Choice Of Parents Research Articles

Evaluating parents for cane yield in sugarcane breeding using best linear unbiased prediction analysis of progeny data derived from family plots

The success of sugarcane breeding is determined by the choice of parents, crosses made and progeny testing. The objectives of this study were to use best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) to evaluate parents using progeny data obtained from family plots and to determine the proportion of elite parents within the Midlands breeding populations. Data for stalk number, height and diameter, collected from 20 seedling progenies per family plot in each of the three replications, were used to estimate cane yield. Humic soil populations were established at the Bruyns Hill research station, whereas sandy soil populations were planted at the Glenside research station. BLUP analysis was performed using the Statistical Analysis System. Using BLUP estimates, females (82H0397, 96H0259, 98B0460, 98S0290, 98H0590, 98S1362 and N52) and males (02S0639, 82H0397, 97B0272, 98B0460, 98B1889 and N52) produced progenies with significantly (p < 0.05) higher cane yield in humic and sandy soil populations. Humic soil populations produced a higher proportion of elite parents (28.9%) compared with the sandy soil populations (22.5%) probably due to longer cycles of recurrent breeding and selection. Generally, the proportion of elite parents is still low for both humic and sandy soil populations, suggesting that intensive parent evaluation and development is required.

A study of parent–adolescent interaction

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to examine the impact of family communication patterns (FCP) on adolescents’ choice of influence strategies and parents’ choice of response strategies in situations of parent–child purchase decision disagreement.Design/methodology/approachThis study uses family triadic (mother–father–child) survey data collected from 294 Korean families. The study develops classifications of adolescent influence strategies and parental response strategies in the initial stage and subsequently investigates the impact of FCP on the adolescent child’s use of influence strategies and each parent’s use of response strategies. The final stage of the study involved an exploratory investigation aimed at discovering the adolescent influence strategies and parental response strategies that are likely used in conjunction.FindingsResults show an overall significant impact of FCP on both adolescents’ use of influence strategies and parents’ use of response strategies. They further reveal that Korean mothers tended to encounter their children’s persistent influence attempts with unyielding, strict response strategies. The types of response strategies used by Korean fathers were not linked to particular types of influence strategies used by their children but linked to their level of education attained and household income.Practical implicationsFindings of this study may help marketers formulate an appropriate marketing communication strategy that can be effective in resolving parent–child purchase disagreement.Originality/valueWith its focus on the adolescent influence strategies, parental response strategies, and FCP as a factor influencing the strategy choice by adolescents and parents, this study provides new insights into the parent–child interaction taking place in situations of parent–child disagreement about a purchase decision.

Unraveling the genetic structure of Brazilian commercial sugarcane cultivars through microsatellite markers.

The Brazilian sugarcane industry plays an important role in the worldwide supply of sugar and ethanol. Investigation into the genetic structure of current commercial cultivars and comparisons to the main ancestor species allow sugarcane breeding programs to better manage crosses and germplasm banks as well as to promote its rational use. In the present study, the genetic structure of a group of Brazilian cultivars currently grown by commercial producers was assessed through microsatellite markers and contrasted with a group of basic germplasm mainly composed of Saccharum officinarum and S. spontaneum accessions. A total of 285 alleles was obtained by a set of 12 SSRs primer pairs that taken together were able to efficiently distinguish and capture the genetic variability of sugarcane commercial cultivars and basic germplasm accessions allowing its application in a fast and cost-effective way for routine cultivar identification and management of sugarcane germplasm banks. Allelic distribution revealed that 97.6% of the cultivar alleles were found in the basic germplasm while 42% of the basic germplasm alleles were absent in cultivars. Of the absent alleles, 3% was exclusive to S. officinarum, 33% to S. spontaneum and 19% to other species/exotic hybrids. We found strong genetic differentiation between the Brazilian commercial cultivars and the two main species (S. officinarum: = 0.211 and S. spontaneum: = 0.216, P<0.001), and significant contribution of the latter in the genetic variability of commercial cultivars. Average dissimilarity within cultivars was 1.2 and 1.4 times lower than that within S. officinarum and S. spontaneum. Genetic divergence found between cultivars and S. spontaneum accessions has practical applications for energy cane breeding programs as the choice of more divergent parents will maximize the frequency of transgressive individuals in the progeny.

