies. In an estimated open economy model that incorporates key structural characteristics of agricultural commodity exporters including dual labor markets and imperfect asset markets, the benefits of exchange rate flexibility are shown to depend on the extent of labor and product market development. With developed markets, flexible exchange rates are preferred as they allow for greater relative price fluctuations, which amplify the transmission mechanism of labor re-allocation upon commodity price volatility. When labor and product markets are not well-developed, however, international relative price adjustments exacerbate currency and factor misalignments. A nominal exchange rate peg, by mitigating relative wage and price fluctuations, increases welfare relative to a float. Given the current low level of labor and product market development across most agricultural commodity exporters, the study provides a novel rationale as to why exchange rate targeting is implemented in many developing agricultural economies.

Challenges in Preventing Bone Loss Induced by Aromatase Inhibitors.

Aromatase inhibitors have become a mainstay in the adjuvant treatment regimen in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. While many of these patients have an excellent long-term prognosis, adverse effects on bone represent an emerging complication of aromatase inhibitor treatment, resulting in substantial bone loss and fragility fractures. Treatment approaches to prevent aromatase inhibitor-induced bone loss typically consist of an antiresorptive approach with bisphosphonates or the RANKL antibody denosumab. However, different guidelines vary with respect to treatment thresholds, duration, and dosing. The choice of antiresorptive regime is further complicated by comorbidities and potential disease-modifying effects of individual agents. This review summarizes the evidence of how aromatase inhibitors affect bone health and provides an update of clinical approaches to preserve bone strength in affected women. (J Clin Endocrinol Metab XX: 0-0, 2020).

MOROCCAN DIRHAM FLEXIBILIZATION AND EQUILIBRIUM EXCHANGE RATE: A QUEST FOR GRAIL?

The purpose of this study is to identify the Moroccan dirham misalignment phases over the period 1998T1-2017T4, related to an estimated equilibrium exchange rate, using an ad hoc Behavioral Equilibrium Exchange Rate (BBER) econometric model. The overvaluation that may result from misalignments is one of the major arguments in the adoption of the flexibility regime by the Moroccan monetary authorities since 2018. We examine the relevance and the validity of the choice of this new regime in the case of Morocco. The observation of the misalignment graph leads us to the following findings: (1) the highest overvaluation is found in the early 2000s, reaching 35% by 2009 and then decreasing until 2012T2; (2) the largest undervaluation of about 15% is observed around 2014; then from the end of 2015, the misalignments did not exceed ± 15%.Keywords: Exchange rate, real equilibrium exchange rate, ARDLJEL Classifications: C 22, F31DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijefi.9898

Holographic reflective Bragg gratings of gain and their role in the operation of high-power pulsed lasers

The influence of reflective Bragg gratings that are formed in an active medium due to the spatial periodic modulation of gain on the spectral properties of lasing are investigated by an example of a pulsed Nd : YAG laser. It is shown that, at a certain choice of the formation regime of reflective gratings of gain, the lasing bandwidth can be reduced by a factor of 3 – 5, with a corresponding increase in the pulse energy and significant improvement of spatial beam quality.

Exchange Rate Policy Appropriateness in a Less Developed Country: The Nigerian Case

This paper investigated the appropriateness of the exchange rate regime in Nigeria. The method of analysis adopted in this work is the characteristics of the economy based choice of an exchange rate regime. The findings show that almost all the requirement point to the fact that the ideal regime for Nigerian is the flexible regime. But because Nigeria has shown frequent variability in her performance in the characteristics as bench mark, it is not match for a free float. Hence the managed float has adopted again since 2016 is appropriate considering for instance the level of the country size, openness, diversification, economic shocks and level of financial and economic development. It was suggested that to have a good result from the system element of check on the operation should be introduced to curtail issues of round tripping that can cause failure to the system.

Ambient Temperature Cycles Affect Daily Torpor and Hibernation Patterns in Malagasy Tenrecs.

Hibernation and daily torpor (heterothermy) allow endotherms to cope with demanding environmental conditions. The depth and duration of torpor bouts vary considerably between tropical and temperate climates, and tropical hibernators manage to cope with a wider spectrum of ambient temperature (Ta) regimes during heterothermy. As cycles in Ta can have profound effects on activity and torpor patterns as well as energy expenditure, we examined how these characteristics are affected by daily fluctuating versus constant Ta in a tropical hibernator, the lesser hedgehog tenrec (Echinops telfairi). Throughout the study, regardless of season, the tenrecs became torpid every day. In summer, E. telfairi used daily fluctuations in Ta to passively rewarm from daily torpor, which led to synchrony in the activity phases and torpor bouts between individuals and generally decreased energy expenditure. In contrast, animals housed at constant Ta showed considerable variation in timing and they had to invest more energy through endogenous heat production. During the hibernation season (winter) E. telfairi hibernated for several months in constant, as well as in fluctuating Ta and, as in summer, under fluctuating Ta arousals were much more uniform and showed less variation in timing compared to constant temperature regimes. The timing of torpor is not only important for its effective use, but synchronization of activity patterns could also be essential for social interactions, and successful foraging bouts. Our results highlight that Ta cycles can be an effective zeitgeber for activity and thermoregulatory rhythms throughout the year and that consideration should be given to the choice of temperature regime when studying heterothermy under laboratory conditions.

The choice of inflation targeting regimes for inclusive growth: Lessons from southern countries

This study tries to shed light on whether the inflation targeting framework behaves as a growth enhancing strategy in some selected southern countries. The study also investigates the best choice of inflation targeting regimes. Using panel data regression model for a growth regression, we found that this monetary policy framework has a relatively significant positive effect on economic growth. This means that even in terms of economic growth, using inflation as a nominal anchor is a better framework to conduct monetary policy than using exchange rate or money aggregate. The results also revealed that among different types of inflation targeting frameworks, full‐fledged can be the best choice for the selected southern countries.

A Risk-based Theory of Exchange Rate Stabilization

We develop a novel, risk-based theory of the effects of exchange rate stabilization. In our model, the choice of exchange rate regime allows policymakers to make their currency, and by extension, the firms in their country, a safer investment for international investors. Policies that induce a country's currency to appreciate when the marginal utility of international investors is high lower the required rate of return on the country's currency and increase the world-market value of domestic firms. Applying this logic to exchange rate stabilizations, we find a small economy stabilizing its bilateral exchange rate relative to a larger economy can increase domestic capital accumulation, domestic wages, and even its share in world wealth. In the absence of policy coordination, small countries optimally choose to stabilize their exchange rates relative to the currency of the largest economy in the world, which endogenously emerges as the world's “anchor currency.” Larger economies instead optimally choose to oat their exchange rates. The model therefore predicts an equilibrium pattern of exchange rate arrangements that is remarkably similar to the one in the data.

Different stages of electron-beam evaporation of ceramic target in medium vacuum

We present experimental results and numerical simulation of electron-beam heating, melting, and evaporation of a solid dielectric (aluminum oxide ceramic) in medium vacuum (1–100 Pa). The indicated processes occurred as a result of interaction between a powerful continuous electron beam, generated by a fore-vacuum plasma-cathode electron source, and the surface of the solid ceramic target. During the interaction with the target, the electron beam ionized a part of the evaporated material, and starting from the onset of ceramic melting up to intense evaporation, the beam plasma has been containing ions of the ceramic material. We suggest an optimal choice of ceramic evaporation regime for the purpose of coating deposition.

Relationships between exchange rate regime, real exchange rate volatility and currency structure of government bonds in emerging markets

Abstract Public foreign currency borrowing is a common problem of emerging markets. Scholars named it the original sin of foreign debt. It has a proven negative influence on economic growth and development, undermining financial stability, and increasing the probability of monetary crises. The roots of the original sin often lay in emerging markets’ institutional underdevelopment, with low-quality monetary policy, inappropriate exchange rate regime choice, and exchange rate mismanagement being stated among the most important causes. This paper evaluates the influence of the exchange rate policy on the emission of foreign currency sovereign bonds in emerging markets. The relationship is estimated using panel data and GMM approach, with exchange rate regime type (both de jure and de facto) and real exchange rate volatility serving as explanatory variables. The findings reveal that fixed exchange rate regime and high real exchange rate volatility is promoting the foreign currency borrowing. Thus countries that want to reduce the burden of the original sin should lean towards a more flexible exchange rate policy while maintaining their real exchange rate stable.