Combination Capacity and Association Among Traits of Grain Yield in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.): A Review

Grain yield is a complex quantitative trait, because its expression is associated to the large number of genes with small effect. In addition, there is interaction among different yield components and environment effect, making difficult the direct selection of genotypes. The most viable alternative for wheat breeding programs, an autogamous plant, is use artificial crosses in order to obtain superior genotypes. Hybridization after use of successive self-fertilizations results in segregating populations, which reveal the genetic variability, especially when the parents are genetically different. Therefore, it is important to know genetic relationships between crosses, which will serve as reference for decision making in the choice of combinations. Therefore, general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) are used, which facilitate choice of the best parents to compose crossover block. In addition to these parameters, path analysis can be used to determine importance of primary and secondary traits and to guide indirect selection of promising genotypes by means of interest traits.

Informing offspring of their conception by gamete or embryo donation: an Ethics Committee opinion

This document discusses the ethical implications of informing offspring about their conception using gamete or embryo donation. It replaces the 2013 ASRM Ethics Committee document of the same name (Fertil Steril 2013;100:45-9).

Assessment of genetic variability for capsule shattering characters in Indian sesame

Thirty five Indian sesame genotypes were evaluated for their genetic diversity for seed yield and yield attributing characters as well as capsule shattering characters. The genotypes were classified into eleven clusters, based on Mahalanobis D2 statistic. Results on inter-cluster distances revealed maximum diversity between genotypes of cluster II and IV. A perusal of the results on cluster means revealed high capsule number per plant, seed weight per capsule and potential seed weight for cluster IV, the earliest genotype possessing maximum branches per plant and retained seed number for cluster VI, while maximum values for plant height, capsule width and thousand seed weight for cluster VIII indicating the desirability of genotypes from these clusters for improvement of respective traits. Further, potential seed weight has the highest contribution to total divergence followed by capsule split before drying, retained seed weight, unattached seed weight and seed weight per capsule indicating their importance in the choice of parents for developing semi shattering genotypes.

Genetic diversity studies in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Thirty-seven elite germplasm lines being maintained at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Maruteru were evaluated for their genetic diversity with regard to grain yield, yield components and quality traits. The genotypes were classified into 18 clusters, based on Mahalanobis D2 statistics. Geographical and genetic diversity were observed to be unrelated, as genotypes from diverse geographical regions were placed in the same cluster, while, genotypes from the same centre were grouped into different clusters. Results on inter-cluster distances revealed maximum diversity between genotypes of clusters XVI and XVII. Intra-cluster distance was maximum for cluster XVIII, indicating the existence of variability within the cluster. A perusal of the results on cluster means revealed greater yield for cluster XII indicating the desirability of genotypes from the cluster for improvement of grain yield. Further milling percentage, days to 50 per cent flowering, number of grains panicle-1, 1000-seed weight and head rice recovery percentage, together accounted for 89.79 per cent of the total genetic divergence, indicating their importance as selection criteria in the choice of parents for hybridization programmes.

Choice of parents for developing two line hybrids in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

An investigation was carried out to evaluate two line hybrids in rice for yield traits. Four TGMS lines and eleven testers were crossed in line x Tester design. Greater proportion of sca variance was observed for all the characters which revealed that preponderance of non- additive gene action governing traits concerned and selection procedures based on the accumulation of additive effects would be successful in improving these traits. The line TS09 24 and testers viz., T 2006, KDML 105, Improved white ponni and BPT 5204 were found to be good combiners for the yield and yield components. The best hybrids based on sca value, TNAU 27S x Improved white ponni was derived from low x low combiners for thousand grain weight and TS 29 X ADT 38 for the number of filled grains per panicle spikelet fertility. The best performing hybrid TS 29 x KDML 105 produced 54.25g of grain yield per plant in 128 days which was 92.89 and 85.47 per cent increase over the standard checks CORH 3 and Improved white ponni respectively. This hybrid also recorded 27.32 and 64.30 per cent increase CORH 3 and Improved white ponni for thousand grain weight. Hence, the two line hybrid breeding system, utilizing thermo sensitive genic male sterility is economically feasible as well as viable alternative to cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) based three line breeding due to much simplified hybrid seed production.

English

Cowpea aphid-born mosaic virus disease (CABMV) is one of the reasons for rejection of cowpea seed by seed inspectors in Burkina Faso. With regard to this, this study was undertaken to analyze the genetic components underlying the resistance of cowpea lines to the cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (CABMV) and to determine the mechanism of transmission of the resistance from parents to offspring. Therefore, crosses were made in 5x5 full diallel design. Data analysis was done following Griffing and Hayman method on disease severity and the area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) for five cowpea varieties during the 2015 off-season at Kamboinse research station. The analysis of variance associated with the general and specific combining abilities (GCA and SCA) and reciprocal effect (RCE) showed that the genetic variability was explained by additive effect. The F1 population showed that there was partial dominance and the narrow sense heritability for severity and AUDPC was high (60%). To improve cowpea for resistance to CABMV, rigorous choice of parents should be made before crosses and there was no maternal effect. Key words: Cowpea, full diallel, severity, resistance, Cowpea aphid-born mosaic virus disease (CABMV), Burkina Faso.

Evolutionary Effects on Morphology and Agronomic Performance of Three Winter Wheat Composite Cross Populations Maintained for Six Years under Organic and Conventional Conditions

Three winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) composite cross populations (CCPs) that had been maintained in repeated parallel populations under organic and conventional conditions from the F5 to the F10 were compared in a two-year replicated field trial under organic conditions. The populations were compared to each other, to a mixture of the parental varieties used to establish the CCPs, and to three winter wheat varieties currently popular in organic farming. Foot and foliar diseases, straw length, ear length, yield parameters, and baking quality parameters were assessed. The overall performance of the CCPs differed clearly from each other due to differences in their parental genetics and not because of their conventional or organic history. The CCPs with high yielding background (YCCPs) also yielded higher than the CCPs with a high baking quality background (QCCPs; in the absence of extreme winter stress). The QCCPs performed equally well in comparison to the reference varieties, which were also of high baking quality. Compared to the parental mixture the CCPs proved to be highly resilient, recovering much better from winter kill in winter 2011/12. Nevertheless, they were out yielded by the references in that year. No such differences were seen in 2013, indicating that the CCPs are comparable with modern cultivars in yielding ability under organic conditions. We conclude that—especially when focusing on traits that are not directly influenced by natural selection (e.g. quality traits)—the choice of parents to establish a CCP is crucial. In the case of the QCCPs the establishment of a reliable high-quality population worked very well and quality traits were successfully maintained over time. However, in the YCCPs lack of winter hardiness in the YCCP parents also became clearly visible under relevant winter conditions.

Seed germination and vigor of passion fruit hybrids

Most commercial plantations of passion fruit is propagate plants by seed, but germination is irregular, which hinders the growth of seedlings and uniformity, and is connected with the plant genotype. The objective of this study was to evaluate the germination and early growth of passion fruit hybrid seedlings, obtained from different genetic combinations. The hybrids were obtained from the cross between progenies from the breeding program of the Universidade Federal de Viçosa with hybrids of the Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária and of the Viveiros Flora Brasil. The experimental design was completely randomized with six hybrids, five replicates and fifty seeds per experimental unit. Germination was assessed daily until the 28 days, and at the end of the period it was obtained the mean time germination, emergence speed index, seedling height, the length of shoots and roots, and the individual seedling dry matter (root + shoot)was assessed. Among the passion fruit hybrids evaluated, hybrid HB2 (UFVM0212 × BRS Sol do Cerrado) showed the highest germination and seedling biometric values and might be a genotype with potential for breeding programs for seed quality. The specific combining ability of parents can influence the quality of seeds and the vigor of passion fruit seedlings. A factor must be considered is the correct choice of maternal and paternal parents, since they influence the quality of seeds.

Evaluation of Selected Inbred Lines of Eggplant (cv. Black Balady.) and Hybrids Among them

This study was carried out at El - Barmoon Farm, Mansoura Horticultural Research Station, Dekahlia Governorate, Egypt during four successive summer seasons of 2010 to 2014. Seeds of the local Balady of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.). The lines were selected from four populations (S0) of local genotypes collected from different four regions of Egypt . The mean squares of the selected lines were highly significant for all studied traits except total soluble solids trait. Furthermore, the superior values between lines mean squares comparing to within plot mean squares indicated the relative magnitude variation between lines than the among the same line. This fact could be used as a primarily indicator for the success of reaching to a logical level of homozigoisty. The mean performance of the selected lines for vegetative traits, yield components and fruit quality traits were recorded the lines L.B.10-2 highly recommended for direct integration or as parental lines for the earliest flowers ,the highest early yield and fruit shape index by the mean of 57.51 day , 1.093 kgs and, 1.908 cm2, respectively. The coefficient of variance was estimated for some vegetative, yield components and fruit traits after four cycles of selection in ten lines. The line LB.29-1 was a good donor for plant height , number of branches and early yield per plant but with relative small fruit size comparing with the other lines. While, the line LB.17-5 gave highly recommended for fruit shape index and total soluble solids by the mean of 1.252 % and 3.524 %. The magnitude of the genetic variation between lines was the most important part comparing with genetic variation within plants for all studied traits. Obtained broad-sence heritability (H2Bs) values for the studied traits ranged from 3.22 % to 99.7% , suggesting moderate to high values of heritability. The result indicated that the F1 hybrid L.B.10-2 x L.B.14-1 showed the highest and desirable value for number of branches per plant of the mean of 31.77, number of fruits per plant 23.66, fruit shape index of the mean of 0.103 and total soluble solids , respectively. At the same time, the F1 hybrid L.B.10-2 x L.B.37-4 exhibited the highest values of hybrid vigor for earliness triat (Early yield per pant) of the mean of 56.47, Average fruit weight of the mean of 84.64 and total early of the mean of 33.93, respectively.. While, the F1 hybrid L.B.10-2 x L.B.22-3 showed the highly heterosis is noticed for the prominent yield attributing characters of -12.24 for earliest flowers. This result indicated that choice of parents is very important. These hybrids can be developed for breeding programme and also can satisfy the local demand eggplant breeding programme should aim to produce new F1 hybrids.

Volatile Compound Profiling by HS-SPME/GC-MS-FID of a Core Olive Cultivar Collection as a Tool for Aroma Improvement of Virgin Olive Oil.

Virgin olive oil (VOO) is the only food product requiring official sensory analysis to be classified in commercial categories, in which the evaluation of the aroma plays a very important role. The selection of parents, with the aim of obtaining new cultivars with improved oil aroma, is of paramount importance in olive breeding programs. We have assessed the volatile fraction by headspace-solid-phase microextraction/gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-flame ionization detection (HS-SPME/GC-MS-FID) and the deduced aroma properties of VOO from a core set of olive cultivars (Core-36) which possesses most of the genetic diversity found in the World Olive Germplasm Collection (IFAPA Alameda del Obispo) located in Cordoba, Spain. The VOO volatile fractions of Core-36 cultivars display a high level of variability. It is mostly made of compounds produced from polyunsaturated fatty acids through the lipoxygenase pathway, which confirms to be a general characteristic of the olive species (Olea europaea L.). The main group of volatile compounds in the oils was six straight-chain carbon compounds derived from linolenic acid, some of them being the main contributors to the aroma of the olive oils according to their odor activity values (OAV). The high level of variability found for the volatile fraction of the oils from Core-36 and, therefore, for the aroma odor notes, suggest that this core set may be a very useful tool for the choice of optimal parents in olive breeding programs in order to raise new cultivars with improved VOO aroma.

Genetic divergence in the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in the Cerrado-Pantanal ecotone.

Evaluating genetic diversity among genotypes is important for providing parameters for the identification of superior genotypes, because the choice of parents that form segregating populations is crucial. Our objectives were to i) evaluate agronomic performance; ii) compare clustering methods; iii) ascertain the relative contributions of the variables evaluated; and iv) identify the most promising hybrids to produce superior segregating populations. The trial was conducted in 2015 at the State University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. We used a randomized block design with three replications, and recorded the days to emergence, days to flowering, days to maturity, plant height, number of branches, number of pods, number of seeds per pod, weight of 100 grains, and productivity. The genetic diversity of the genotypes was determined by cluster analysis using two dissimilarity measures: the Euclidean distance and the standardized mean Mahalanobis distance using the Ward hierarchical method. The genotypes 'CNFC 10762', 'IAC Dawn', and 'BRS Style' had the highest grain yields, and clusters that were based on the Euclidean distance differed from those based on the Mahalanobis distance, the second being more precise. The yield grain character has greater relevance to the dispute. Hybrids with a high heterotic effect can be obtained by crossing 'IAC Alvorada' with 'CNFC 10762', 'IAC Alvorada' with 'CNFC 10764', and 'BRS Style' with 'IAC Alvorada'.

Critical stages of thermo-sensitive genic male sterile lines of rice in Kerala

Two line breeding is a viable proposition in a state like Kerala where rice is cultivated from below mean sea level to altitudes of 1500 MSL. The system provides a much simpler and economic hybrid seed production and broader choice of male parents for enhancing yield potential. A set of seven promising Temperature Sensitive Genic Male Sterile lines received from Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India viz., TGMS 74S, TGMS 81S, TGMS 82S, TGMS 91S, TGMS 92S, TGMS 93S and TGMS 94S were characterized for their sterility, fertility behavior under field conditions. Based on sterility/fertility behavior the entire study period of 2011 March to 2012 March can be grouped as two distinct periods viz, pollen sterile and pollen fertile months. The pollen sterile months indicated April and May when 100 per cent sterility was observed. July and August can be considered as pollen fertile months. Other months exhibited un stable expression of sterility/fertility and hence could not be grouped under pollen sterile or pollen fertile months. The sterile period was longest in TGMS 82S (87 days) followed by TGMS 81S (83 days). Since all these lines showed completely sterile for more than 30 consecutive days during sterile phase, these lines were successfully utilized in hybrid rice breeding programme. The Critical Sterility Temperature ranged from 34.20C (TGMS 74S, TGMS 91S, and TGMS 94S) to 38.6 0C (TGMS92S). Critical fertility temperature ranged from 23.6 0C (TGMS 91S) to 25.40C (TGMS 92S, TGMS 93S).

Genetic Diversity Analysis of Medicinally Important Horticultural Crop Aegle marmelos by ISSR Markers.

Inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers help in identifying and determining the extent of genetic diversity in cultivars. Here, we describe their application in determining the genetic diversity of bael (Aegle marmelos Corr.). Universal ISSR primers are selected and their marker characteristics such as polymorphism information content, effective multiplex ratio and marker index have been evaluated. ISSR-PCR is then performed using universal ISSR primers to generate polymorphic bands. This information is used to determine the degree of genetic similarity among the bael varieties/accessions by cluster analysis using unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic averages (UPGMA). This technology is valuable for biodiversity conservation and for making an efficient choice of parents in breeding programs.

Genetic divergence studies in tulip (Tulipa gesneriana L.)

Twenty one tulip genotypes were assessed for their genetic divergence based on 16 agro-morphologicaltraits following Mahalanobis D2-statistic. On the basis of D2 values, the 21 genotypes were grouped in tofive clusters, of which cluster II accommodated 6 genotypes, while cluster IV had single genotype. The highmagnitude of D2 cluster means indicated that there is a considerable diversity in the population studied. The D2 and inter-cluster coverage divergence were utilized for the choice of parents to decide the cross combination toproduce heterotic effect. The highest inter cluster D2 value was recorded between clusters III and V (11005.75)indicating that crosses may be attempted between the genotypes of cluster III (Character, Christian Dream, Hamilton and Horizon) and cluster V (Apeldoorn, Blushing Apeldoorn, Golden Apeldoorn, Strong Gold, TulipHb) to obtain new desirable recombinants in tulip. The study of cluster mean value of 5 clusters indicated highrange of variation for days to sprout, days to flower, wrapper leaf area, percent sprouting & flowering, plantheight and scape length among the different clusters. The cluster V includes genotypes with earliness andexhibited longest duration of flowering, highest wrapper leaf area and bulb weight. Genotypes of this clusteralso possessed desirable floral traits (scape length, floral size and scape thickness) and bulb traits (numberof bulbs per plant and bulb weight). Hence, genotypes from this cluster could serve as valuable parents todevelop superior cultivars. Out of 16 principal components first six accounted 91.88% of total variability. Thefirst principal component accounted for 57.25% of variability, while, the second and third accounted for 12.37and 7.54% of total variability, respectively. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) was performed for getting moreclear idea among the genotypes. Based on HCA one dendrogram was constructed with two major clusters. These clusters could be divided into 8 minor sub-clusters.

Genetic variability among common black bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.,) accessions in southern Brazil

To obtain superior genotypes, the use of natural genetic variability is essential, aiming to select parents that will make future crossings blocks. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the genetic variability and dissimilarity using multivariate analyzes in common black bean accessions native to southern Brazil. The experiment was conducted in the 2014/2015 in Frederico Westphalen – RS. The experimental design was augmented blocks (RCBD) with four repetitions (totally 149 treatments), in which 147 black common bean accessions were evaluated. Two commercial cultivars were used as witnesses: BRS Esplendor and BRS Supremo. The phenotypic traits such as days to flowering, plant height at flowering, days to maturity, plant height at maturity, insertion of the first pod, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, mass of seeds per pod, number of branches, mass of seeds per plant, seed length, seed width, seed flattening, seed brightness, presence of halo, color of the halo were measured. The distributions of phenotypic frequencies indicate genetic variability among the 149 genotypes of common black bean. The Tocher optimization method presents the formation of eight groups of genotypes. The dendrogram formed by the standardized Euclidean distance was efficient in the stratification of the accessions for their genetic distance. The relative contribution evaluated by Singh method shows that the characters days to flowering and seed brightness are those that best discriminate the genotypes. The multivariate techniques of Tocher optimization and the standardized Euclidean distance show similar responses, proving to be viable tools for the choice of parents in a breeding program.

Numerical and RAPD Analysis of Eight Cowpea Genotypes from Nigeria

Cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp is one of the world’s main legumes and is an important source of plant protein in human diet as well as a good cover crop. The wealth of any germplasm is measured in terms of the genetic variability. Hence, numerical tools such as single linkage cluster analysis (SLCA) and principal component analysis (PCA) have been used to determine the extent of variability. This study was conducted to determine the performance, character contribution as well as variation pattern in eight cowpea genotypes collected in Nigeria. Field evaluations were carried out in June and September, 2015 and also molecular studies. Data collected were subjected to analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple range test was used to separate significant means at 5% probability level. Molecular data were subjected to NTSYS-pc software. Genotype IT98K-573-1-1 had the highest 100-seed weight (26.06g) and seed weight per plant (36.00g). The first three PCA had eigen values greater than one and accounted for 75.48% cumulative variance. Pod length, 100-seed weight and seed weight per plant contributed significantly to the overall variation observed in the genotypes. The agro-morphological and molecular dendrograms grouped the genotypes into four and three groups, respectively with genotype IT98K- 73-1- 1 clearly distinguished by the molecular dendrogram. Knowledge of the character contribution as well as variation pattern will assist plant breeders in the choice of parents for hybridization in future breeding programmes. Key words : cowpea, genotype, dendrogram, PCA, SLCA

Kids' Furniture Market according to Ergonomical and Environmental Design

The rapid progress in the furniture industry has changed the needs and demands of the consumers. In this era a small product is very important in its design, material, strength and usage. The same case is in the kids' furniture, kids are our future so they need the items which are most appropriate to their body and comfort needs. Kids from age five and above get into the age where they require proper atmosphere for their best growth patterns. Ergonomics is the science which design according to the posture, to avoid future hazards such as back ache, pains and body deformation. A few numbers of designers were combining local and international standards and almost 50 % designers were taking anthropometric measurements. More than 70% designers were taking up to 20 % profit on kids' furniture. Designers take almost 40 days for the completion of the furniture items. Wood used extensively by the designers for kids' furniture because of its durability and ease of maintenance, along with that plastic, fiber glass, foam and fabric were also in use. Most of the designers gave guarantee up to six years which is appropriate to satisfy a customer. Most of the designers were choosing colors from magazines and form internet, with the choice of parents. Varnish and lacquer were mostly used finishes for kids' products. Nontoxic colors were being selected by most of the designers. The term ergonomics was known by 70% interior designers and 50 % manufacturer but carpenters were not having much idea about the term and its usage in kids' furniture. The study investigates that the ergonomically designed and environmentally safe products are being manufactured in the local market for kids but not to the larger extend.